绣球菌渣复合基质对黄瓜幼苗素质及产量的影响

为减少绣球菌渣废弃物带来的潜在农业面源污染的风险,探讨其资源化利用的可行性,本试验将绣球菌渣与草炭、珍珠岩进行复配,研究不同绣球菌渣复合基质理化性质的差异,黄瓜幼苗生长、生理生化特性及成苗栽培后产量差异,探讨不同基质配方对黄瓜幼苗素质的影响。结果表明,绣球菌渣复合基质的理化性质均在适合黄瓜生长的范围内;配方(绣球菌渣∶草炭∶珍珠岩=1∶1∶1)与对照(CK,草炭∶珍珠岩=2∶1)相比,出苗后20 d,幼苗根冠比、可溶性糖、叶绿素含量分别提高9.84%、25.89%、56.67%,且根系活力是CK的1.79倍;单株果数和产量分别提高17.82%和10.80%,绣球菌渣最佳使用比例为33%。本研究结果为绣球菌渣资源化利用提供了理论依据。     

不同基质配比对戈壁温室黄瓜生理代谢和产量及品质的影响

基质是黄瓜生长的基础,对其产量品质影响巨大,为得到戈壁温室有机生态型无土栽培中高品质黄瓜生产的最适基质配比,以当前生产中常用基质配比为对照,研究了5种不同配方的基质对黄瓜叶片叶绿素荧光参数及产量品质影响,并比较了不同处理下黄瓜生长生理及产量品质指标。结果表明,采用配方为腐熟牛粪、粉碎玉米秸秆、菌渣、草炭、蛭石体积比为3∶2∶2∶2∶1的基质栽培时,黄瓜叶片最大量子产额(Fv/Fm)与生长潜在活性(Fv/Fo)的值最大,分别为0.76、3.18;黄瓜株高196.15 cm、茎粗0.92 cm、叶片数38.31片、单株结瓜数17.65个、单株产量3.58 kg、折合产量155 508.90 kg/hm2,均高于其他处理。采用该基质配比时黄瓜果实的Vc含量与可溶性糖含量均最高,分别为167.28、19.83 mg/g FW;硝酸盐含量最低,为78.94 μg/g FW。可见,使用腐熟牛粪、粉碎玉米秸秆、菌渣、草炭、蛭石体积比为3 ∶ 2 ∶ 2 ∶ 2 ∶ 1的基质配方时黄瓜综合表现最佳,产量及品质最优。     

以木薯渣为主要原料的黄瓜无土栽培基质研究

以草炭︰蛭石=2︰1为对照,并以木薯渣为主要基质材料,与蛭石、菌糠和草炭按不同体积比混合,通过研究不同复配基质的理化性质及其作为栽培基质对黄瓜的生长、产量及品质的影响,筛选黄瓜生长的最佳基质配方。结果表明:T1(木薯渣︰蛭石︰草炭=2︰1︰1)和T4(木薯渣︰草炭=1︰1)复配基质的p H呈弱酸性,且其他理化指标均最接近理想基质。使用复配基质栽培黄瓜后,T1和T4处理黄瓜的株高、茎粗、叶片数、叶面积、叶绿素含量、产量、果实可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量和抗坏血酸含量等指标都显著优于对照,结合环境和经济因素方面考虑,在生产上推荐使用草炭比例更低的T1(木薯渣︰蛭石︰草炭=2︰1︰1)作为黄瓜的栽培基质。     

沼渣混配基质理化性状及其对黄瓜幼苗生长的影响

为实现沼渣资源化应用,减少不可再生资源草炭的使用,将沼渣、醋糟等基质混配用于黄瓜育苗,以筛选出适合黄瓜育苗的沼渣混配基质。以津春1号黄瓜品种为试材,以兴农育苗基质为对照,将沼渣、醋糟、蛭石和珍珠岩以一定比例混配成六组基质配方比,测定各组混配基质的理化性状,分析各混配基质处理对黄瓜育苗的影响。各组混配基质EC值、p H值、持水孔隙和通气孔隙等各项指标都在设施栽培基质的理想范围内;处理混配基质A2(沼渣∶醋糟∶蛭石∶珍珠岩为4∶3∶2∶1)为最佳育苗基质配比,不仅理化性状良好,而且其黄瓜两叶一心期株高、茎粗、叶面积、根体积、根系活力、叶绿素含量和净光合速率等均较高,可作为一种优质植物基质在黄瓜育苗中应用。     

不同配方栽培基质对番茄苗期生长的影响

以腐熟中药渣、腐熟菇渣、泥炭、蛭石、珍珠岩以及45%的缓释肥(15-15-15)为原料,按照不同比例复配成6种栽培基质,选取进口泥炭作为对照,研究不同配比的栽培基质对番茄苗期生长的影响,以筛选出理想的番茄育苗基质配方。结果表明:腐熟中药渣:泥炭:腐熟菇渣:蛭石:珍珠岩以5:1:1.5:2:1(体积比)并添加2 kg/m345%缓释肥的基质培育的番茄在株高、茎粗、根系形态及根系活力等方面均优于其他配比的育苗基质,主成分分析和聚类分析结果也得到了类似的结果,表明该配方的基质可推荐作为番茄育苗的专用型有机营养基质。     

杏鲍菇菌渣袋式栽培基质配方对番茄产量及品质的影响

杏鲍菇是我国工厂化生产的主要食用菌之一,其栽培每年产生的大量菌渣富含丰富的营养成分。为了提高食用菌菌渣的利用效率,以杏鲍菇菌渣为主要原料,配制成4种复合营养基质,分别为:A(全菌渣),为对照(CK);B(菌渣∶草炭=3∶1);C(菌渣∶草炭=1∶1);D(菌渣∶草炭=1∶3)。研究杏鲍菇菌渣与草炭不同配比的袋式栽培营养基质理化性质变化及其对日光温室栽培番茄产量和品质的影响。结果表明,随着菌渣比例从25%增加到100%,袋培营养基质的EC逐渐增加,容重逐渐降低,基质速效养分显著增加且对初期植株根系生长产生显著影响。在4个处理中,B、C、D处理小区产量均显著高于A处理,其中C处理(菌渣∶草炭=1∶1)小区产量最高,为46.17 kg,较A处理增产13.8%,可溶性固形物含量最高,为6.1%。综合比较,在本试验条件下,杏鲍菇菌渣与草炭比例为1∶1是适宜日光温室番茄袋式栽培的最佳营养基质配方。     

不同木薯渣形态和添加比例对番茄产量品质及抗氧化能力的影响

  【目的】  为积极应对我国基质生产原料草炭紧缺的难题,提升农业废弃物的综合利用水平,研究木薯渣形态和添加比例在番茄生产上的应用效果,以期为木薯渣在番茄无土栽培上的推广应用提供理论依据。  【方法】  以‘千禧’樱桃番茄 (QX) 和‘传奇2号’大番茄 (CQ) 为试材,进行了槽栽试验。通过计算机模拟,共配置了4个栽培基质,包括草炭∶蛭石∶珍珠岩∶粉状木薯渣 = 5∶5∶5∶5 (T1);草炭∶蛭石∶珍珠岩∶颗粒状木薯渣 = 5∶5∶5∶5 (T2);草炭∶蛭石∶珍珠岩∶颗粒状木薯渣 = 6∶4∶4∶6 (T3) 和草炭∶蛭石∶珍珠岩∶粉状木薯渣 = 4∶4∶4∶8 (T4)。以常规基质草炭∶蛭石∶珍珠岩=10∶5∶5为对照 (CK)。测定了各栽培基质的理化性状和养分含量,调查了番茄生长和果实产量及品质。  【结果】  CQ和QX番茄在T1和T4处理下,其茎粗、根系活力、地下部和地上部干重均显著高于CK,且T1处理下增幅大于T4;T2和T3处理下,果实品质和抗氧化能力显著高于CK,且T2处理下增幅大于T3处理,T2处理下,CQ和QX番茄中可溶性糖、可溶性固形物含量、糖酸比、维生素C、番茄红素、可溶性蛋白和总酚含量分别较CK提高42.5%、29.4%、26.7%、21.0%、25.1%、51.1%、17.1%和28.0%、26.3%、19.4%、46.0%、22.4%、19.0%、25.8%,果实总抗氧化能力和DPPH自由基清除能力分别较CK提高51.9%、44.0%和40.4%、72.4%;T1处理下产量显著高于其它处理,CQ和QX番茄产量分别较CK提高15.6%和33.7%;两品种番茄的综合评价均为T1 > T4 > T2 > T3 > CK。  【结论】  添加颗粒状和粉状木薯渣均能不同程度地提高基质的pH、电导率、容重及速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量,且颗粒状木薯渣处理提高幅度大于粉状木薯渣处理,但添加颗粒状木薯渣的基质气水比亦增加,持水性不如粉状木薯渣。4个配方中,以木薯渣替代一半草炭的增产提质效果最好,超过一半效果显著降低。在替代一半草炭的两个配方中,添加颗粒状木薯渣 (T2) 提高番茄品质的效果最佳,而添加粉状木薯渣 (T1) 的番茄产量最高。DTOPSIS综合分析,T1处理下的C_i值最大。因此,推荐草炭∶蛭石∶珍珠岩:粉状木薯渣=5∶5∶5∶5 (T1) 配方基质作为番茄无土栽培专用基质进行推广应用。     

生物氢烷工程沼渣用于油菜及菠菜育苗的效果

为探究将生物氢烷工程沼渣应用于蔬菜育苗基质生产的可行性,以油菜品种"华绿四号"、菠菜品种"先锋菠菜"为材料,按不同体积比将生物氢烷工程沼渣与土壤或草炭、蛭石和珍珠岩三者混配作为育苗基质,通过穴盘育苗试验研究生物氢烷工程沼渣对基质理化性质和油菜、菠菜幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:添加生物氢烷工程沼渣可显著改善基质的容重、总孔隙度、有机质含量、pH值和电导率EC(electronical conductivity)值等理化性质;适宜配比的生物氢烷工程沼渣对幼苗生长发育有一定的促进作用,其中T6(生物氢烷工程沼渣20%、草炭30%、蛭石25%、珍珠岩25%)的基质配方较为适宜,T6中油菜出苗率显著高于CK3(草炭50%、蛭石25%、珍珠岩25%)(P0.05),提高了14.3%,菠菜出苗率提高了12.4%,幼苗的株高、茎粗、单株叶面积显著高于或接近CK3(P0.05),幼苗根冠比和壮苗指数与CK3无显著差异;添加生物氢烷工程沼渣可使幼苗地下部生物量显著升高(P0.05),促进根系生长,使幼苗地上部、地下部生物量分配更加均衡。因此,生物氢烷工程沼渣具有一定的肥效,可部分替代草炭用于叶菜育苗基质生产,但使用前可考虑进行好氧堆肥处理进一步腐熟或与氮肥配施以提高肥效。     

钙素水平对基质栽培黄瓜生长、产量与品质的影响

在荷兰温室以园艺研究所黄瓜营养液配方为对照进行盆栽试验,通过改变营养液中钙素的含量与营养液的浓度研究钙对黄瓜产量与品质(可溶性蛋白、Vc、硝酸盐含量、有机酸以及可溶性糖)的影响。结果表明:1.2Ca含量处理的株高、茎粗有明显优势,并且有最高的平均单株产量与品质水平,为最优处理,并据此调节营养液4个不同浓度梯度(EC=1.5、2.5、3.5、4.5 m S·cm~(-1))。在生长初期与开花期EC值为1.5与3.5 m S·cm~(-1)处理的株高高于其他处理,在营养生长阶段3.5 m S·cm~(-1)处理的株高/茎粗较小,植株生长健壮。3.5 m S·cm~(-1)处理的黄瓜产量最高,且经过加权平均法进行品质比较分析,其品质也优于其他处理。因此,在实际黄瓜基质栽培生产中营养液以EC3.5处理的钙水平393.176 mg·L-1生长最好,产量较高。     

黄瓜免营养液无土育苗基质组配研究

利用菇渣部分替代草炭,与蛭石、珍珠岩组配,形成黄瓜优化育苗基质,在此基础上,加入不同用量缓释肥进行黄瓜穴盘育苗试验,结果表明:在草炭+菇渣+蛭石+珍珠岩=2∶3∶2∶3(V∶V∶V∶V)基础上,添加1.71~2.14 g·L-1缓释复合肥(N-P2O5-K2O=14-14-14),可满足黄瓜整个苗期对养分的需求,实现全程免营养液管理,培育出优质幼苗。     

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Compost as a Tomato Transplant Medium

For 3 years, different types of growing media were evaluated in nursery-produced tomatoes (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill. cv “Atletico”). Five mixtures of substrates were used: old peat (65%) + white peat (30%) + perlite (5%), old peat (65%) + MSW compost (30%) + perlite (5%), MSW compost (65%) + white peat (30%) + perlite (5%), MSW compost (95%) + perlite (5%) and MSW compost (50%) + cocofiber (50%). Various seedling indices were measured in order to assess the quality of the nursery-produced plant. The quality of the MSW compost used (pH, salinity, organic matter) bore a strong influence on results. Electrical conductivity (EC) values of the MSW compost of over 9 dSm^?1 produced poorer quality tomato seedlings in the mixture of substrates with peat. The use of MSW compost as the only substrate and the mixture of MSW compost with cocofiber had a lower growth index and poorer performance than the standard peat mixture. However, growth and development of the tomato seedlings in the mixture: old peat (65%) + MSW compost (30%) + perlite (5%) were similar to that obtained with the standard mixture: old peat (65%) + white peat (30%) + perlite (5%).     

Using composted wheat residue as a growth medium in culture of tomato

A greenhouse experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of different growing media on some properties of tomato (Lycopersicom esculentum L. cv. Falcato). Four growing media including wheat residue, composted wheat residue, coco peat + perlite, and coco peat + soil were applied in pot experiment with completely randomized design with three replications. The results showed that fruit yield, chlorophyll, and vitamin C contents of tomatoes grown in the composted wheat residue and coco peat + perlite treatments were significantly greater than the other growth media. Fresh weight of root and inflorescence were higher in the tomatoes cultivated in the composted wheat residue pots than the other media. Higher internode length and nutrient concentrations in leaf and fruit at the coco peat + perlite treatment were obtained as compared to the other growth media treatments. According to the results, it can be concluded that the coco peat + perlite can be substituted for by composted wheat residue for the cultivation of tomato.     

Effects of Different Substrate Ratios on the Growth and Physiology of Sequoia sempervirens Container Seedlings

Abstract

Container technology can effectively control soil environment and nutrient status to obtain the optimal plant growth condition. Peat, green waste compost (GWC), soil and perlite were used as substrate materials to study the effects of different substrate ratios on growth and physiology of 1.5-year-old Sequoia sempervirens container seedlings. The optimal substrate ratio of S. sempervirens container seedlings was obtained by L₉ (3⁴) orthogonal design and was finally evaluated by principal component analysis. The volume ratio of peat: GWC: soil: perlite of 4: 1.5: 1: 2 was the best substrate ratio for S. sempervirens across all parameters, whose porosity, bulk density (BD) and gas-water ratio (GWR) were within the ideal ranges. The concentrations of total nitrogen (TN) of 1.40% and total phosphorus (TP) of 0.13% were the highest among the nine different substrates. The total potassium (TK) and electrical conductivity (EC) were 0.13% and 0.70?ms cm^?1, respectively. In addition, the plant height and ground diameter growing in the substrate were increased by 28% and 39% compared to their respective initial values. The content of peat and GCW had significant effects on growth (p?<?0.01). The GWR in T2 (peat: GWC: soil: perlite = 6: 1: 0.5: 2) and T6 (peat: GWC: soil: perlite = 4: 0.5: 0.5: 1) are not suitable for S. sempervirens container seedlings. The PCA ranking of the 9 groups of substrates is: T8?>?T1?>?T4?>?T3?>?T2?>?T5?>?T7?>?T9?>?T6. The combination of peat, GWC, soil and perlite in an appropriate ratio could provide a good environment for S. sempervirens container seedlings.     

Tomato seedling development is improved by a substrate inoculated with a combination of rhizobacteria and fungi

Chile's seedling production industry has been growing for the last 10 years, and demand has actually reached 1250 million seedlings per year. This system has special relevance due to the high cost of seeds. In addition, there is an increasing demand for substituting synthetic agrochemicals. Therefore, the potential use of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in tomato production has been investigated. Before sowing, the micro-organisms provided by Biogram S.A. were inoculated into the substrate diluted in 250 mL/L unchlorinated water. The experiment was laid out in a ‘split-plot’ design with the two plant substrates as main plots and the inoculants as subplots, including six replicates per treatment. Tomato seedlings were grown using two different plant substrates: a mixture of 70% peat and 30% perlite by volume, and a substrate with 20% peat, 20% perlite and 60% compost by volume, both inoculated with Bacillus subtilis or Pseudomonas fluorescens or Bioroot®, which is a commercial product containing B. subtilis, P. fluorescens, Trichoderma harzianum, yeast, algae and Nocardia. For control, uninoculated tomato seedlings were grown on the respective plant substrates. Variance analysis did not identify significant interactions between substrate type (main plots) and inoculation treatment (subplots), P ≤ 0.05. There were significant differences between inoculants (P ≤ 0.05). Means were compared by using the Tukey's multiple range test. Tomato growth in terms of leaf area (cm²/plant) and shoot and root dry weight (g/10 plants) was improved for the seedlings grown on the substrate with 70% peat and 30% perlite, compared to the compost containing an alternative that is valid for both uninoculated perlite peat and all inoculated treatments where perlite peat was outstanding. Inoculation with Bioroot® improved the leaf area, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, radical contact area, volume of roots and root forks compared with the control without inoculation, when both plant substrates were analysed together. Thus, inoculation with Bioroot® can be recommended as an alternative to tomato seedling growers' dependence on synthetic agrochemicals.     

金盏菊栽培中园林废弃物堆肥与牛粪替代泥炭的效果分析

  【目的】   探究园林废弃物堆肥和牛粪有机肥替代进口泥炭用于金盏菊 (Calendula officinalis L.) 无土栽培的可行性。   【方法】   在添加10% 珍珠岩和10% 蛭石 (体积比) 不变的条件下,将园林废弃物堆肥和牛粪有机肥按照V_{园林废弃物堆肥}∶V_{牛粪有机肥} = 4∶0 (T1)、3∶1 (T2)、2∶2 (T3)、1∶3 (T4) 和0∶4 (T5) 配制栽培基质,并以T0处理 (10% 珍珠岩 + 10% 蛭石 + 80% 进口泥炭) 作为对照,总计6种栽培基质,用于金盏菊无土栽培。在180 天的温室培育后,测定并分析金盏菊总鲜质量、根鲜质量、地上部分鲜质量、根长、花朵数、冠幅以及株高等指标,利用冗余 (RDA) 分析探究影响金盏菊各形态指标的主要因素,并根据植株形态指标综合评价体系来评估金盏菊生长状况,最终确定不同配比的栽培基质品质的优劣。   【结果】   T0处理与T1处理的金盏菊根系发育优于T2～T5处理;T1～T5处理的金盏菊地上部分生长情况均优于对照组T0处理,其中T5处理的金盏菊株高、冠幅生长效果最优,T2处理的金盏菊花朵数增多效果最优;T1～T5处理金盏菊生物量积累均高于对照组T0处理。通过RDA分析可知,金盏菊地上部分的生长、总鲜质量和地上部分鲜质量主要受栽培基质的速效磷、速效钾、全氮、pH、电导率 (EC值) 和容重影响;金盏菊地下部分生长情况主要受栽培基质的EC值、有机质、总孔隙度、通气孔隙和持水孔隙影响。通过综合评价可知,T1处理栽培基质条件下金盏菊综合评价指数最高 (0.72),金盏菊的综合生长状况最优。   【结论】   园林废弃物堆肥和牛粪有机肥替代进口泥炭进行金盏菊无土栽培可以有效提高金盏菊品质,降低我国花卉无土栽培对进口泥炭的依赖。其中,以10% 蛭石 + 10% 珍珠岩+80% 园林废弃物堆肥对金盏菊生长最为有利,既可利用廉价的有机固体废弃物,又可提高金盏菊的生产效益。      

