海口市近60a气候变化研究

利用1951~2010年海口市国家基准气候站逐月平均气温、降水量、日照时数等数据,采用线性倾向率、Mann-Kendall非参数检验、滑动T检验、累积距平法和Morlet小波分析等数理统计方法 ,分析了海口市1951~2010年的气候变化特征。结果表明:海口市近60 a气候变化表现为气温显著上升、日照时数显著减少,但降水量变化不明显。20世纪90年代是气温升高、降水量增多、日照时数减少的显著变化稳定期,2000年以后气候变化波动最强烈。旱季气温增幅明显大于雨季,但降水量变化较小。此外,旱季气候要素波动大于雨季。气候突变和小波分析得出,1986年是气温由低到高的突变点,1967~1978、1998~2010年分别是冷期和暖期;1976年是降水量发生由多到少的突变点,1993年是日照时数发生由多到少的突变点。海口市气温和降水量变化均存在5~10 a左右的周期,日照时数存在5~8 a、25~28 a左右的周期。     

海南岛1961～2011年气候变化特征分析

应用线性倾向估计、M-K突变检验和Morlet小波函数变换分析了海南岛1961~2011年的年平均和四季平均气温、年平均最高气温、年平均最低气温、年平均和四季降水量、年降水日数、年强降水日数、年降水强度等气象要素的时间序列变化特征。结果表明:(1)近51 a来海南岛气候变暖趋势明显,通过信度为0.05的显著性水平检验,其中,年平均最低气温和冬季平均气温的上升趋势最为显著,气候倾向率分别为0.28℃/10 a和0.29℃/10 a;各气温要素均在20世纪80年代后期发生突变,并存在3~4 a和12 a时间尺度的周期变化。(2)年平均和四季降水量呈微弱的线性增加趋势,而达到暴雨等级的年强降水日数和年降水强度线性增加趋势明显,分别通过了信度为0.05和0.01的显著性水平检验。(3)四季降水量和年降水日数存在12~14 a时间尺度的周期变化,年降水量、年强降水日数和年降水强度存在8~10 a时间尺度的周期变化,同时,各个要素均叠加有周期较小的高频振荡。     

红兴隆地区甜菜含糖率与气象因子的关系

运用多种数理统计方法,对黑龙江省红兴隆地区4年甜菜含糖率与平行观测的气象资料进行分析。结果表明:(1)7月上旬的平均气温及6月下旬、9月上旬的日照时数与含糖率呈极显著正相关;5月下旬平均气温、7月中及8月上旬降雨量与含糖率呈极显著负相关。(2)平均气温和日照时数在9月中旬对含糖率的影响最大,旬平均气温每升高1℃可使含糖率增加0.65%,日照时数每增加1h,含糖率可增加0.61%,旬降雨量在8月上旬对含糖率的负效应最大,每增加1mm含糖率降低0.6%。(3)影响含糖率的综合气候关键期为9月中旬,主导气象因子是日照时数。     

北疆主要植棉区热量资源变化及对棉花产量的影响

基于新疆北疆主要植棉区10个气象站1961—2017年棉花生育期月平均气温、≥10 ℃积温、≥15 ℃积温、≥20 ℃积温、无霜期气象资料和棉花产量数据，采用线性趋势分析、突变检验等方法，对北疆主要植棉区的热量资源及产量变化进行分析。研究表明：（1）生育期月平均气温呈现自东向西升高趋势，相差较小；≥10 ℃、≥15 ℃、≥20 ℃积温和无霜期也呈现自东向西增多趋势，其中无霜期相差19.4 d。（2）生育期月平均气温呈波动性上升趋势，气候倾向率为0.30 ℃·（10 a）^－1；≥10 ℃、≥15 ℃和≥20 ℃积温均呈现明显的波动上升趋势，累积距平最小值分别出现在1994年、1995年和2004年，气候倾向率分别为94.1 ℃·（10 a）^－1、66.7 ℃·（10 a）^－1和99.3 ℃·（10 a）^－1；≥10 ℃、≥15 ℃、≥20 ℃积温的持续时间呈现增加趋势；初霜期延后，终霜期提前。（3）生育期月平均气温在1994年发生了突变；无霜期在1992年前后发生了突变，突变后延长了11.1 d；≥10 ℃积温在1995年发生突变，突变后增加了319.2 ℃；≥15 ℃积温突变不明显；≥20 ℃积温在2004年前后发生突变，突变后增加了418.7 ℃。（4）棉花单产与趋势产量呈明显上升趋势，气象产量波动性较大，单产与热量资源的相关性较高；热量资源的增加对棉花产量的增加具有正效应。（5）热量资源对棉花产量提升起重要作用：丰收年景普遍表现为积温较常年多，光热条件好；歉收年景表现为热量减少，无霜期缩短，光热条件差，降水量略偏少；平常年景表现为降水量接近常年，日照时间略多于常年，整体光热条件一般。     

干旱胁迫对普洱市茶树为害影响的调查

一、气象情况2010年3月云南省普洱市平均气温27.1℃,比常年同期偏高0.6℃;3月极端最高温度31.1℃,还未达历史同月最高值32.4℃。导致干旱的主要气象因素是降水量偏少。2009年9月20日至2010年3月20日普洱市半年内的降水量不到常年同期的50%（普洱市在2010年2月17～18日,3月9～11日,3月19～20日进行了3次人工增雨,否则降水量还要少）,其中3月1～20日思茅城区没有降雨。降水量的稀少,蒸发量和日照时数的增加,相对湿度的降低都加剧了干旱,造成农作物普遍缺水受旱。     

