Rabbit blood lymphocytes may be T cells with surface immunoglobulins

Rabbit peripheral blood lymphocytes and thymus cells do not respond to lipopolysaccharide mitogen in vitro, whereas spleen cells do. Soluble concanavalin A consistently stimulates 80 to 90 percent of rabbit peripheral blood lymphocytes, and the morphologic changes associated with such transformation may be observed within 18 hours after stimulation. Approximately 80 percent of rabbit peripheral blood lymphocytes have demonstrable immunoglobulin markers. These and other observations suggest that most rabbit peripheral blood lymphocytes are T cells with surface immunoglobulins.     

Immune specific induction of interferon production in cultures of human blood lymphocytes

Human blood lymphocytes stimulated with nonviral antigens in vitro produce an antiviral substance with the biological and biochemical characteristics of interferon. The induced response was specific for cells obtained from immune donors. Cells from nonimmune donors did not produce interferon on exposure to these substances. The quantity of interferon produced by antigen stimulation was related to concentration of antigen over a relatively narrow range; with higher concentrations induction was decreased. Interferon production was maximum during days 4 to 7 in culture. In contrast, phytohemagglutinin-induced interferon was primarily produced during the first 4 days in culture.     

Lymphocytes of small mammals: spontaneous transformation in culture to blastoids

Small lynmphocytes froni rabbit and guinea pig, grown in tissue culture in the absence of phytohemagglutinin, can transform spontaneously into cytologically immature cells that are indistinguishable morphologically from blast cells. The transformation occurs in 38 to 75 percent of peripheral lymphocytes and 55 to 75 percent of splenic lymphocytes on the 5th day of culture. The altered cells can synthesize RNA and DNA and show mitotic division; synthesis of DNA occurs after the 5th day of culture, whereas RNA is synthesized throughout the duration of culture.     

Specific immunosuppression by immunotoxins containing daunomycin

Daunomycin, when conjugated with a targeting antigen by an acid-sensitive spacer, remains inactive at the intravascular pH of 7 but becomes active after cleavage within the acidic lysosomal environment of the target cell. This observation made it possible to construct cytocidal compounds that caused antigen-specific suppression of murine lymphocyte function. When daunomycin was coupled to the hapten conjugate of ovalbumin by an acid-sensitive cis-aconityl group, it caused hapten-specific impairment of immunocompetence in murine B lymphocytes in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the response by T lymphocytes to concanavalin A in vitro was selectively eliminated by a conjugate between daunomycin plus the acid-sensitive spacer and a monoclonal antibody specific for T cells.     

A mechanism for surface attachment in spores of a plant pathogenic fungus

Rice blast disease is caused by a fungus that attacks all above-ground parts of the rice plant. In a study of the means by which the fungus attaches to the hydrophobic rice leaf surface, it was found that spores(conidia) of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea have a mechanism for immediate and persistent attachment to various surfaces, including Teflon. This attachment occurs at the spore apex and is blocked by the addition of the lectin concanavalin A. Microscopy of hydrated conidia shows that a spore tip mucilage that binds concanavalin A is expelled specifically from the conidial apex before germ tube emergence. Ultrastructural analysis of dry conidia shows a large periplasmic deposit, presumably spore tip mucilage, at the apex. The results indicate a novel mechanism for the attachment of phytopathogenic fungal spores to a plant surface.     

Human lymphocyte antigen reactivity modified by neuraminidase

Human lymphocytes treated with neuraminidase (from Vibrio cholera) are more susceptible to lysis with antiserums directed against HL-A antigens in the cytotoxicity test than are the corresponding cells incubated in buffer. Enzymetreated cells are also lysed by antibodies other than those directed against HL-A, but control cells are not. The extra sensitivity to antibody disappears after 2 to 6 days in tissue culture.     

Malignant melanoma: specific immunity induced by bacillus Calmette-Guérin in BALB-c mice

Previous treatment of BALB/c mice with bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) will significantly protect them against intramuscular challenge of S-91 melanoma but not against a mammary carcinoma or a methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma. Lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity studies correlate with in vivo data in showing that BCG-immune lymphocytes are specifically cytotoxic to S-91 melanoma target cells but not to the carcinoma or sarcoma target cells.     

Embryonic and neoplastic cell surfaces: availability of receptors for concanavalin A and wheat germ agglutinin

Embryonic tissue cells dissociated with ethylenediaminetetraacetate are readily agglutinated by the carbohydrate-binding protein concanavalin A. In this property, they resemble transformed, neoplastic cells; and they differ from untransformed adult cells, which are agglutinated by concanavalin A only after their receptors are unmasked by proteolytic treatment. Receptor sites for wheat germ agglutinin are also present on the surface of embryonic cells, but in a masked form, as on untransformed adult culture cells; they can be unmasked by treatment of the cells with trypsin. Concanavalin A binding sites on embryonic cells may function in cell contact and cell organization during embryonic morphogenesis and differentiation and later become masked in adult cells. The unmasking of these sites in neoplastic cells may represent a return, in this respect, to a condition resembling that of embryonic cells and may be related to cell mobility associated with infiltration and metastasis.     

硅介导稻瘟病抗性的生理机理

【目的】稻瘟病是水稻生产主要的病害之一,每年造成严重的产量损失。研究表明,施用硅肥作为一种环境友好型病害防治措施,在增强植物抗病性中起重要作用,但其作用机理还不完全清楚。本文旨在探讨硅处理对水稻稻瘟病的抗性效应及生理作用机理,为稻瘟病的有效防治提供理论依据和实践指导。【方法】选用稻瘟病广谱感病品系CO39（不含已知抗稻瘟病基因）及其近等基因系C101LAC(Pi-1)（抗病品系）为试验材料,设置（1）不加硅不接种（Si-M-）、（2）加硅不接种（Si+M-）、（3）不加硅接种（Si-M+）和（4）加硅接种（Si+M+）等4个处理,通过光照培养箱控制生长条件,用Hoagland营养液进行水培试验,研究施硅对稻瘟病的控制效果,以及对水稻根系和叶片中硅、酚类物质、水杨酸、乙烯及H2O2含量的影响。【结果】施硅显著降低两个水稻品系的稻瘟病的发病率和病情指数。抗病品系C101LAC(Pi-1)的稻瘟病的发病率和病情指数明显低于感病品系CO39。施硅后,两个水稻品系的根、茎、叶中的硅含量都显著增加,地上部的硅含量明显高于根部。稻瘟病菌侵染条件下,加硅显著降低两个材料叶片中的总酚含量,对根系中的总酚含量没有显著影响。不接种稻瘟病菌情况下,加硅对第3天叶片中总酚含量没有显著影响,而显著降低了第7天叶片中的总酚含量,两个水稻品系表现一致。对两个品系水稻品种来说,根系中的总酚含量明显低于叶片中的总酚含量。稻瘟病菌侵染条件下,加硅显著降低两个材料叶片中的木质素含量,对根系中的木质素含量没有显著影响。不接种稻瘟病菌情况下,加硅显著增高了CO39叶片中的水杨酸含量,而对于C101LAC(Pi-1),加硅只在第3天显著增高了叶片中的水杨酸含量。接种稻瘟病菌后,施硅使CO39在第3天叶片中的水杨酸含量显著增高,而对C101LAC(Pi-1)没有显著影响。在两个品系的根系中都没有检测到水杨酸。接种稻瘟病菌后,施硅显著降低了两个水稻材料叶片和根系中的乙烯含量。不接种稻瘟病菌情况下,叶片中乙烯含量极低,加硅显著降低了CO39第3天根系中乙烯含量,而对于C101LAC(Pi-1),加硅后,第3天和第7天根系中乙烯含量都显著降低。加硅显著降低两个材料叶片中H2O2的含量,而显著增加了根系中H2O2含量。对两个品系水稻品种来说,根系中的H2O2含量明显低于叶片中的。【结论】施硅能显著增加水稻对稻瘟病的抗性,改变植株体内的生理代谢状况,调节植物体内酚类物质的含量,并通过诱导信号物质如水杨酸、乙烯、H2O2等的变化来提高水稻植株对稻瘟病的抗性。     

Antibody-dependent lymphocytotoxicity induced by immunoglobulin G from Hodgkin's disease splenic lymphocytes

Immunoglobulin G, produced in cultures of splenic lymphocytes obtained from patients with Hodgkin's disease, bound to a population of homologous peripheral blood lymphocytes and initiated antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity in cultures from five out of eight patients. Two patients whose cultures produced negative results had minimal disease; the other was in remission. The target cells appear to be T lymphocytes; the effector cells bear Fc receptors that are inhibited by antigen-antibody complexes. Antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity events may produce the anergy and lymphopenia often seen in Hodgkin's disease.     

Serum induced lymphoid cell mediated cytotoxicity to human transitional cell carcinomas of the genitourinary tract

In some serums of patients with transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), a factor is present which induces lymphocytes from most donors with or without TCC to become cytotoxic against TCC-derived target cells. The induced cytotoxicity was directed against target cells derived from TCC's of the renal pelvis, ureter, and urinary bladder, but not against cells derived from normal kidney, bladder, testis, or skin or from renal cell carcinoma. Cytotoxicity occurred without complement but did not occur without effector cells.     

籼稻品种三黄占2号的稻瘟病持久抗性评价与遗传分析

 籼稻三黄占2号在生产上种植10多年,表现了稳定持久的稻瘟病抗性。接种及多点田间试验结果表明,三黄占2号不仅对中国稻瘟病菌株有广谱抗性,而且对菲律宾稻瘟病菌株亦有高的抗性频率(98%)。在国际稻瘟病圃(IRBN)其叶瘟及穗瘟抗性相当或好于持久抗性品种OS6、Moroberekan和IR36。三黄占2号感病后,亦显示出高水平稻瘟病数量抗性。分析由三黄占2号与丽江新团黑谷杂交构建的重组自交系分离群体的抗病性,发现三黄占2号稻瘟病质量抗性是由多个主效基因控制的,其稻瘟病数量抗性是非小种专一的。应用候选抗性基因方法鉴     

Immunotherapy of the nonobese diabetic mouse: treatment with an antibody to T-helper lymphocytes

Spontaneous diabetes mellitus was blocked in nonobese diabetic mice by treatment with a monoclonal antibody against the L3T4 determinant present on the surface of T-helper lymphocytes. Sustained treatment with the monoclonal antibody led to cessation of the lymphocytic infiltration associated with the destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells. Moreover, the mice remained normoglycemic after the antibody therapy was stopped. These studies indicate that immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies to the lymphocyte subset may not only halt the progression of diabetes, but may lead to long-term reversal of the disease after therapy has ended.     

Concanavalin A agglutination of intestinal cells from the human fetus

Concanavalin A markedly agglutinated isolated epithelial cells from the intestine of the human fetus but not from the intestine of the adult. Wheat germ agglutinin only moderately agglutinated cells from the intestine of an adult. These results extend the studies of concanavalin A agglutination of embryonic cells to human tissue, and they suggest that concanavalin A may be reacting with a common antigen on the fetal cell membrane.     

Cell sensitivity to gravity

Cultures of human lymphocytes exposed in microgravity to the mitogen concanavalin A showed less than 3 percent of the activation of ground controls. This result supports the hypothesis, based on simulations at low g and experiments at high g, that microgravity depresses whereas high gravity enhances cell proliferation rates. The effects of gravity are particularly strong in cells undergoing differentiation.     

参考鸡IL—2的制备及理化特性研究

采用健康鸡脾脏Ｔ淋巴细胞体外诱生粗制参考鸡白细胞介素２（ＩＬ—２），并进行５０％和８０％饱和度硫酸铵盐析，以去除大部分致分裂原伴刀豆蛋白Ａ（ＣｏｎＡ）和小牛血清蛋白．继用ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＧ１００凝胶过滤柱色谱，可得到两个ＩＬ—２活性峰．第１活性峰组分分子量（ＭＷ）２６．ｇＫＤ、等电点（ＰＩ）５．８５，为二聚体形式存在的高活性ＩＬ—２．第２活性峰组分ＭＷ１２．１ＫＤ，ＰＩ６．２５，为单体形式存在的低活性ＩＬ—２．经此法制备的高活性参考鸡ＩＬ—２使用过程中活性稳定，是可靠的ＩＬ—２检测参考系统．     

Stress-induced modulation of the immune response

After mice were exposed to a daily auditory stressor for varying lengths of time, the responses of their splenic lymphoid cells in vitro were assessed. Both the blastogenic activity of concanavalin A or lipopolysaccharide and the ability of immune lymphocytes to lyse P815 target cells showed the same patterns of immunosuppression and enhancement.     

Effects of Immunopotentiator of the Traditional Chinese Medicine on T Lymphocytes in Chicken Blood

In order to investigate the mechanism of action of immunoenhancer, the effects of the traditional Chinese medicine immunopromoter on the quantity and the transformation rates of T lymphocytes in the chicken blood were determined. Total 120 chickens were randomly assigned into three groups. The 1% and the 0.5% of the Chinese medicine immunopromoter were added to the chicken drinking water, respectively. The quantity of T lymphocytes in each group was measured by a-Naphthyl acetate esterase （ANAE） staining. The results showed that the percentages of T lymphocytes of the treatment groups were significantly higher than that of the control group （P〈0.05）, and the percentage of the 1% group significantly higher than that of the 0.5% group （P〈0.05）. In conclusion, the transformation rates of T lymphocytes showed that the Chinese medicine immunopromoter had the significant enhancing effect on the transformation rates of T lymphocytes of the treated chickens. The traditional Chinese medicine immunopromoter had the distinct function to promote the quantity and the transformation rate of T lymphocytes.     

Cytokine-induced expression of HIV-1 in a chronically infected promonocyte cell line

A model system for cytokine-induced up-regulation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) expression in chronically infected promonocyte clones was established. The parent promonocyte cell line U937 was chronically infected with HIV-1 and from this line a clone, U1, was derived. U1 showed minimal constitutive expression of HIV-1, but virus expression was markedly up-regulated by a phytohemagglutinin-induced supernatant containing multiple cytokines and by recombinant granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor alone. Recombinant interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-2, interferon-gamma, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha did not up-regulate virus expression. Concomitant with the cytokine-induced up-regulation of HIV-1, expression of membrane-bound IL-1 beta was selectively induced in U1 in the absence of induction of other surface membrane proteins. This cytokine up-regulation of IL-1 beta was not seen in the uninfected parent U937 cell line. These studies have implications for the understanding of the mechanism of progression from a latent or low-level HIV-1 infection to a productive infection with resulting immunosuppression. In addition, this model can be used to delineate the potential mechanisms whereby HIV-1 infection regulates cellular gene expression.