青海大黄油菜主要农艺性状研究

青海大黄油菜属白菜型油菜地方品种,在西宁地区对该品种的鉴定结果表明:青海大黄油菜籽粒鲜黄、千粒重高(6.6 g)、含油量高(41.09%)、自交亲和(亲和指数为11.85)、皮壳率低(12.8%)、粒色性状遗传稳定,是一个优良的黄籽种质资源。研究还表明:自交亲和的白菜型油菜的雌蕊成熟晚,蕾期授粉能力弱;而自交不亲和的白菜型油菜的雌蕊成熟早,蕾期授粉能力强。     

甘蓝型油菜黄籽双低自交不亲和系的选育

以甘蓝型低芥酸油菜自交不亲和系184与黄籽双低常规油菜品系878－8－1，737，3231，408等作为基础材料，经过5年8代的连续定向培育，育成了自交不亲和性基本稳定，黄籽率90％以上，芥酸＜1％，硫甙＜25.0μmol/g，含油量在44％左右，且综合经济性状较好的SI975002，SI975113，SI975218和SI975320等甘蓝型油菜黄籽高油分双低自交不亲和系，并作为重要的基础材料用于黄籽双低杂交油菜新组合的组配及筛选。     

芥甘杂交选育甘蓝型黄籽油菜的研究

甘蓝型黄籽油菜育种是当前油菜育种的一个主要研究方向,但甘蓝型油菜中缺乏黄籽基因资源.利用芥菜型黄籽地方品种四川黄籽作为基因供体,与甘蓝型双低油菜品种进行种间杂交,在BC1F2代发现黄籽单株,经过3个世代的自交纯化,已获得高油分、双低或单低的黄籽甘蓝型油菜新种质.     

芥菜型油菜与甘蓝型油菜种间杂种后代的RAPD分析

 为了揭示芥菜型油菜与甘蓝型油菜种间杂种后代的遗传分离规律 ,用芥菜型油菜四川黄籽作母本与甘蓝型油菜 10 47自交系杂交 ,杂种F1人工自交或用 10 47自交系花粉回交 ,然后将亲本、杂种F1、F2 和BC1代用 16个随机引物进行PCR扩增。共扩增出 98条带 ,其中双亲共有的带 35条 ,四川黄籽特异带 30条 ,10 47特异带 33条。带型统计分析结果表明在芥甘杂种后代中来自 10 47的遗传物质比来自四川黄籽的遗传物质更能传递给后代 ,这种趋势与杂种后代植株的育性无关 ,在回交后代中四川黄籽的遗传物质比在自交后代中丢失更快。并对造成芥甘种间杂种后代分离扭曲的原因进行了探讨。     

我国甘蓝型黄籽油菜育种研究进展

甘蓝型（Ｂ．ｎａｐｕｓ）黄籽油菜育种工作,在我国已进行了２０多年。育种实践表明,其黄籽色泽遗传复杂,籽粒呈“杂黄”色,长期自交不能纯化,并不断分离出黑籽。已培育出的 黄籽品种,尚不能完全适应生产的需要。黄籽育种必须与优质育种、杂交育种、生物技术相结合,才能适应育种科技发展的需要。     

甘蓝型油菜高油分恢复系YD57R的选育

为创制杂交油菜新育种材料,利用甘蓝型油菜显性核不育轮回群体遗传规律,不断向轮回群体中添加双低或黄籽双低常规品系与显性核不育株进行杂交,利用其保持原理全部进行混合繁殖,充实基因库以保证不断选育出新的隐性核不育恢复系,品质分析后选优株进行套袋自交,经6年7代成功选育出黄籽双低高油分恢复系YD57R。该恢复系芥酸含量0.77%,硫苷含量22.26μmol/g饼,含油量48.23%。     

青海大黄油菜黄籽基因SSR标记开发和图谱构建

青海大黄油菜是青藏高原特有的一个白菜型油菜地方品种,具有黄籽的优良性状。前人研究结果表明大黄油菜黄籽性状受一对隐性基因Brsc1控制。该基因被定位于白菜型油菜的A9染色体上。为了筛选更多与Brsc1紧密连锁的标记,本研究根据Brsc1所在染色体区间,依据BRAD数据库中已公布的白菜型油菜的序列信息(http://brassicadb.org/brad/),设计新的SSR引物,同时利用同源区间内已有的SSR引物对目标基因进一步精细定位。以大黄油菜和褐籽油菜09A-126为亲本,构建BC1分离群体和F2群体,结合BSA法,对SSR引物进行检测,共筛选到5个与Brsc1基因紧密连锁的SSR标记:A-11-65、A-11-145、B-6-32、BrID10607和KS10760,其中A-11-65为共显性标记。构建了Brsc1的SSR标记遗传图谱和物理图谱,图谱标记密度较前人进一步增加。这些标记的获得为油菜黄籽品种分子标记辅助选择育种体系的建立和黄籽基因的克隆奠定了基础。     

播期和密度对甘蓝型黄籽油菜主要品质的影响

研究了播期、密度对甘蓝型黄籽油菜粒色及其他主要品质性状的影响.结果表明,播期与黄籽油菜粒色变化关系密切,随着播期的推迟,甘蓝型黄籽油菜黄籽度先升高后降低.正常播期范围内,早播有利于提高种子含油量.随播期的推迟,甘蓝型黄籽油菜的胚蛋白质含量却呈上升趋势.随着种植密度的加大,甘蓝型黄籽油菜皮壳率逐渐增加而皮壳含油量和皮壳纤维素含量则呈降低的趋势.     

甘蓝型油菜黄籽分布与种皮颜色变化研究

甘蓝型油菜７９－２６黄籽后代种皮颜色分离为黑色、褐色、黄色和黄黑、黄褐嵌合色。黄籽率,植株中部分枝较高,主序和下部分枝率较低;自由授粉率较高,自交率较低。黑色种皮色素为深褐色,褐色种皮色素为褐色,黄色种皮色素为浅黄色或浅黄褐色。     

播期和密度对甘蓝型黄籽油菜主要品质的影响

研究了播期、密度对甘蓝型黄籽油菜粒色及其他主要品质性状的影响。结果表明,播期与黄籽油菜粒色变化关系密切,随着播期的推迟,甘蓝型黄籽油菜黄籽度先升高后降低。正常播期范围内,早播有利于提高种子含油量”随播期的推迟,甘蓝型黄籽油菜的胚蛋白质含量却呈上升趋势。随着种植密度的加大,甘蓝型黄籽油菜皮壳率逐渐增加而皮壳舍油量和皮壳纤维素含量则呈降低的趋势。     

甘蓝型油菜黄籽育种研究进展

综述了油菜种皮颜色的形成、种皮色泽的遗传、黄籽性状的分子标记和黄籽甘蓝型油菜选育等方面的研究进展.提出采用新的方法创造黄籽种质资源,同时加强油菜种皮色泽形成的生物合成途径的研究和分子生物学研究,把芥菜型油菜等的黄籽基因转入到农业性状伏良的甘蓝型油菜中,从而获得黄籽性状能稳定遗传的甘蓝型油菜新品种.     

Physiological Differences Between Yellow-Seeded and Black-Seeded Rapeseeds (Brassica napus L.) with Different Testa Characteristics During Artificial Ageing

Yellow-seeded rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is a new kind of breeding resources with yellow color, increased oil and protein content and less unwanted crude fiber content due to the thinner and transparent testa compared with traditional black or brown-seeded rapeseed. To analyze the longevity of the yellow-seeded rapeseed during storage, the physiological differences between the yellow and black-seeded near-isogenic lines were studied by artificial ageing method. The testa rate, anthocyanin content and melanin content of yellow-seeded rapeseeds decreased by 20.1, 25.2, and 80.4% respectively than black-seeded rapeseed. During artificial ageing, the yellow-seeded rapeseed showed significantly different effect of ageing compared with the black-seeded, as demonstrated by faster deterioration with lower germination percentage, seed vigour index, reducing sugar and soluble protein contents than the black-seeded, as well as a drastic increase in electrical conductivity, malnodialdehyde (MDA) content and a rapid decrease in activities of antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT)and superoxide dismutase (SOD). The results suggested that the transparent testa of the yellow-seeded rapeseed lost some abilities to protect the embryo against adverse environmental conditions and thus led to a poor storability.     

甘蓝型黄籽油菜性状组间的典型相关分析

以7个不同遗传来源的甘蓝型黄籽品系所配制的完全双列杂交作样本．对甘蓝型黄籽油菜进行典型相关分析。结果表明,在性状组间关联上起主要作用的是株型性状中的株高、产量性状中的单株粒重、品质性状中的皮壳率和黄籽度。用多目标综合选择指数．讨论了甘蓝型黄籽油菜的选择问题。     

连续自交对甘蓝型油菜主要农艺性状的影响

研究了4个甘蓝型油菜品系连续自交四代主要经济性状的变化.结果表明,自交对甘蓝型油菜主要经济性状有显著影响,株高、分枝部位、有效分枝数、主花序有效结角数、单株角果数及单株产量均随着自交世代的增加而减小.自交与主要经济性状之间的相关系数在-0.979~0.289之间变化,株高、分枝部位、单株角果数、单株产量等与自交世代数呈显著负相关,而千粒重和角果粒数受到的影响较小     

芥菜型油菜优良性状导入甘蓝型油菜研究

分析了芥菜型油菜独具的优良性状,提出了通过种间杂交将芥菜型油菜优良基因导入甘蓝型油菜的基本程序,并对所获得的甘蓝型油菜黄籽超高油分、细胞质雄性不育恢复系、极早熟、高油酸和矮杆抗倒等新种质进行了介绍。     

Recent Advances,Problems and Outlooks in Rapeseed(Brassica napus L.) Breeding in China

As a big rapeseed(Brassica napus L.) producing and consuming country, China provides more and more rapeseed oil year by year. With the development of demand for rapeseed and import of edible oil, rapeseed breeding and production is facing a great challenge. New situation has proposed higher requirements to yield, oil quality and safety, etc. In the review, some aspects about rapeseed breeding in China were reported, including breeding of high-oil content rapeseed, breeding of extremely early-maturing rapeseed, development of mechanization and development of chemical emasculation. Some prospects and expectations were also proposed.     

Recent Advances,Problems and Outlooks in Rapeseed(Brassica napus L.) Breeding in China

As a big rapeseed(Brassica napus L.) producing and consuming country, China provides more and more rapeseed oil year by year. With the development of demand for rapeseed and import of edible oil, rapeseed breeding and production is facing a great challenge. New situation has proposed higher requirements to yield, oil quality and safety, etc. In the review, some aspects about rapeseed breeding in China were reported, including breeding of high-oil content rapeseed, breeding of extremely early-maturing rapeseed, development of mechanization and development of chemical emasculation. Some prospects and expectations were also proposed.     

Ultrastructural studies of seed coat and cotyledon during rapeseed maturation

Brassica napus L.(B. napus) is an important oil crop worldwide and it rapidly accumulates oil at late stage of seed maturation. However, little is known about the cellular mechanism of oil accumulation and seed color changes during the late stage of rapeseed development. Here, we analyzed the ultrastructure of seed coat, aleurone and cotyledon in embryos of B. napus from 25 to 70 days after flowering(DAF). The pigments, which were deposited on the cell wall of palisade cells in seed coat, determined dark black color of rapeseed. The chloroplasts degenerated into non-photosynthetic plastids which caused the green cotyledon to turn into yellow. The chloroplasts in aleurone and cotyledon cells respectively degenerated into remnants without inner and outer envelope membranes and ecoplasts with intact inner and outer envelope membranes. From 40 to 70 DAF, there were degraded chloroplasts without thylakoid, oil bodies contacting with plastids or protein bodies, big starch deposits of chloroplasts degrading into small particles then disappearing, and small endoplasmic reticulum(ER) in aleurone and cotyledon cells. Additionally, there were decreases of chlorophyll content and dramatic increases of oil content in rapeseed. These results suggested that the rapid oil accumulation was independent on the NADPH synthesized by photosynthesis of chloroplasts and probably utilized other sources of reductant, such as the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway during the late stage of rapeseed development. The triacylglycerol assembly presumably utilizes the enzymes in the plastid, cytosol or oil body of cotyledon and aleurone cells.