低血糖生成指数液态奶的开发及测试

为获得营养均衡的调制牛奶,满足人体的多种营养需求,添加多种维生素和矿物质,设计出一款适用于糖尿病人、亚健康人群、体重管理、皮肤管理等人群饮用的低血糖生成指数（Glycemic Index,GI）的牛奶。稳定性试验结果表明,静置12 天后,牛奶无显著脂肪上浮,体系稳定性良好;人体GI值试验结果表明,调制牛奶的餐后血糖值上升和下降均较葡萄糖餐后血糖值平稳,有较好稳定餐后血糖的效果,表明开发的调制牛奶为低GI食品（GI值=22.86）。人体饱腹感试验结果显示,和普通纯牛奶对比,调制牛奶具有显著提高饱腹感的效果。     

甜玉米、菠菜汁乳饮料的研制

甜玉米、菠菜的营养丰富,风味甘甜。甜玉米和菠菜中膳食纤维含量高,具有降血压、降血脂,通便润肠等保健功效。本文以甜玉米、菠菜汁和牛奶为主要原料,研制出了一种具有保健功效的甜玉米、菠菜汁乳饮料。本文通过试验确定了甜玉米、菠菜汁乳饮料的配方。试验结果表明：在甜玉米汁添加量为17.1%,菠菜汁添加量为10%,复合稳定剂添加量为0.26%,白砂糖添加量为11.7%的条件下,甜玉米、菠菜汁乳饮料产品色泽、口感、风味和组织状态最佳。     

燕麦的栽培与收获

燕麦营养在禾谷类粮食中最好,其蛋白质含量高,氨基酸含量均衡、组成全面,是全价优质蛋白质。又含有可溶性膳食纤维、不饱和脂肪酸及燕麦甙、多种维生素和人体必需的矿物质,具有降血脂、调节血糖、改善肠胃功能、防癌等食疗保健功能。     

无糖布丁牛奶的研制

无糖布丁牛奶是以生鲜牛奶为主要原料,通过添加木糖醇、卡拉胶、天然玉米淀粉以及一些相应的风味料（如咖啡、可可粉等）,研制成的一种营养丰富、风味独特的新型低热量乳制品.本文通过L9（34）正交实验,得到了合理、可行的产品配方、生产工艺和产品质量控制指标.实验结果表明：生鲜牛奶添加量为90%,天然玉米淀粉添加量为5%,木糖醇添加量为10%,卡拉胶添加量为0.2%时布丁牛奶的风味、口感等各项指标最佳.     

模糊数学评判法在大麦若叶牛奶研制中的应用

为了研究大麦若叶牛奶的最佳配方,本试验以模糊数学评判法对产品感官品质评定的结果为指标,对蛋白质含量、大麦若叶粉的添加量、白砂糖的添加量和稳定剂的添加量四个因素进行正交试验筛选优化。结果表明,大麦若叶牛奶最佳配方为:蛋白含量2.3%,大麦若叶粉添加量1%,白砂糖添加量5%,稳定剂添加量0.3%。以该配方生产的大麦若叶牛奶其感官指标可完全满足预期要求。     

凝固型椰果燕麦酸奶的工艺研究

以椰果、燕麦、纯牛奶为主要原料,并以产品的感官评价和理化分析为指标,通过单因素试验和正交试验确定产品的最佳工艺配方。最终确定最佳工艺配方为添加椰果粒12%,燕麦4%,白砂糖6%,在42℃下,发酵6 h。在此工艺下研制的产品具有椰果的咀嚼感和淡淡的燕麦香味,风味独特,酸甜适宜。     

水牛奶发酵乳工艺技术的研究

针对水牛奶脂肪含量高、蛋白质颗粒大,易导致水牛奶产品质地较硬、细腻度差、酸香味不足等问题,本文通过单因素试验和Box-Behnken中心组合设计筛选了水牛奶发酵乳的发酵剂和工艺配方,并对产品理化和卫生安全指标进行了检测。结果表明,保加利亚乳杆菌:嗜热链球菌:植物乳杆菌=2:1:3、菌种添加量4%、糖添加量8%、发酵时间6h时,水牛奶发酵乳的组织细腻,呈均匀乳白色,酸香味浓郁且具有丰富的营养价值,脂肪含量达到4.04%,蛋白质含量达到3.31%,乳酸菌含量为3.3x107CFU/m L,卫生指标符合标准。本研究旨在为水牛奶发酵乳生产加工提供参考依据。     

鲜橙蒲公英风味酸奶的研制

近年来,复合型酸奶的研发已成为潮流。鲜橙富含多种有机酸,能够调节人体代谢,蒲公英富含丰富的矿物质和维生素等对人体有益的物质。以鲜牛奶为主要原料,橙汁、蒲公英汁为辅料,制做具有橙汁、蒲公英汁风味的保健凝固型酸奶。考察蒲公英汁添加量、橙汁添加量、蔗糖添加量、发酵剂接种量对酸奶品质的影响。把感官评分作为评价指标,进行单因素试验,并在此基础上再进行四因素三水平的正交试验,得出最佳工艺参数为:5%橙汁添加量、10%蒲公英汁添加量、0.9%发酵剂接种量、1%蔗糖添加量。在此条件下生产的鲜橙蒲公英风味酸奶质地细腻,酸甜可口,品质优良、风味独特,具有甜香的橙汁香味及清新的蒲公英汁风味。     

颗粒型燕麦牛乳饮品配方及工艺优化

从配方和工艺2 个角度研究颗粒型燕麦牛乳的稳定性,以离心沉淀率、黏度和感官评分作为评价指标。结果表明：对稳定剂进行优化后,得到最佳复配稳定剂配方为结冷胶添加量0.04%、卡拉胶添加量0.020%、羧甲基纤维素钠添加量0.020%、微晶纤维素添加量0.20%;对配料温度、水合时间、均质压力和灌装温度4 个影响体系稳定性的工艺点进行单因素试验,继而设计正交试验,得到最佳参数组合为配料温度50 ℃、水合时间40 min、均质压力30 MPa、灌装温度15 ℃,此条件下产品稳定性最佳,口感良好。     

荞麦营养香肠的研制

为了制作一种新型营养香肠,试验以猪瘦肉和猪脂肪为主要原料,通过添加荞麦制作一种新型营养香肠。通过单因素试验和正交试验确定荞麦添加量、变性淀粉添加量和猪脂肪与猪瘦肉的比例。结果表明:荞麦营养香肠中荞麦添加量为20%,变性淀粉添加量为10%,猪脂肪和猪瘦肉比例为2∶8时制作出的香肠充分保持了荞麦自身的独特味道和营养价值,满足了人们的饮食需要和合理的膳食搭配。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -