温度和土壤类型对氮素矿化的影响

采用短期(15 d)室内好气培养方法,研究我因东部三类主要旱地土壤(黑土、潮土和红壤)有机氮矿化对温度(15～30°C)的响应及其影响因素.结果表明,土壤累积净矿化氮量的顺序为黑土>潮土>红壤,其中高有机质土壤大于低有机质土壤.黑土累积净矿化氮量随温度升高而增加,但潮土和红壤在25℃以上表现出持平和下降趋势.土壤矿质氮...     

长期不同施肥对水稻土有机氮素矿化特性影响的研究

通过定位试验研究了长期不同施肥措施对水稻土氮素矿化特性的影响。结果表明,长期不同施肥措施显著影响水稻土氮矿化势及矿化速率。与不施氮肥相比,单施氮肥使水稻土氮矿化势下降,矿化速率加快;氮肥与有机肥配施可极显著增加水稻土氮矿化势,降低矿化速率。在氮肥与有机肥配施的基础上,水稻插秧后接种“Azolla”固氮菌体可降低氮矿化势,提高矿化速率。     

土壤氮素矿化的温度水分效应

应用一级反应动力学模型分析了不同温度、水分条件下间歇淋洗和分次提取通气培养法生成的累积净矿化氮与时间的关系。结果表明,温度对土壤氮素矿化速率常数有明显影响。间歇淋洗加砂培养的回归式为:1ogK=6.80-2497/T;不加砂培养为:1ogK＝4.19-1817／T;分次提取培养为:logK=6.47-2937／T。矿化速率常数与水分含量符合直线关系,矿化氮量随水分含量的升高而增加。温度、水分对矿化速度有明显的正交互作用。     

不同水分条件下添加白云石对酸性水稻土有机碳矿化的影响

施用石灰改良酸性土壤是常用的农艺措施之一。施用石灰影响土壤理化性质,进而影响土壤有机碳（Soil Organic Carbon,SOC）矿化。而SOC矿化与土壤肥力保持和有机碳库的大小存在紧密联系。因此,明晰施用石灰对酸性土壤有机碳矿化的影响具有重要的理论和现实意义。该研究以2种母质的酸性水稻土为对象,在50%、90%和130%土壤最大田间持水量（Water Holding Capacity,WHC）条件下添加和不添加白云石,再进行为期45 d的室内培养试验,探讨白云石和水分对SOC矿化的影响。研究结果表明,添加白云石显著影响2种土壤有机碳矿化速率,但白云石添加和水分的交互作用不显著。土壤含水量较低时（50% WHC）,2种土壤有机碳矿化均受到抑制。在较高土壤含水量情况下（90%～130% WHC）,白云石添加和水分的共同作用对SOC矿化的影响因土壤质地不同而异,淹水条件下（130% WHC）棕红壤有机碳矿化量高于湿润条件（90% WHC）,而红壤中的情况正好相反。白云石添加和水分均显著影响SOC累计矿化量,但二者交互作用仅在棕红壤中显著。添加白云石后,2种土壤pH值随着水分含量的增加而提高;土壤含水量较低时（50% WHC）,土壤pH值即可达到或接近目标值（pH值6.5）。这些结果表明,在评估施用白云石对SOC矿化的影响时,需要考虑土壤含水量和土壤本身的性质,以便为农业生产实践中合理施用白云石提供指导和建议。     

长期施肥条件下水稻土有机氮组分及矿化特性研究

为探明长期定位试验条件下不同施肥处理和地下水位对水稻土有机氮组分及其矿化特性的影响,采用Keeney和Bremer酸解法对土壤有机氮进行分组研究,并利用改进后的Warning淹水培养-间歇淋洗法研究水稻土有机氮矿化特性。结果表明,不同处理土壤酸解氮占全氮的61.2%～64.4%,其中酸解未知氮,氨基酸态氮,氨态氮和氨基糖态氮分别占全氮26.9%～34.0%,13.0%～18.0%,12.6%～14.3%和2.3%～4.7%。恒温淹水培养106d后,以酸解未知氮降幅最大,且酸解未知氮与土壤氮矿化势之间有显著的正相关关系(r=0.865*),表明酸解未知氮是土壤可矿化态氮的主要贡献者。有机肥处理土壤矿化氮累积量及氮矿化势显著高于化肥处理,表明长期施用有机肥是提高土壤供氮潜力的有效手段。此外,低水位土壤矿化氮累积量及氮矿化势略高于高水位土壤。     

温度对不同年限日光温室土壤氮素矿化特性的影响

【目的】日光温室作为具有我国特色的一种高强度的栽培方式,过量施肥问题突出。随着温室栽培在我国北方地区规模的不断扩大,由此带来的土壤退化和地下水污染问题值得关注。不少研究表明,随着日光温室栽培年限的增加,土壤有机质含量不断增加;且温室栽培中的土壤温度与露地存在很大差异,其土壤氮素矿化特性如何,尚缺乏研究。【方法】本研究以位于黄土高原南部陕西省杨凌示范区不同栽培年限的日光温室土壤为研究对象,采用室内好气培养法(84 d)测定不同培养温度(20℃和30℃)对不同年限温室(0 3年)土壤0—20 cm及20—40cm土层氮素矿化量,采用一级动力学方程拟合土壤氮素矿化曲线,根据土壤氮矿化势(N0)评价不同栽培年限温室土壤氮素矿化特性。【结果】1)随着日光温室栽培年限的增加,土壤有机质、全氮含量和氮素累积矿化量随之显著增加。2)30℃的土壤氮素累积矿化量高于20℃的矿化累积量;栽培年限长的日光温室矿化作用对温度的敏感程度高于年限短的温室。3)若温度和栽培年限同时增加,土壤氮素累积矿化量随之增加,说明温度和栽培年限对土壤氮素净矿化量有一定的交互作用,但差异不显著(P0.05)。4)日光温室栽培年限越长,土壤氮矿化势(N0)越大;与种植前相比,第2a、3a温室土壤氮矿化势增加了5.59和11.48倍。5)回归分析表明,0—20 cm土层土壤有机质含量每增加1 g/kg,20℃和30℃条件下土壤氮矿化势(No)分别增加2.70及3.18 mg/kg;土壤全氮含量每增加1g/kg,No分别增加37.28及43.12 mg/kg。【结论】日光温室土壤氮素矿化量随其栽培年限的增加显著增加;培养温度由20℃增加到30℃,土壤氮素矿化量也明显增加,日光温室栽培年限和温度对土壤氮矿化有一定的正交互效应。因此,在日光温室氮素管理中应考虑栽培年限和温度对土壤氮素矿化的影响,以采取针对性的氮素管理措施。     

长期不同比例有机肥-化肥配施下红壤性水稻土氮素矿化特征

土壤有机氮的矿化是土壤氮素肥力的重要指标之一,也是影响作物产量至关重要的因素.以33年长期定位试验为依托,对红壤性双季稻田土壤氮累积、矿化动力学特征等进行系统研究.定位试验始于1984年,选取其中5个施肥处理:不施肥(CK),施氮磷钾肥(NPK),施50％化肥+50％有机肥(50F+50M),施30％化肥+70％有机肥...     

植物动力2003对土壤微量元素和pH值的影响

本文报道了植物动力2003 中的微量元素、稀土元素的成分和含量,研究了在恒温条件下,植物动力2003 对北京褐土表土、生土、东北黑土和广东红壤中微量元素和土壤pH 值随培养时间的变化。结果表明:PP2003 原液中含有多种元素。其中主要有中量元素硫和微量元素锌,其含量分别为16180mg/L 和12550mg/L。施用PP2003 后可以提高土壤的缓冲能力,使土壤pH 值变化缓慢,保持相对稳定。对土壤中交换态微量元素含量变化的影响则随土壤类型不同而异。     

长期施肥水稻土氮素剖面分布及温度对土壤氮素矿化特性的影响

利用太湖地区26a的水稻土长期定位试验,研究了长期施肥对水稻土剖面氮素分布和C/N的影响,分析了10℃和30℃下不同施肥处理土壤氮素矿化过程的差异,拟合了30℃下土壤累积矿化量与有效积温的方程式。结果表明:(1)长期施肥使表层土壤氮素累积量明显增加,0～20cm土层,施有机肥处理的含氮量普遍高于施化肥处理。20～30cm土层,化肥氮+磷处理(CNP)、化肥氮+磷+钾处理(CNPK)、秸秆+氮处理(CRN)及不施肥对照CK的含氮量高于有机肥+氮+磷处理(MNP)、有机肥+氮+磷+钾处理(MNPK)、秸秆+有机肥+氮处理(MRN)和仅施有机肥处理(M0),而40～50cm土层含氮量差异较小;(2)施有机肥或秸秆还田使表层土C/N值有降低趋势。0～10cm表层土壤的C/N,CNPK>MNPK,CK>M0,而施秸秆处理MRN的C/N最低。20～50cm土层,施有机肥处理的C/N普遍高于化肥处理,施化肥土壤下层的有机质分解程度较高。(3)在30℃下,土壤矿化过程达到稳定状态需要时间较短,且累积矿化量较高。在10℃下,培养后期的矿化速率高于30℃下的速率,但累积矿化量较低,低温条件引起了土壤氮素矿化率的降低。土壤累积矿化量与有效积温的关系符合有效积温方程式(p<0·01),K值较接近反应矿化初期各处理的矿化潜力,n值的差异反应MRN、MNP以及CNPK、CNP处理在矿化后期有更高潜力。     

不同pH降雨淋溶对原状水稻土土壤酸化的影响

采用原状土柱定时定量淋溶的方法,用pH为2.5,4.5和6.5的模拟降雨淋溶了太湖地区典型的水稻土-黄泥土.淋溶量为5 L/柱,研究原状土柱土壤淋溶后酸碱性变化及盐基离子的淋洗规律.结果显示,不同pH降雨淋溶后,土壤仍处在初级缓冲体系,即阳离子缓冲体系,但大量的盐基离子被淋溶出土体,淋出液的pH都在7.4以上,各淋溶处理淋出量最大的是Ca2+,淋出率最高的则为Mg2+,Na+和K+淋出量明显小于前两者,K+淋出量则最小,各处理间的各盐基离子的淋出量随淋溶液pH的降低而上升.淋溶后的土柱土壤pH和酸碱缓冲容量都出现下降,与淋溶前土壤相比,PH 2.5的处理0-10 cm土层和10-20 cm土层,土壤pH下降0.65,0.30个单位;PH 4.5的模拟降水处理降幅分别为0.42,0.04个单位;PH 6.5的模拟降水降幅为0.08,0.15个单位,各处理20-40 cm土层的pH则受模拟降雨的影响较小;同时采用酸碱滴定法测定了初级缓冲体系下各处理土壤的酸碱缓冲容量,结果显示0-10 cm土层,土壤酸碱缓冲容量降幅最大,和试验前处理土壤对应的土层相比,pH2.5,4.5,6.5的降雨处理降幅分别为31.83%,19.58%,15.59%,各pH 2.5,4.5,6.5的降雨处理10-20 cm土层降幅分别为23.93%,14.73%,7.17%.而各降雨处理20-40 cm土层降幅都小于5%.研究表明,虽然模拟半年度不同pH降雨淋溶处理下,大量盐基离子从土体表层被置换淋洗,导致表层土壤pH的降低,相比之下,不同pH的模拟降雨对土壤的酸化作用随pH的降低而上升.虽然淋溶后各处理土壤仍处在初级缓冲体系,但其表层土壤酸碱缓冲容量的下降必将加速土壤的进一步酸化.     

不同施肥措施对稻田土壤氮矿化的影响

采集田间通过不同施肥处理的水稻土为研究对象,在室内采用淹水培养方法,研究不同施肥措施对水稻土氮矿化的影响。结果表明:与不施肥处理相比,施加氮肥和饼肥能提高土壤的氮矿化能力;与常规施氮处理相比,采用新型施肥措施,氮肥+木质素、一次施用的水稻缓释肥、氮肥+有机碳源均降低土壤的氮矿化作用,其中氮肥+有机碳源处理与常规施氮处理相比,土壤全氮增加了16.7%,但淹水培养期间土壤的氮矿化量却减少了18.5%,这一结果说明,采用这些新型施肥措施有利于增加土壤对氮的固持,降低氮素向环境损失的风险。     

Effect of pH on nitrogen mineralization in crop-residue-treated soils

Summary This study compares N mineralization in soils treated with crop residues [corn (Zea mays L.), soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), sorghum (Sorghum vulgare Pers.)] or alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) at three adjusted soil pH values (4, 6, and 8); pH was adjusted with dilute H₂SO₄ or KOH. A sample of soil (20 g) was treated with 0.448 g plant material (equivalent to 50t ha^–1), mixed with 20 g silica sand adjusted to the pH of the soil, and packed in a leaching tube. The soil-sand mixture was leached with 100 ml 5 mM CaCl₂ adjusted to the same pH as that of the treated soil to remove the initial mineral N, and incubated at 30°C. The leaching procedure was repeated every 2 weeks for 20 weeks. Results from three soils showed that N mineralization increased as the soil pH increased. In one soil (Lester soil), significant amounts of NH ₄ ⁺ -N accumulated at pH 4 during the first 12 weeks. Treatment with corn and soybean residues resulted in a marked reduction in N mineralization, especially at pH 4. The percentage of organic N mineralized from sorghum residue and alfalfa added to soils increased as the soil pH increased; the values ranged from 7.7% to 37.0% for sorghum and from 17.2% to 30.1% for alfalfa.     

半湿润地区土垫旱耕人为土不同土层氮矿化的水温效应研究

本论文以半湿润地区土垫旱耕人为土(褐土)为供试土样,应用长期通气培养法,研究了湿度和温度对090cm土壤剖面不同土层(每30.cm为1土层)氮素矿化的影响。每层土壤设11.0、15.0、19.0、23.0、27.0%5个土壤水分等级和8.0、16.0、24.03、2.0、40.0℃5个温度等级,共25个处理,在恒温培养箱中进行培养。培养期间分别在7、14、21、354、9、63和84.d取样测定矿化氮累积量。结果表明,不同土层土壤有机氮的矿化累积量均随温度、水分含量升高而增加,各土层增幅的大小顺序为030.cm3060.cm6090.cm。030.cm土层矿化氮是090.cm土层可矿化氮的主体,其矿化氮占67.9%。不同土层土壤氮素矿化过程不同:在培养期间030.cm土层氮素矿化量与培养时间符合线性关系,而3060.cm和6090.cm土层符合对数函数;不同土层氮素矿化速率k与含水量w间为直线关系,相关系数r在0.93以上,030.cm土层的k值对温度反应最为敏感,其次为3060.cm土层,以6090cm土层反应最小。总体上看,在较高温度培养条件下,随温度增加,土层越深,矿化速率增加越慢;温度和水分对不同土层土壤氮素矿化具有明显的正交互作用。对030.cm土层,在高温情况下水分效果更加突出;而对3060cm和6090.cm土层,温度效应比水分效果更加突出。     

Changes in hot water soil extracts brought about by nitrogen immobilization and mineralization processes during incubation of amended soils

Summary During incubation of an acid cambisol and an alkaline fluvisol, amended with glucose and nitrate, hot water soil extracts were analysed for N content, ultraviolet absorption, and fluorescence. Humic substances in the hot water extracts and in a neutral sodium pyrophosphate extract were fractionated on polyvinylpyrrolidone and measured spectroscopically. Changes in the hot water and pyrophosphate extract compositions were related to changes in microbial biomass, as estimated by substrate-induced respiration, and the hexosamine content of soil hydrolysates. During the incubation, the microbial population in each type of soil developed quite differently, according to the soil pH. Microbial growth and death in the alkaline soil sample induced a maximum of hot-water-extractable ultraviolet-absorptive non-fluorescent substances. The fluorescence of the hot water soil extract increased steadily with incubation time even after the microbial activity was reduced. A similar increase in fluorescence, in accord with the ultraviolet absorption, was found during incubation of the acid soil samples. After 95 days of incubation, the hot-water-extractable fluorescent and ultraviolet-absorptive substances were reduced. N immobilization induced an increase, and N mineralization a decrease, in dissolved organic N. The relative increase in humic substances in the hot water soil extract was much higher than in the pyrophosphate extract. Therefore, humic material, produced by microbial growth and death, is obviously extractable with hot water.     

Comparison of different methodologies for field measurement of net nitrogen mineralization in pasture soils under different soil conditions

 Net mineralization was measured in free-draining and poorly drained pasture soils using three different field incubation methodologies. Two involved the use of enclosed incubation vessels (jar or box) containing C₂H₂ as a nitrification inhibitor. The third method confined soil cores in situ in an open tube in the ground, with an anion-exchange resin at the base to retain leached NO₃ ^– (resin-core technique, RCT). Measurements were made on three occasions on three free-draining pastures of different ages and contrasting organic matter contents. In general, rates of net mineralization increased with pasture age and organic matter content (range: 0.5–1.5 kg N ha^–1 day^–1) and similar rates were obtained between the three techniques for a particular pasture. Coefficients of variation (CVs) were generally high (range: 10.4–98.5%), but the enclosed incubation methods were rather less variable than the RCT and were considered overall to be the more reliable. The RCT did not include C₂H₂ and, therefore, newly formed NO₃ ^– may have been lost through denitrification. In a poorly drained pasture soil, there were discrepancies between the two enclosed methods, especially when the soil water content approached field capacity. The interpretation of the incubation measurements in relation to the flux of N through the soil inorganic N pool is discussed and the drawbacks of the various methodologies are evaluated. Received: 18 November 1999     

Carbon and nitrogen mineralization of sewage sludge compost in soils with a different initial pH

Soil properties may affect the decomposition of added organic materials and inorganic nitrogen (N) production in agricultural soils. Three soils, Potu (Pu), Sankengtzu (Sk) and Erhlin (Eh) soils, mixed with sewage sludge compost (SSC) at application rates of 0 (control), 25, 75 and 150 Mg ha⁻¹ were selected from Taiwan for incubation for 112 days. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of SSC application rates on the carbon decomposition rate, N transformation and pH changes in three soils with different initial soil pH values (4.8–7.7). The results indicated that the highest peaks of the CO₂ evolution rate occurred after 3 days of incubation, for all treatments. The Pu soil (pH 4.8) had a relatively low rate of CO₂ evolution, total amounts of CO₂ evolution and percentage of added organic C loss, all of which resulted from inhibition of microbial activity under low pH. For the Pu and Sk soils, the concentration of NH₄⁺-N reached its peak after 7–14 days of incubation, which indicated that ammonification might have occurred in the two soils with low initial pH values. NO₃⁻-N rapidly accumulated in the first 7 days of incubation in the Eh soil (pH 7.7). The direction and extent of the soil pH changes were influenced by the N in the SSC and the initial soil pH. Ammonification of organic N in the SSC caused the soil pH to increase, whereas nitrification of mineralized N caused the soil pH to decline. Consequently, the initial soil pH greatly affected the rate of carbon decomposition, ammonification and nitrification of SSC.     

浅层淹水条件下不同施肥处理对黑土氮素净转化的影响

以东北旱作黑土为对象,在25℃和浅层淹水条件下开展了为期35 d的室内培养试验,研究不同施肥处理对黑土矿化作用和硝化作用的影响。结果表明,浅层淹水条件下土壤矿化作用和硝化作用仍能进行。与不施肥对照处理相比,施用氮肥抑制了培养初期的有机氮矿化,但对后期氮矿化没有影响。氮肥施用初期对硝化作用没有影响,但2周后显著促进了硝化作用的进行。培养期间单施氮肥处理的平均净矿化速率为N 1.07 mg/(kg·d),与对照处理没有显著差异;平均净硝化速率为N 4.50 mg/(kg·d),是对照处理的2.43倍。浅层淹水条件下氮肥配施有机物料显著促进了土壤无机氮的生物固定,培养初期氮肥配施秸秆处理的无机氮固定量大于氮肥配施猪粪处理,后期则相对稍低,氮肥配施猪粪和配施秸秆处理的平均净氮矿化速率分别为N-5.61和-3.15 mg/(kg·d),两者间差异显著。与单施氮肥处理相比,浅层淹水条件下氮肥配施有机物料显著抑制了土壤硝化作用,培养期间氮肥配施猪粪和氮肥配施秸秆处理的平均净硝化速率分别为N 0.29和0.18 mg/(kg·d),分别比单施氮肥处理下降了93.5%和96.0%。