富含γ-氨基丁酸青春双歧杆菌的酸奶稳定性研究

本文研究了富含γ-氨基丁酸青春双歧杆菌酸奶在保质期内乳酸菌活菌数、γ-氨基丁酸含量以及感官指标变化。结果表明,富含γ-氨基丁酸酸奶在感官指标方面与普通酸奶相比无明显差异;随着保藏时间的增加,乳酸菌活菌数逐渐降低但始终保持在108cfu/mL以上;在保质期内γ-氨基丁酸含量相对稳定。     

凝固型黑糖酸奶工艺条件的优化研究

本研究以广西马山老黑糖及水牛乳为主要原料,乳酸菌种YO-MIX883 LYO 50DCU为发酵剂,以酸奶感官品质评分和酸奶酸度的综合评分作为考察指标,采用单因素及正交试验方法对凝固型黑糖酸奶发酵工艺进行优化,得到最佳的发酵黑糖酸奶的工艺与配方。结果表明,在黑糖添加量8%、菌种添加量3%、发酵时间8h、发酵温度43℃、水牛奶85%,发酵后在4℃条件下冷藏24h,获得的发酵酸奶的感官品质评分为92分,产品组织状态均匀,口感细腻,略带有黑糖独特风味,感官评价最佳。最佳发酵条件下制备的凝固型黑糖酸奶酸度为90.5°T、乳酸菌数为1.3×10⁷CFU/g,蛋白质含量3.4%,脂肪含量4.6%,均符合中国乳制品工业行业规范发酵水牛乳(RHB703-2012)的要求。     

胡萝卜汁乳酸菌饮料的研制及其稳定性研究

通过正交试验研究了胡萝卜汁乳酸菌饮料的最佳配方,在此基础上添加不同的稳定剂,确定最佳的稳定剂组合,并对产品的感官、理化指标和乳酸菌数进行分析。胡萝卜汁乳酸菌饮料的最佳配方为:酸奶40.0%、胡萝卜汁40.0%、蔗糖4.0%、柠檬酸0.1%、复合稳定剂(CMC︰黄原胶=1︰2)0.3%,产品色泽橙黄,形态呈均匀的流体,总固形物含量12.0%、酸度70.0oT、pH值4.2、乳酸菌数1.9×107个/mL。     

禽用乳酸菌SR1发酵培养基优化

以一株禽用乳酸菌SR1为试验对象,对其发酵培养基进行优化,以提高发酵液中的活菌数。利用单因素和正交试验对乳酸菌 SR1的发酵培养基进行了优化研究。结果表明,SR1最佳发酵培养基为：葡萄糖35.0g/L,蛋白胨15.0g/L,牛肉膏7.0g/L,磷酸氢二钾2.3g/L,硫酸镁0.35g/L。在此最优工艺下,SR1发酵液的 OD_660nm值从1.179提高到 1.416,活菌数由2.5×10⁸ CFU/mL提高到3.0×10⁸ CFU/mL。与初始发酵培养基相比,发酵水平显著提高,为后期SR1在禽的养殖过程中应用奠定基础。     

植物乳杆菌L3发酵乳的工艺优化及质量研究

云南具有丰富的益生菌资源,前期从云南牛奶样品中筛选的植物乳杆菌L3具有良好的发酵特性(产黏、产香)和产共轭亚油酸性能,具有较好的发酵乳加工潜力。本研究以植物乳杆菌L3为发酵乳菌株,优化植物乳杆菌L3发酵乳的工艺参数,研究产品的质量指标和贮藏性能。通过单因素试验筛选和响应面优化,确定的植物乳杆菌L3发酵乳最佳工艺为:菌株添加量2%,发酵温度37℃,发酵时间20h。发酵乳产品色泽均匀,质地细腻,无乳清析出,酸奶味纯正,酸甜适口;脂肪含量为(3.42±0.36)%、蛋白质含量为(3.24±0.42)%、共轭亚油酸含量为(131.53±4.7)μg/g;乳酸菌活菌数(1.72×10¹⁰±0.36)CFU/g;共轭亚油酸含量和乳酸菌活菌数均高于商业发酵剂发酵乳。植物乳杆菌L3发酵乳在4℃下贮藏21d时,乳酸菌活菌数均高于国标规定的10⁶CFU/g,酸度均在消费者接受的范围内。本试验对植物乳杆菌L3发酵乳的工艺优化和品质分析,为植物乳杆菌L3在发酵乳中的应用奠定了基础。     

植物乳杆菌BLPS-9中试发酵工艺优化及冻干保护剂筛选

本研究以植物乳杆菌BLPS-9为研究对象,对其中试发酵工艺进行优化,采用正交因素对其保护剂配方进行筛选。结果表明:经优化后植物乳杆菌BLPS-9中试发酵液活菌数可达50×10^8 cfu/mL,确定最佳离心条件10000 r/min、离心10 min活菌数最高,保护剂配方为脱脂奶粉25%、海藻糖7.5%、甘油0.75%;在最适离心条件下采用最佳冻干保护剂进行冷冻干燥,植物乳杆菌BLPS-9存活率可达91.01%,菌粉活菌数为6.0×10^11 cfu/g。在4℃和-20℃条件下贮存28 d,活菌数无明显损失。本研究为进一步提高乳酸菌制品的货架期提供了参考。     

乳酸菌和酵母菌混菌发酵制备菌制剂条件的研究

为了研究乳酸菌和酵母菌混菌发酵制备菌制剂的最佳适宜条件,试验采用麸皮、玉米皮、豆粕为主要原料,采用固态发酵技术,以植物乳杆菌L.casei Zhang p8和酵母菌S1为发酵菌种,以发酵后的活菌数作为指标,通过单因素和4因素3水平L9(34)正交试验,对双菌混合发酵的最佳条件进行研究。结果表明:在发酵温度34℃、接种量12%、乳酸菌和酵母菌接种比例3∶7、含水量50%、料量50 g条件下发酵60 h,植物乳杆菌L.casei Zhang p8菌数可以达到39.8×108cfu/g,酵母菌S1菌数可以达到17.1×108cfu/g。     

桑葚水牛乳酸奶的工艺研究

本试验以水牛奶和桑葚为主原料,研制口感独特、具有高附加值的功能性桑葚水牛乳酸奶。采用正交试验筛选的酸奶最佳工艺参数为：桑葚果浆7%,乳酸菌发酵剂接种量6%,白砂糖3%,发酵时间5h。在此工艺下制备的酸奶口感爽滑,品质最佳。     

响应面法优化双黄连口服液醇沉物乳酸菌发酵工艺

为研究双黄连口服液制剂醇沉物的乳酸菌液态发酵工艺,首先确定双黄连口服液制剂醇沉物添加量,再以活菌数作为指标,通过单因素试验分别研究接种量、发酵时间和发酵温度的影响,并采用响应面法优选最佳发酵条件,最后进行平行放大试验验证。结果：含20%的醇沉物、接种量4%、发酵温度32.7℃、发酵时间26 h时活菌数可达3.03×10⁹ CFU/mL,为最佳发酵条件。平行放大验证试验表明,该发酵工艺可用于制备双黄连口服液醇沉物乳酸菌液态发酵制剂。     

营养海带酸奶的研究报告

笔者以海带汁和鲜牛奶为主要原料,采用单因素试验、正交试验确定最佳发酵条件,并对该条件下发酵过程中的糖度、粘度和酸度变化进行检测分析。结果表明,最佳生产工艺条件为海带汁添加量8%、接种量5%、加糖量7%、发酵温度为42℃、发酵时间为4 h。所得产品的酸度和粘度优于普通酸奶,并且乳酸菌数可达到1.56×109cfu/m L,是普通酸奶的乳酸菌数的7.1倍。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -