王不留行增乳活性单体对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞增殖及泌乳性能的影响

应用CASY细胞分析仪及HPLC分别检测王不留行邻苯二甲酸二丁酯对乳腺上皮细胞增殖、细胞活力及乳腺上皮细胞分泌β-酪蛋白、乳糖的影响,研究王不留行增乳活性单体邻苯二甲酸二丁酯对奶牛泌乳中期乳腺上皮细胞增殖和泌乳性能的影响。试验结果表明,王不留行增乳活性单体成份邻苯二甲酸二丁酯对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞的增殖和细胞活力提高均显著(P0.05);能显著提高乳腺上皮细胞β-酪蛋白的表达(P0.05),也能提高乳糖的分泌(P0.05,P0.05)。因此,王不留行增乳活性单体邻苯二甲酸二丁酯可显著提高乳腺上皮细胞的增殖和泌乳能力。     

胰岛素、催乳素和孕酮对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞泌乳功能的影响

具有泌乳功能的乳腺上皮细胞系可作为乳腺发育学、乳腺病理学、泌乳生物工程学研究的细胞模型,本研究测定了激素对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞系泌乳功能的影响,为阐述泌乳机制提供工作基础。应用HPLC方法对体外培养奶牛乳腺上皮细胞的酪蛋白和乳糖的分泌情况和细胞培养液中的酪蛋白、乳糖含量进行测定,以确定胰岛素、催乳素和孕酮处理后的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞的泌乳功能。试验结果表明：奶牛乳腺上皮细胞具有酪蛋白和乳糖的分泌能力,在72h内,随着细胞培养时间延长,胰岛素处理组细胞中的酪蛋白和乳糖的升高趋势不明显,孕酮处理组升高趋势较明显,催乳素处理组升高趋势很明显;胰岛素处理组、催乳素处理组和孕酮处理组细胞培养液中酪蛋白升高趋势均很明显,乳糖含量均很高,三组激素比较而言,胰岛素处理组乳糖含量最高。此外,三组激素对乳腺上皮细胞活力影响均很大,在72h之内,总体变化为：催乳素处理组和孕酮处理组细胞活力均升高,胰岛素处理组细胞活力下降。     

漏芦乙醇提取物对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞泌乳信号通路的影响

为了探讨漏芦乙醇提取物对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞泌乳信号通路的影响,试验以体外培养的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞为模型,先利用CASY细胞活力分析仪检测漏芦乙醇提取物(质量浓度分别为25,50,100,200,400μg/mL)作用于奶牛乳腺上皮细胞后乳腺上皮细胞的活力和增殖能力,选择添加对细胞生长增殖不受抑制即对细胞无毒性的漏芦乙醇提取物浓度来研究其对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞泌乳信号通路信号分子表达的影响。采用确定浓度的漏芦乙醇提取物处理细胞,然后用实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)检测奶牛乳腺上皮细胞泌乳信号通路关键信号分子信号转导与转录激活因子5(STAT5)、哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)、胆固醇调节元件结合蛋白1(SREBP1)、过氧化物酶增殖体激活受体γ(PPARγ)、丝氨酸-苏氨酸蛋白激酶1(AKT1)和葡萄糖转运蛋白1(GLUT1)基因的mRNA表达水平,以及采用Western-blot技术检测奶牛乳腺上皮细胞泌乳信号通路关键信号分子的蛋白质表达水平。结果表明:较高剂量(200,400μg/mL)的漏芦乙醇提取物显著抑制了奶牛乳腺上皮细胞活力及增殖能力(P0.05),因此选择25,50,100μg/mL的漏芦乙醇提取物来研究其对乳腺上皮细胞泌乳信号通路信号分子表达的影响;25,50,100μg/mL的漏芦乙醇提取物可显著提高细胞泌乳信号通路信号分子STAT5、mTOR、SREBP1、AKT1、GLUT1基因的mRNA表达水平(P0.05)及p-STAT5、p-mTOR、SREBP1、p-AKT1、GLUT1蛋白质表达水平(P0.05),但对PPARγ基因的mRNA表达及蛋白质的表达无显著影响(P0.05)。说明漏芦乙醇提取物能通过调节泌乳信号通路关键信号分子的表达,进而促进奶牛乳腺上皮细胞乳蛋白、乳脂和乳糖的合成。     

L型氨基酸转运载体1对奶牛乳腺中β-酪蛋白表达的影响

为研究L型氨基酸转运载体1（L type amino acid transporter 1,LAT1）对奶牛乳腺中β-酪蛋白表达的作用,本试验采用PCR技术体外扩增奶牛LAT1基因并构建LAT1真核表达载体,采用脂质体转染技术将LAT1真核表达载体转染奶牛乳腺上皮细胞,并于转染48 h后采用Western blotting技术检测LAT1过表达后乳腺上皮细胞中LAT1、4F2hc和β-酪蛋白的表达变化。荧光显微镜检测结果显示,LAT1真核表达载体成功转染奶牛乳腺上皮细胞;Western blotting检测结果显示,LAT1过表达的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞中LAT1极显著增加（P<0.01）,β-酪蛋白的表达显著升高（P<0.05）,4F2hc表达变化不显著（P>0.05）。这些结果提示LAT1对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞乳蛋白合成具有促进作用。     

L型氨基酸转运载体1对奶牛乳腺中β-酪蛋白表达的影响

为研究L型氨基酸转运载体1(L type amino acid transporter 1,LAT1)对奶牛乳腺中β-酪蛋白表达的作用,本试验采用PCR技术体外扩增奶牛LAT1基因并构建LAT1真核表达载体,采用脂质体转染技术将LAT1真核表达载体转染奶牛乳腺上皮细胞,并于转染48h后采用Western blotting技术检测LAT1过表达后乳腺上皮细胞中LAT1、4F2hc和β-酪蛋白的表达变化。荧光显微镜检测结果显示,LAT1真核表达载体成功转染奶牛乳腺上皮细胞;Western blotting检测结果显示,LAT1过表达的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞中LAT1极显著增加(P0.01),β-酪蛋白的表达显著升高(P0.05),4F2hc表达变化不显著(P0.05)。这些结果提示LAT1对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞乳蛋白合成具有促进作用。     

大豆异黄酮对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞增殖及泌乳性能的影响

通过体外细胞培养方法研究大豆异黄酮对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞增殖及泌乳性能的影响。取对数生长期的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞,用无血清培养基培养24 h,使细胞同步化后分组试验。试验分空白对照组(0 mg/L大豆异黄酮)和添加不同浓度大豆异黄酮(1、10、100、1000 mg/L)组,培养48 h后,采用CASY 细胞计数仪检测细胞增殖能力与活力,高效液相色谱检测β-酪蛋白和乳糖,甘油三酯检测试剂盒检测甘油三酯的分泌情况。结果表明,与对照组相比,10、100、1000 mg/L大豆异黄酮组奶牛乳腺上皮细胞的增殖能力与活力显著增强(P<0.05);细胞分泌β-酪蛋白、乳糖和甘油三酯的能力也显著提高(P<0.05)。因此,添加10、100、1000 mg/L大豆异黄酮均能促进奶牛乳腺上皮细胞增殖及提高其泌乳性能,且呈一定的浓度依赖性。     

中草药添加剂对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞增殖及泌乳性能影响

为探讨中草药添加剂对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞泌乳功能的影响,选取3种与泌乳功能相关的中药（甲珠、通草、蒲公英）,应用CASY细胞分析仪及HPLC分别检测其对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞增殖、细胞活力及乳腺上皮细胞分泌β-酪蛋白、乳糖的影响。试验结果表明,通草对乳腺上皮细胞泌乳性能影响不显著（P〉0.05）;甲珠和蒲公英对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞β-酪蛋白和乳糖分泌有显著的促进作用（P〈0.05）,并呈一定的剂量依赖效应,综合考虑确定蒲公英30 mg/mL为其最佳作用浓度。     

蛋氨酸对体外培养奶牛乳腺上皮细胞泌乳能力的影响

研究蛋氨酸与乳蛋白合成及乳腺泌乳能力的关系。建立体外培养的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞模型,采用高效液相色谱法、实时荧光定量PCR、细胞活力分析仪、甘油三酯试剂盒检测不同浓度蛋氨酸(0、0.2、0.4、0.8、1.2、1.6mmol/L)对体外培养24h的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞泌乳的影响。结果表明,蛋氨酸在1.2mmol/L时对体外培养的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞增殖的促进作用最明显,乳糖分泌量最高,β-酪蛋白mRNA表达量最高且甘油三酯合成最多(P<0.01)。     

葎草黄酮对牛乳腺上皮细胞相关基因表达的影响

以奶牛乳腺上皮细胞为细胞模型,用MTT法检测细胞的存活和生长情况,用不同浓度的黄酮溶液(0、100、200、400、600、800mg/L)刺激奶牛乳腺上皮细胞12h,再用相同浓度的黄酮溶液(400mg/L)作用于奶牛乳腺上皮细胞不同时间(1、4、9、12、16、24h),分别提取细胞总RNA,用荧光定量PCR法测定GHR、β-CN、IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α和IFN-γ泌乳相关基因的表达,研究葎草提取物总黄酮对乳腺上皮泌乳及炎性相关因子表达的影响。结果表明,试验组与空白组相比,奶牛乳腺上皮细胞中IFN-γ、TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8的表达水平降低(P0.05);生长激素受体(GHR)、β-酪蛋白(β-CN)的表达量高于对照组(P0.05)。说明葎草黄酮能上调奶牛乳腺上皮细胞β-CN和GHR的表达量,以浓度为400mg/L培养4h~12h的效果最佳。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein