南瓜籽油微胶囊化的研究

采用喷雾干燥法对以超临界CO2萃取的南瓜籽油进行微胶囊化研究,并对产品进行显微镜观察和抗氧化试验。结果表明:南瓜籽油微胶囊配方中对产品包埋率的影响大小顺序为,壁材(大豆分离蛋白/麦芽糊精)配比>芯材与壁材配比>总固形物含量;由正交试验所得微胶囊配方的最佳配比为:大豆分离蛋白与麦芽糊精的质量比为1:1,芯材与壁材的质量比为1:5,总固形物含量为25%(W/V)。微胶囊化工艺参数中影响微胶囊化效率的主次顺序是:进风温度>出风温度>均质压力;喷雾干燥工艺条件为:进风温度180℃,出风温度80℃,均质压力30MPa。在上述条件下南瓜籽油微胶囊产品的包埋率为90.2%,微胶囊产品具有很好的抗氧化性能和微观结构。     

南瓜籽油微胶囊化的研究

采用喷雾干燥法对以超临界CO2萃取的南瓜籽油进行微胶囊化研究,并对产品进行显微镜观察和抗氧化试验。结果表明：南瓜籽油微胶囊配方中对产品包埋率的影响大小顺序为,壁材（大豆分离蛋白/麦芽糊精）配比>芯材与壁材配比>总固形物含量;由正交试验所得微胶囊配方的最佳配比为：大豆分离蛋白与麦芽糊精的质量比为1:1,芯材与壁材的质量比为1:5,总固形物含量为25%(W/V)。微胶囊化工艺参数中影响微胶囊化效率的主次顺序是:进风温度>出风温度>均质压力;喷雾干燥工艺条件为：进风温度180℃,出风温度80℃,均质压力30MPa。在上述条件下南瓜籽油微胶囊产品的包埋率为90.2%,微胶囊产品具有很好的抗氧化性能和微观结构     

大豆分离蛋白包埋肉桂精油微胶囊及精油的化学成分

以大豆分离蛋白为壁材,利用喷雾干燥法制备肉桂精油微胶囊,探讨固形物含量、芯壁比、均质时间、进风温度、进料速度、出风温度对微胶囊化效果的影响,确定最佳工艺条件为均质时间300 s,芯壁比2∶3,固形物含量8 g/100 mL,肉桂精油最佳微胶囊化的最佳喷雾干燥条件为进风温度195℃,出风口温度95℃,进料速度60 mL/min,肉桂精油的包埋率为93.36%。     

一种微胶囊花青素复合盐的工艺研究

开发一款稳定性较好的微胶囊花青素复合盐。首先,以黑米花青素、食盐、阿拉伯胶和羟丙基-β-环糊精为原料,以包埋率为指标,采用单因素试验,确定了最佳芯壁比、固形物含量、壁材配比乳化物添加量和均质速度。在此基础上,进一步通过正交试验,确定了其最佳工艺为芯壁比1∶7,固形物含量15%,乳化物含量2%,壁材比3∶2 (阿拉伯胶∶羟丙基-β-环糊精),均质速度11 000 r/min。最后,以包埋率为指标,通过单因素试验,优化了复合盐的喷雾干燥工艺条件,即进风温度180℃,出风温度100℃,进料速度2 500 mL/h。经过喷雾干燥后,花青素的包埋率为91.31%,其稳定性较包埋前有显著提高。经过微胶囊包埋处理后,微胶囊花青素复合盐成分如下:食盐90%,花青素0.91%,吐温-80 1.82%,阿拉伯胶3.81%,羟丙基-β-环糊精2.55%。     

α-亚麻酸微胶囊化技术研究

采用尿素包合法富集橡胶籽油中的α-亚麻酸,为降低其氧化速度,采用喷雾干燥法对α-亚麻酸进行微胶囊化研究,优化微胶囊壁材的组成配比及工艺参数,并对制备的微胶囊产品进行电镜观察及氧化稳定性测试。结果表明,α-亚麻酸微胶囊化壁材的组成采用β-环糊精、海藻酸钠、卵磷脂的质量比为7∶2∶1;优化的微胶囊化工艺参数为:芯材与壁材的配比为1∶1.5,固形物浓度为20%,乳化剂用量为2.0%,乳化温度为65℃,喷雾干燥进风温度180℃、出风温度80℃,制得的α-亚麻酸微胶囊的包埋效果最好,包埋率可达87.6%,微胶囊颗粒圆整,结构致密,氧化稳定性大大优于α-亚麻酸原液。     

蓝莓花青素微胶囊的制备工艺优化

以包埋率、胃释放率和肠释放率为评价指标,以酸化乙醇法提取的蓝莓花青素为芯材,采用单因素试验和正交试验优化了喷雾干燥法制备蓝莓花青素微胶囊的工艺。结果表明,蓝莓花青素主要由飞燕草糖苷、矢车菊糖苷、牵牛花糖苷等11种花青素糖苷组成。喷雾干燥法制备蓝莓花青素胶囊的最适工艺为4%蓝莓花青素溶液为芯材,4%SPI+2%PC混合物为壁材溶液,芯、壁体积比1∶4,芯壁混合液pH值2.0,进风温度165℃,出口温度70℃,此时蓝莓花青素微胶囊的包埋率为93.52%,肠释放率为92.65%。     

蜂胶微胶囊化工艺的研究

采用喷雾干燥法对蜂胶提取物进行微胶囊化处理,通过测定微胶囊化蜂胶中主要活性物质总黄酮的效率,探讨蜂胶喷雾干燥法微胶囊化的工艺。试验表明,以阿拉伯树胶和糊精以1:1比例混合作为壁材,固形物含量为20%,芯材与壁材比例为1:4,进料量20 mL/min,进风压力为0.2 MPa,微胶囊化蜂胶中总黄酮的效率最高。     

苦杏仁油微胶囊制备工艺优化及氧化稳定性研究

以微胶囊包埋率为评价指标,采用响应面法优化苦杏仁油微胶囊制备工艺;同时为验证微胶囊化对油脂氧化稳定性的促进作用,以微胶囊化前后的苦杏仁油为对象,采用烘箱加速法进行加速氧化试验,每3 d测定1次苦杏仁油和微胶囊中过氧化值、碘值、酸价、皂化值、共轭二烯烃值,并利用傅里叶红外光谱进行扫描鉴定其中的官能团。结果表明,苦杏仁油微胶囊制备的最佳工艺条件为:壁材料液比1∶16(g/mL),乳化剂添加量2.1%,芯壁比1∶85(g/mL),微胶囊平均包埋率为84.07%±0.37%,符合预测值。苦杏仁油在(60±1)℃的条件下储藏至第12天时,其过氧化值超过国标中的最低限量标准(0.25 g/100 g);而微胶囊化后的苦杏仁油在整个储藏期间各项指标的变化幅度较小,表明微胶囊化有利于提高油脂的氧化稳定性。该研究结果为开发油脂微胶囊化保存手段奠定了理论基础。     

玉米胚芽油微胶囊化技术的研究

玉米胚芽油是一种保健食用油,含有丰富的营养物质。为了扩大玉米胚芽油在食品工业中的应用,采用微胶囊技术包埋玉米胚芽油,对微胶囊技术中壁材构成比例、芯材添加量、固形物浓度等进行研究。最后优化结果,壁材β-环糊精与大豆分离蛋白的质量比为1:1,芯材添加量为40%,固形物质量分数为15%,在此条件下得到的芯材包埋率为90.9%。     

杜仲籽油的提取及其微胶囊的制备

以杜仲籽为原料,采用索式提取法对杜仲籽油进行提取及工艺优化研究,并采用复凝聚法研究杜仲籽油微胶囊化工艺条件。研究结果表明,采用正己烷萃取杜仲籽油的最优条件为:萃取试剂与杜仲籽比例为7.5:1(mL:g),萃取温度为85℃,萃取时间为6 h,此时出油率为31.55%,利用明胶和阿拉伯胶作为壁材微胶囊包埋杜仲籽油的最优条件为:芯材与壁材比例(即杜仲籽油、明胶和阿拉伯胶的质量比)为1:2:2,反应温度为50℃,反应时间为60 min,pH值为4,此时油利用率为87.8%,包埋率为34.32%,产品收率为51.16%。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Variation in forage grasses as hosts of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne naasi (Franklin) and selection for resistance in ryegrass

Summary Reactions of 13 grasses to Meloidogyne naasi varied with species; ryegrasses, fescues and their hybrids were generally susceptible and cocksfoot and timothy resistant. Marked variation in host resistance levels occurred between genotypes within cultivars.Selection of single plants, followed by tests on replicate tillers, identified resistant and susceptible genotypes in both Italian and perennial ryegrass cultivars. Resistant plants had few nematode-induced galls and fewer females and eggs than susceptibles. There was more or less continuous variation, with many genotypes intermediate between extremes of resistance and susceptibility. Selected resistant and susceptible genotypes are of use in assessing variation in nematode populations and as controls for breeding and selection programmes.     

Evolution under domestication involving disturbance of genic balance

Summary An hypothesis is developed that the rapid change from wild plants into domesticated crops principally involves the selection of alleles with non-functional gene products which leads to reduced control of the highly integrated metabolism and morphogenesis previously accumulated by lengthy natural selection. Such disturbance of the genome produces altered physiological and morphological development which, although deleterious in nature, serves mankind better and has been selected.     

Current and future strategies in breeding lentil for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Lentil production is limited by lack of moisture and unfavorable temperatures throughout its distribution. Waterlogging and salinity are only locally important. Progress has been made in breeding for tolerance to drought through selection for an appropriate phenology and increased water use efficiency and in breeding for winter hardiness through selection for cold tolerance.The diseases rust, vascular wilt, and Ascochyta blight, caused by Uromyces viciae-fabae, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis, and Ascochyta fabae f. sp. lentis, respectively, are the key fungal pathogens of lentil. Cultivars with resistance to rust and Ascochyta blight have been released in several countries and resistant sources to vascular wilt are being exploited. Sources of resistance to several other fungal and viral diseases of regional importance are known. In contrast, although the pea leaf weevil (Sitona spp.) and the parasitic weed broomrape (Orobanche spp.), and to a lesser extent the cyst nematode (Heterodera ciceri), are significant yield reducers of lentil, no sources of resistance to these biotic stresses have been found. Directions for future research in lentil on both biotic and abiotic stresses are discussed.     

Genetic variation for disease and nematode resistances and forage quality in perennial diploid and tetraploid lucerne populations (Medicago sativa L.)

Summary Twenty-five lucerne populations of the Medicago sativa complex, which were either diploid or tetraploid and wild or cultivated, were analysed for their resistance to four different fungal diseases and to stem nematode. Forage quality, including stem digestibility and saponin content, was also tested.Populations varied in susceptibility to the diseases caused by Colletotrichum trifolii, Verticillium albo-atrum, Sclerotinia trifoliorum and Pseudopezizza medicaginis, and to the nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci. Except for Sclerotinia rot, sativa and falcata subspecies differed in susceptibility, but this grouping of populations did not account for the full range of variation among them. However, the resistance to P. medicaginis was much lower in the sativa than in the falcata populations.Populations also varied significantly in stem fiber content and digestibility. Stem digestibility was negatively correlated to forage yield. Wild sativa and falcata populations had lower fiber content and higher digestibility than cultivated sativa populations. The medicagenic acid was the sapogenin responsible for the anti-nutritional effect of the lucerne measured by the yellow mealworm larvae Tenebrio molitor. The medicagenic acid content was lowest for the pure sativa populations, highest for the pure falcata populations, and intermediate for the French sativa varieties that have some traits originating from falcata germplasm. Some populations could be used in breeding programs to improve disease and nematode resistance, and forage quality.     

The performance of double or mixed pollinations with compatible and self-incompatible or incongruous pollen of pear and apple

Summary Six pear and five apple trials were carried out to ascertain the outcome of combinations of compatible pollen (C) with self (S) or incongruous pollen (I) as to the pollination index (PI=seeds/pollinated flower). The PI of the mixture C+I (1:5) was consistently depressed as compared to that of the control C. The results of the double pollinations S/C and I/C were affected by the temperature at pollination; their PI's at <15°C were twice as high as those at >15°C, being well above and below the PI of C in the former and latter case respectively. The opposite was true for the C/S combination, the PI of which increased with the pollination temperature; the PI of C/I did not differ much from the PI of C, irrespective of temperature. The conclusion was reached that the interaction previously and presently found between compatible and self-incompatible pollen also exists to a fair extent between compatible and incongruous pollen. However, in pear neither the mentor nor the pioneer pollen technique proved to aid its hybridization with apple, the formation of self seed was not observed either. In apple the production of apple × pear hybrids was likewise doubtful, but the double pollinations S/C and C/S formed 4–10% self seed.