生物质炭醋糟复配物代替草炭对辣椒幼苗生长的影响

生物质炭的农业利用日益受到关注。针对草炭资源日益耗竭的问题,以药渣炭、木屑炭和猪粪炭为试验对象,配比一定量的醋糟,分析了不同配比生物质炭复合基质对辣椒幼苗生长的影响,探讨了生物质炭复合基质代替草炭基质的可能性。试验结果表明:生物质炭在与醋糟按4∶2、3∶3、2∶4等不同配比混合后,基质的pH大多数在6.0~7.5,基质的通气孔隙有所提高。综合整个幼苗生育期,含20%生物质炭的各复合基质处理的辣椒幼苗株高、茎粗、叶面积、地上部生物量均显著优于对照草炭基质;含20%、40%药渣炭的基质处理的幼苗根表面积、根体积表现较好,在前期与草炭基质无显著差异,后期显著高于草炭基质。药渣炭和木屑炭与醋糟混配基质的壮苗指数优于草炭处理,其中B1A2(药渣炭∶醋糟∶蛭石∶珍珠岩=4∶2∶3∶1)、B1A4(药渣炭∶醋糟∶蛭石∶珍珠岩=2∶4∶3∶1)、B2A4(木屑炭∶醋糟∶蛭石∶珍珠岩=2∶4∶3∶1)处理的壮苗指数均显著高于其他处理。综合评价各生长指标,B1A2和B1A4处理基质的表现最好,可代替草炭基质在辣椒育苗上应用。     

Salinity effects on annual bedding plants in a peat‐perlite medium and solution culture

Annual vinca (Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don ‘Pink Carpet'), geranium (Pelargonium x hortorum L. H. Bailey ‘Jackpot'), and marigold (Tagetes erecta L. ‘First Lady') were grown in a sphagnum peat moss and perlite medium. Plants were irrigated with solutions of different salinity by the addition of 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 g/1 of a NaCl and CaCl₂ mixture resulting in solution electrical conductivity (EC) values of about 1.3, 3.0, 4.5, 7.9, and 13.9 ds/m, respectively. In another experiment marigold and geranium were grown in solution culture containing the same salt mixture at 0.0, 1.0, 4.0, and 8.0 g/1 with EC values of 1.4, 3.0, 7.4, and 12.5 ds/m, respectively. All species showed some salinity tolerance up to 2.0 g/1 in peat‐perlite and 1.0 g/1 in solution culture as growth reductions were below 10% and no foliar injury occurred. Foliar injury occurred on marigold and geranium, but not annual vinca, at 4.0 and 8.0 g/1 in both growing media. On a concentration basis, recently mature leaves sampled from marigold grown in peat‐perlite contained more chloride (Cl) but less sodium (Na) than geranium and annual vinca. However results of the solution culture experiment showed that, with the exception of 1.0 g/1 treatment, geranium and marigold plants absorbed the same amount of Cl and Na when content was expressed on a mg/g dry weight basis. The low Na concentration in marigold leaves was a reflection of restricted translocation of Na from the roots to the shoots.