近30年江西双季稻安全生产期及温光资源变化

明确水稻安全生产期及温光资源的变化规律,是提高温光资源利用率和实现水稻高产稳产的重要基础。本研究分析了江西不同生态区(赣南、赣中、赣北)15个气象站近30年(1984-2013)逐日日平均气温、日照时数等气象资料,参照水稻生产中常用的安全生产临界温度指标,研究了近30年来不同地区50%和80%保证率下双季稻安全生产期及温光资源的变化规律。结果表明,1999-2013年(前15年)各地安全生产期及温光资源较1984-1998年(后15年)发生明显变化,且地区间存在一定的差异。早稻覆膜育秧安全播种期平均提前了10d(气候变化倾向率-4.16d/10a,下同),早稻安全直播期提前了4d(-3.17d/10a),早稻安全移栽期提前了2d(-2.21d/10a)。晚稻安全齐穗期延迟趋势不明显(1.16d/10a),晚稻安全成熟期延迟了8d(3.56d/10a)。全年安全生产期天数在早稻覆膜育秧和直播条件下分别延长了18d(7.72d/10a)和11d(6.73d/10a)。安全生产期内温光资源总体呈温度明显升高、积温显著增加、日照时数无明显变化的特点。监测资料表明,近年来各地区实际生产日期作了相应的调整,但仍与安全生产日期存在较大偏差,因此,推算了近30年各站点80%保证率的安全生产日期,以就近指导各地稻作季节安排、种植方式选择及早晚稻品种搭配。最后,依据气候变化趋势,讨论了农艺措施的可能适应策略。     

基于关键气象因子的辽宁省水稻产量动态预报

利用辽宁省33个气象站点1993—2012年水稻产量、生育期内的旬平均气温、旬降水量及旬日照时数等资料,应用统计分析方法建立水稻的产量动态预报模型。使用5年滑动平均法分离水稻趋势产量,分析气象产量与水稻生育期内逐旬气象要素的相关性,确定5月上旬平均气温、5月下旬平均气温、6月下旬降水量、7月下旬降水量、8月上旬日照时数、9月中旬平均气温和9月下旬日照时数为关键气象因子,建立水稻产量动态预报模型,并对预报结果进行验证。结果表明:对1993—2012年进行模拟预报及回代检验,平均准确率在93%以上;对2013年的产量进行预报,准确率为93.97%~99.67%,预报准确率较高。预测结果基本可以反映水稻产量的变化情况,能够满足业务服务的需要。     

气候变暖对长沙双季稻生育期的影响

为研究气候变暖对长沙地区双季稻生长及产量的影响,基于长沙站1979～2015年地面气象资料,分析和比较了1997～2015年与1979～1996年的≥10℃积温和年、月平均气温变化趋势。根据界限温度指标及10～20℃、10～22℃初终日间隔天数、积温,分析双季稻播种期、生育期天数、早稻播种至晚稻安全齐穗期的气象条件变化及双季稻生长季内降水、光照的变化对双季稻生育期的影响,根据双季早、晚稻单产变化,对双季稻产量潜力作初步探讨。结果表明,36年来双季早、晚稻播种期平均每10年分别提前3. 06、4. 44 d,双季稻生长季节略有延长。长沙年平均气温存在冷、暖气候波动,1997年为气候突变点,平均每10年增加0. 2～0. 3℃。月平均气温升温速度从快到慢依次为2、4、5、11、3、1、10、12、6、7、8、9月。随着年、月平均气温的逐渐升高,双季稻生长季内温度和积温随之增加,双季稻生长季内总降水量平均每10年增速在1. 0 mm以下,总日照时数平均每10年减速在23～27 h,其中双季早稻日照时数气候倾向率平均每10年为-12 h,双季晚稻日照时数气候倾向率平均每10年为-36 h。早稻生长季内气温升高和积温增加对早稻提前播种、增加生长季节有利,为选用生育期长的品种创造条件,从而促进了早稻产量与产量潜力的提高;而晚稻生长季内气温升高和积温增加均不如早稻生长季,同时生长季内的日照时数下降速率明显大于早稻生长季(双季晚稻大于双季早稻平均每10年减速24 h),不利于群体光合作用和产量形成,有可能影响到晚稻的产量与产量潜力。     

棉花生长季降水变化及其影响

对安阳４５年棉花生长季各月降水量和４～１０月总降水量变化进行分析，结果表明，除５月外各月降水量均呈减少趋势，总降水量和８月降水量减少最明显；生长季降水变率大，棉花蕾期受旱频率增加，花铃期旱涝不定，应及早从遗传上和栽培措施方面研究抗旱防涝对策     

濉溪县夏大豆生育期降水变化特征分析

以濉溪县1961～2010年6月中旬～9月下旬降水量、雨日为研究对象,利用曲线回归和方差分析外推、小波分析法,研究夏大豆生育期降水的演变规律及突变特征,为旱涝预警、防灾减灾提供依据。结果表明:夏大豆生长期降水量整体呈略有下降的趋势,但未达到显著水平。历年平均降水量和雨日季节变化为近似抛物线。全生育期降水量变化主周期为5 a,雨日变化主周期为14 a。大豆播种期、苗期、花荚期和鼓粒期降水量变化主周期分别为11、8、11和7 a,雨日变化主周期分别为19、12、23和5 a。根据变化主周期,利用前40～46 a资料,预测2001～2011年夏大豆全生育期降水量和鼓粒期雨日,准确率分别为63.6%和54.5%。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.