分根区交替滴灌营养液对番茄生长发育及品质的影响

【目的】提高番茄产量和品质。【方法】试验采用完全随机区组设计,设供液量:450 mL(T1)、650 mL(T2)、850 mL(T3),供液频率:3 d/次(C1)、2 d/次(C2)、1 d/次(C3)共9个处理。研究了在分根区交替滴灌下供液量及供液频率对基质培番茄生长发育及果实品质的影响。【结果】营养液供液量的增加,会降低番茄果实的品质,不利于可溶性固形物的积累。从果实品质上而言,T1C2处理可溶性固形物量为6.97%且单果质量适宜,果实Vc量最高。其次,T1C2处理水分利用效率最高,为67.06kg/m3,较CK提高154.40%,T2C3处理番茄的总产量最大,为13 409.10 kg/667m2,T2C3处理较CK增产2 886.4 kg,增幅达27.4%。T2C3处理番茄的单果质量可达226.44 g,番茄果质量偏大,色泽红润,具有良好的商品性。此外,T2C3处理水分利用效率为40.29 kg/m3,较CK提高52.85%。【结论】从果实品质上而言,T1C2处理即分根区交替滴灌营养液模式下,供液量:单株滴灌450 mL,供液频率:2 d/次的供液方式下(T1C2处理)果实品质较优,每天每株滴灌650 mL营养液,T2C3处理产量最高。     

整枝和滴灌灌溉制度对番茄产量品质和耗水的影响

无限生长型番茄的整枝和水分管理是影响其产量和品质的主要措施之—.在2年的田间试验中发现,在我国华北半湿润地区番茄露地生产中,当保留4层花果序时,可以在番茄第1、第2层穗果的果实如鸡蛋大小时,将第1、第2层穗果下部的枝叶全部去掉,仅保留第3和第4层穗果的主枝叶进行光合作用;并且在番茄缓苗后,可控制滴头正下方0.2m深度土壤基质势的下限高于-50 kPa.这种番茄整枝和滴灌灌溉制度不影响番茄的产量,并且提高了果实中可溶性糖和蛋白质的含量,减少灌水量和耗水量,而且还可以提高番茄的水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率.     

温室滴灌土壤基质势调控对番茄生长、品质和耗水的影响

【目的】获得华北地区日光温室冬春茬番茄优质高产滴灌灌溉制度。【方法】采用田间试验的方法,布置了7个不同土壤基质势阈值的试验,在番茄开花坐果期和结果期分别控制滴头正下方20 cm深度土壤基质势阈值在-15kPa和-15 kPa(S1)、-15 kPa和-30 kPa(S2)、-15 kPa和-45 kPa(S3)、-25 kPa和-25 kPa(S4)、-30 kPa和-15 kPa(S5)、-30 kPa和-30 kPa(S6)以及-30 kPa和-45 kPa(S7),研究了番茄生育期内土壤基质势动态调控对番茄生长、果实品质、耗水量和水分利用效率等的影响。【结果】在试验控制的土壤基质势范围内,①在番茄开花坐果期,番茄株高和茎粗均随土壤基质势阈值的升高而增加,进入结果期后不同土壤基质势处理下的番茄株高差异不明显,但茎粗仍随着土壤基质势阈值的升高而增加;②开花坐果期不同土壤基质势处理下的叶片SPAD值(相对叶绿素量)无显著差异,但结果期不同处理叶片SPAD值差异明显,表现为开花坐果期土壤基质势阈值高于低处理(S5、S6和S7)的叶片SPAD值;③对于开花坐果期土壤基质势阈值较低的处理,其畸形果率低、果实可溶性固形物量高,并且随着结果期土壤基质势的降低,畸形果率呈降低趋势,果实可溶性固形物量呈升高趋势;④番茄产量随着结果期土壤基质势阈值的降低而升高,-45 kPa处理番茄的产量最高;⑤随着整个生育期土壤基质势阈值的升高,番茄灌水量和耗水量显著增加,灌溉水利用效率和水分利用效率显著降低。【结论】综合考虑番茄产量、果实品质、灌溉水利用效率和水分利用效率等,华北地区日光温室秋冬茬番茄高产优质高水分利用效率的土壤基质势阈值为开花坐果期-30 kPa、结果期-45 kPa。     

痕量灌溉条件下水肥耦合对温室番茄综合影响分析

以温室番茄为供试作物,以常规滴灌为对照,研究痕量灌溉条件下水肥耦合处理对番茄产量、品质和水肥利用效率的单因素影响;以基于层次评价体系的综合评价指数为应变量,水肥用量为自变量建立回归拟合预测模型,分析水肥条件对番茄的综合影响并解算痕量灌溉条件下温室番茄最优灌水量和施肥量,结果表明:当灌水下限为60.99%、灌水上限设置为90%,施肥量为N:297.73 kg/hm~2、P:148.86 kg/hm~2、K:297.73 kg/hm~2时,痕量灌溉番茄的综合评价指数最大可达66.82。相对于常规滴灌模式,经优化后的痕量灌溉水肥管理模式在保证番茄果实产量和品质的前提下可较常规滴灌增产28.14%,灌溉水利用率提高36.74%,化肥利用率提高46.91%。     

循环曝气地下滴灌的温室番茄生长与品质

循环曝气滴灌可以大幅度提高灌溉水掺气比例,有效改善普通地下滴灌引起的黏质型土壤根区间歇性缺氧环境,提高作物生产力.以河南省中牟县黄河淤积黄黏土为供试土壤,以温室番茄为供试对象,研究循环曝气地下滴灌对番茄生理及品质的影响.结果表明,与普通地下滴灌(对照处理)相比,相同灌溉定额条件下曝气处理番茄果实前5次产量提高了29.15%;番茄的水分利用效率提高了20.72%.曝气处理气孔导度提高了30.51%,植物的生长活力得到增强.番茄果实维生素C含量提高了13.25%,可溶性固形物含量提高了8.62%,糖酸比提高了22.05%,而总酸含量和硬度分别下降了15.50%和11.19%.曝气处理最大根长增加了16.75%,根冠质量之比提高了25.81%.综合分析表明,曝气滴灌可显著促进黄黏土中番茄的生长,促进番茄果实成熟,有效提高作物产量,改善番茄品质.     

不同水-沼液一体化间接地下滴灌模式对番茄生长、产量和品质的影响

为探索水-沼液一体化间接地下滴灌合理的灌溉模式。以番茄为研究对象,采用水-沼液一体化间接地下滴灌方式,在番茄的苗期、开花坐果期和果实成熟期分别设置重度亏缺（60%FC）、中度亏缺（70%FC）和轻度亏缺（80%FC）,采用体积比为1∶4的沼液进行一体化灌溉（沼液:水）,并设置传统灌溉施肥组（90%FC,化肥）为对照,研究水-沼液一体化间接地下滴灌条件下番茄不同生育阶段水肥同亏对其生长、产量、品质和水分利用效率的影响,并采用TOPSIS法对不同处理番茄品质和综合效益进行评价。结果表明：苗期轻度和中度亏缺处理在开花坐果期采用充分供给后,叶面积和干物质量可表现出较强的补偿效应;开花坐果期重度亏缺会严重抑制番茄叶面积和干物质的形成,并降低番茄产量,但轻度和中度亏缺有助于番茄可溶性糖的积累;果实成熟期进行重度亏缺可提高番茄维生素C的含量;沼液灌溉能够提高可溶性固形物含量和可溶性蛋白质含量;果实成熟期采用重度亏缺（60%FC）的T7处理产量、品质和水分利用效率综合得分最高,化肥对照组T10处理最差,T7处理可作为水-沼液一体化间接地下滴灌亏缺灌溉的参考模式。     

大棚膜下滴灌黄瓜结果期适宜灌溉频率试验研究

为了合理地制定大棚滴灌灌溉制度,以大棚黄瓜为对象,在结果期设置了4种膜下滴灌灌溉频率(每隔3、6、9、12 d灌溉一次),并以传统沟灌灌溉作为对照,研究了不同灌溉频率对黄瓜生长(株高,茎粗和叶片数)和产量的影响。结果表明,与传统沟灌相比,采用滴灌灌溉有利于黄瓜生长并获得高产;在滴灌条件下,灌溉频率越高,植株越高大粗壮,叶片越多,同时促进了果实成熟;但灌溉频率对总产量影响较小,不同处理之间产量差异均不显著(p0.05)。综合比较,6 d灌溉一次黄瓜长势较好,产量最大112.4 t/hm~2,灌溉工作量合理,因此,建议在大棚黄瓜结果期滴灌灌溉频率以每隔6 d一次为宜。     

日光温室青椒滴灌最佳灌水下限组合试验研究

为探讨日光温室滴灌条件下青椒最佳灌水下限组合,通过小区试验方法分析了滴灌条件下5种不同灌水下限组合对青椒形态、品质、产量及灌溉水利用效率的影响.结果表明:不同灌水下限组合对青椒株高、茎粗、VC含量影响差异显著.对青椒产量的影响差异不显著.采用主成分分析法对各灌水下限组合进行了量化的综合评价.评价得分显示:当青椒苗期、开花着果期及结果期的水分下限分别控制在田间持水量的50%～60%、50%～60%、70%～80%时得分最高,表明该处理下青椒产量最高、品质最佳、灌溉水利用效率最高,其为青椒最佳灌水下限组合.     

浅沟排水对膜下滴灌条件下“土壤-作物”系统的影响

为探明浅沟排水对膜下滴灌条件下"土壤-作物"系统的影响,以大棚番茄为研究对象,设计不同滴灌定额(200、250和300m3/hm2)及不同的排水沟深度(15和30cm)处理,对不同处理0~20cm土层土壤全盐含量、番茄产量、果实主要品质指标进行了观测,同时采用主成分分析法,对番茄的综合品质进行分析和评估。结果表明,浅沟排水及膜下滴灌条件下0~20cm土壤盐分呈"膜内降低、膜外升高"的趋势;较高灌水量结合较浅的地表排水有利于降低表层土壤盐分,并提高番茄的产量;番茄综合品质随灌水量的增大而降低,总体上随排水沟深度的加深而提高。本研究中,I3D1处理(300m3/hm2滴灌定额+15cm排水沟深度)去盐和增产效果最优,I1D2处理(200m3/hm2滴灌定额+30cm排水沟深度)番茄综合品质最优。     

基于综合生长评价体系的番茄亏缺灌溉制度研究北大核心

为研究亏缺灌溉对秋冬茬设施番茄生理、生长、品质和水分利用效率的影响,以“盛丰5号”为试材开展番茄亏缺灌溉试验。在番茄花果期至采收期实施0~4次灌水(分别对应处理T1、T2、T3、T4、T5)栽培试验,观测了设施内空气温、湿度及土壤含水量数据,利用层次分析法(AHP)的形式构建番茄综合生长评价体系,一级指标为生理、生长、品质和水分利用效率指标,生理指标包括净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、叶片含氮量、叶绿素;生长指标包括根冠比、生物量;品质指标包括番茄红素、Vc、总糖、可滴定酸;水分利用效率指标包括WUE_(y)、WUE_(b),利用熵权法对二级指标进行权重计算,并使用TOPSIS评价法进行排序。在生理指标评价体系中,T3的相对接近度0.769最接近理想解;在生长指标评价体系中,T1的相对接近度0.555最接近理想解;在果品品质评价体系中,T5相对接近度0.617,可认为是表现最优处理;水分利用效率指标体系中,T1为最优处理。利用模糊Borda评价法对一级评价指标的评价序值和排名信息进行组合评价,T1~T5模糊Borda得分依次为8.87、4、5.14、5.77、5.15。结果显示,定植水后除追施水溶肥时少量灌水,秋冬茬设施番茄花果期至采收期0水处理不仅可以使植株生长良好,同时显著提高了水分利用效率,在番茄综合生长评价体系中表现最优。该灌溉制度有效减少了河北地区秋冬茬设施番茄用水量,实现了农业提质增效。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。