7Be示踪坡耕地次降雨细沟与细沟间侵蚀

对于坡面细沟与细沟间侵蚀过程的了解是建立侵蚀预报模型的基础,但传统方法难以对其进行深入研究。利用7Be示踪技术并结合人工模拟降雨,考虑坡脚沉积作用,研究了25°坡耕地径流小区次降雨过程中细沟与细沟间侵蚀动态。结果表明：根据流出径流小区泥沙7Be含量变化计算坡面明显细沟出现时间,由于坡脚沉积作用使得A、B两试验小区这一时间比实际细沟出现分别延迟了45 min和11 min;根据坡面-侵蚀泥沙中7Be总量守恒和泥沙质量平衡原理,坡面细沟间侵蚀及细沟侵蚀在坡面总侵蚀、坡脚沉积区泥沙及流出径流小区泥沙中的比例被定量区分开;总体上,细沟间侵蚀量在径流泥沙中的比例逐渐减少,而细沟侵蚀量逐渐增加。两试验小区中7Be示踪计算坡面细沟侵蚀量和坡脚沉积量与实测值相比相对误差均较小,因此7Be示踪技术可以对土壤侵蚀进行较为准确地定量研究。     

细沟侵蚀阶段玉米季坡耕地氮素流失特征

研究紫色土区坡耕地玉米全生育期细沟侵蚀阶段水土及氮素流失规律,以期为研究区氮素流失有效防控提供科学依据。采用人工模拟降雨与野外径流小区相结合的方法,开展降雨强度为1.5mm/min条件下玉米全生育期细沟侵蚀阶段地表径流、壤中流和侵蚀泥沙中氮素流失特征的研究。结果表明:细沟侵蚀阶段,玉米各生育期地表径流量、壤中流量和侵蚀产沙量总体表现为随降雨时间延长呈先增加后平稳的变化趋势。地表径流中总氮、可溶性总氮、硝态氮和侵蚀泥沙中总氮流失量总体呈现先增加后平稳的趋势,而地表径流中铵态氮流失量变化趋势在降雨前期呈现波动性变化,降雨后期逐渐平稳。壤中流中总氮、可溶性总氮、硝态氮、铵态氮流失量则随着降雨时间延长呈现平稳的变化趋势。细沟侵蚀阶段地表径流中氮素流失总量在玉米苗期最大,为628.77mg/m2;壤中流中氮素流失总量在拔节期和抽雄期最大;侵蚀泥沙中氮素流失总量在苗期最大,为144.95mg/m2。壤中流为氮素流失主要途径,硝态氮为氮素流失主要形态。     

滇西高原不同地类坡面产流产沙规律研究

根据径流小区观测,对滇西高原主要典型地类的坡面产流产沙规律进行了研究。结果显示,灌木林和天然次生林,有较好的调节径流和减少土壤流失的作用,二者的产流量分别比坡耕地减少64．0％和63．7％,产沙量分别减少82．1％和74．5％;荒草地的产流产沙量分别比坡耕地减少19．9％和46．6％。产流量与产沙量均与降雨量和最大10min时段降雨强度呈显著幂函数关系,产沙量与产流量之间的线性关系显著。     

红壤有机碳流失特征及其与泥沙径流流失量的定量关系

通过野外微型径流小区模拟降雨试验,对坡面小区尺度水力侵蚀过程中物理运移土壤有机碳的规律进行研究。结果表明:2 m×5 m径流小区持续降雨30 min后,大雨强(1.64 mm min-1)和小雨强(0.58 mm min-1)降雨条件下泥沙携带流失的有机碳总量分别为56.09 g和3.18 g,溶解于径流流失的有机碳总量分别为13.55 g和2.81 g。降雨强度和持续时间对有机碳流失的过程特征有显著影响。降雨强度越大,泥沙携带及溶解于径流的有机碳流失速率和总量也越大。大雨强泥沙有机碳富集比在产流发生后的18min内大于1,随后降至1以下。小雨强泥沙有机碳富集比始终小于1。大雨强径流有机碳浓度与径流量呈立方关系,小雨强有机碳流失量随径流量增加呈线性递增趋势;大雨强泥沙有机碳含量与泥沙量之间具有明显的立方关系。     

贵州喀斯特地区降雨强度对土壤侵蚀特征的影响

降雨对坡面产流、侵蚀过程及养分流失有重要的影响,选取我国西南喀斯特地区作为研究区域,采用人工降雨方法,研究了不同降雨强度对贵州喀斯特地区(裸地和植被覆盖小区)与土壤侵蚀特征的影响。结果表明:(1)在不同降雨强度下,裸地和植被覆盖小区初始产流时间均随降雨强度的增大产流时间提前,并且裸地和植被覆盖小区初始产流时间在不同降雨强度下差异均显著(p0.05)。(2)裸地和植被覆盖小区径流速率在5~6min之后保持稳定,径流速率均随雨强的增大而增大;不同降雨强度下,径流速率均表现为裸地植被覆盖小区。(3)裸地和植被覆盖小区输沙率变化表现为快速增大、迅速减小、缓慢减小和趋于稳定4个阶段,不同降雨强度下,输沙率均表现为裸地植被覆盖小区。(4)裸地和植被覆盖小区总径流量和总侵蚀量随雨强的增大而增大,裸地坡面各降雨强度下坡面总径流量差异均显著(p0.05),25,50mm/h降雨强度下植被覆盖小区坡面总径流量差异不显著(p0.05),相同降雨强度时总径流量表现为裸地植被;25,50mm/h降雨强度下裸地和植被覆盖小区坡面总侵蚀量差异不显著(p0.05),相同降雨强度时总径流量和总侵蚀量均表现为裸地植被覆盖小区。(5)裸地坡面侵蚀养分中DP,K~+,SEP和SEK含量均高于植被覆盖小区,其中裸地坡面侵蚀养分DP,K~+和SEK含量均显著高于植被覆盖小区(p0.05),而SEP含量二者差异不显著(p0.05)。(6)相关性分析表明降雨强度为75,100mm/h时,裸地和植被覆盖小区侵烛泥沙养分含量与泥沙流失量间的相关性明显优于降雨强度为25,50mm/h时,相同降雨条件下裸地侵蚀量与养分含量的相关系数基本高于植被覆盖小区。以上研究结果表明植被覆盖具有减沙减流、减少土壤侵蚀及养分流失等作用。     

玉米苗期横垄坡面侵蚀产沙与有机碳流失特征

为揭示紫色土横垄坡面侵蚀产沙与有机碳流失对坡度的响应特征,通过人工模拟降雨和野外径流小区相结合的方法,探讨了不同坡度下玉米苗期径流、侵蚀泥沙及其有机碳流失特征。结果表明:玉米苗期不同坡度下地表径流量总体表现为降雨初期变化较为稳定,随降雨时间持续呈逐渐增加的趋势,而壤中流表现为10°坡度下,径流量在降雨初期变化不大,随降雨时间持续呈逐渐增大的趋势,15°和20°坡度下壤中流则表现为逐渐增加的变化趋势;不同坡度下侵蚀强度均表现为20°15°10°,且20°坡度下侵蚀强度显著高于10°和15°坡度;不同坡度下,地表径流总有机碳(TOC)和可溶性有机碳(DOC)质量浓度随降雨时间延长呈逐渐降低趋势,有机碳质量浓度均表现为20°15°10°,而壤中流表现为先升高后降低的趋势,质量浓度表现为10°15°20°,且地表径流、壤中流TOC和DOC质量浓度相差不大;不同坡度下TOC和DOC迁移通量总体表现为壤中流大于地表径流,地表径流有机碳迁移通量则表现为20°15°10°,而壤中流迁移通量表现为10°15°20°,且径流DOC迁移通量占TOC迁移通量百分比高达90%;不同坡度下侵蚀泥沙中有机碳含量随坡度增大均呈减小趋势,且同一坡度下,泥沙有机碳含量随降雨时间的延长呈降低的趋势;侵蚀泥沙中有机碳富集明显,随坡度的增大富集比减小。因此,紫色土区坡耕地径流中有机碳主要以DOC的形式流失,壤中流为DOC迁移的主要方式。     

不同降雨侵蚀力条件下紫色土坡耕地的养分流失

通过对川中丘陵区几次暴雨过程氮、磷流失的观测与分析,研究了不同降雨侵蚀力条件下的紫色土坡耕地的养分流失特征。结果表明在产流初始阶段,氮、磷流失严重,径流中养分输出浓度比较高,总氮最大可达8.0 mg/L左右,总磷在1.9 mg/L左右;坡耕地养分流失与土壤侵蚀的关系密切,氮、磷迁移以泥沙吸附态迁移为主,径流中的颗粒态氮、磷含量随降雨侵蚀力增大而增大,而溶解态氮、磷含量与降雨侵蚀力无明显相关。     

不同农作措施对云南红壤坡耕地径流调控研究

通过天然降雨径流小区,动态监测降雨-径流过程中坡耕地的水土流失量,研究4种农作措施对云南红壤坡耕地水土流失的调控作用.研究表明:径流量变异系数大小顺序为:顺坡垄作＞横坡垄作+揭膜＞横坡垄作+秸秆覆盖+揭膜＞横坡垄作,泥沙流失量变异系数大小顺序为:顺坡垄作＞横坡垄作＞横坡垄作+秸秆覆盖+揭膜＞横坡垄作+揭膜.不同农作措施对应的变异系数大小顺序为:泥沙流失＞径流流失＞产径流降雨.在4种农作措施中.横坡垄作+秸秆覆盖+揭膜农作措施对径流流失和泥沙流失的调控效果最好.     

旱作农业土壤水蚀条件下氮素流失效应试验研究

基于旱作农业夏玉米野外径流小区试验,通过设定不同降雨类型和不同尿素施用水平,重点研究水蚀条件下土壤氮素流失效应与机理。试验结果表明,水蚀条件氮素流失水平与侵蚀程度及泥沙氮素携带能力有关,其中,泥沙侵蚀程度对氮素流失影响显著,而施肥水平对泥沙吸附氮素携带能力影响明显。侵蚀过程中泥沙、径流及表土中氮素浓度不同,泥沙吸附氮素浓度略高于表土,而远大于径流溶解氮素浓度。比较随泥沙与径流流失氮素水平发现,随泥沙流失氮素比例都高达85%以上,远大于径流携带数量,说明泥沙是氮素流失的主要载体。     

典型石漠化地区不同植被类型地表水土流失特征研究

在典型喀斯特石漠化地区广西凌云县设置径流小区,通过对不同植被类型地表径流及养分流失观测与分析,结果表明,喀斯特石漠化地区,在降雨历时短且大雨以上强度的降雨条件下存在地表径流,单次径流系数平均值在1.5%～13.8%之间,年平均径流量为75.86 mm.地表径流量与每次降雨量之间具有显著的相关性,其相关系数在0.896 7～0.947 5之间.不同植被类型间年径流量差异极显著,农耕地产生的年径流量最大,达122.75 mm,灌木林地产生的年径流量最小,达54.08 mm.径流中泥沙浓度整体表现出春秋季浓度高,夏季浓度低的趋势.不同植被类型间的侵蚀模数差异极显著,侵蚀模数平均达到45.88 t/km2·a,属微度侵蚀.耕作加剧了土壤扰动,对土壤流失有显著的影响,农耕地土壤侵蚀模数(98.91 t/km2·a)最大,灌木林地土壤流失量(5.42t/km2·a)最小.径流中全N浓度呈现出随时间而下降的趋势,全P、全K浓度呈现出春秋季高、夏季低的趋势.不同植被类型间流失全N、全P、全K总量差异极显著,植被能够有效减少地表径流及养分的损失,在该地区应该促进植被恢复.     

南方红壤坡地不同耕作措施的水土保持效应

为解决南方红壤地区坡耕地水土流失问题,采用野外标准径流小区试验方法对南方红壤坡地常见的顺坡间作、横坡间作、果园清耕3种不同耕作方式下5 a时间水土保持蓄水保土效应进行了研究。结果表明,与对照小区相比,各试验小区减流率优劣次序为：横坡间作小区（75.33%）＞顺坡间作小区（59.56%）＞果园清耕小区（21.73%）,减沙效应优劣次序为横坡间作（80.57%）＞顺坡间作（65.11%）＞果园清耕（38.08%）,且4－9月的径流量占到全年径流量的85%以上,流失泥沙量占全年流失泥沙量的90%以上。因此,套种作物增加果园覆盖是防治果园水土流失的有效措施,且横坡间作优于顺坡间作。     

水土保持措施对径流泥沙及养分流失的影响

以北京市门头沟区龙凤岭水土保持科技示范园为研究对象,对2005—2009年汛期(5—11月)径流小区的径流量、侵蚀产沙量及养分流失量进行了分析。结果是:同为10 m坡长的径流小区,其径流量和养分流失量从大到小依次为裸地、坡耕地和石坎梯田,产沙量最大的是裸地,其次是石坎梯田,最小的是坡耕地;与裸地小区相比,10 m坡长的水土保持措施小区可减少全氮流失量50.5%~91.4%、减少全磷流失量31.8%~75.8%;20 m坡长裸地径流小区的径流量、泥沙量和养分流失量均明显大于鱼鳞坑,鱼鳞坑小区可减少径流量68.4%~83.0%、减少产沙量71.1%~82.7%、减少全氮流失量64.4%~74.9%、减少全磷流失量40.6%~87.3%。说明水土保持措施具有良好的保持水土和减少养分流失的作用。     

原状土冲刷法与人工模拟降雨法研究土壤抗冲性对比分析

在相同条件下，对比研究了人工模拟降雨小区和用大型抗冲槽测定的土壤侵蚀量、产沙过程及抗冲性异同。     

百喜草覆盖和敷盖对中国南方红壤坡地径流和产沙的影响

Rainfall,runoff (surface runoff,interflow and groundwater runoff) and soil loss from 5 m × 15 m plots were recorded for 5 years (2001-2005) in an experiment with three treatments (cover,mulch and bare ground) on sloping red soil in southern China.Surface runoff and erosion from the Bahia grass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) cover plot (A) and mulch plot (B) during the 5 years were low,despite the occurrence of potentially erosive rains.In contrast,the bare plot (C) had both the highest surface runoff coefficient and the highest sediment yield.There were significant differences in interflow and surface runoff and no significant difference in groundwater runoff among plots.The runoff coefficients and duration of interflow and groundwater runoff were in the order plot B > plot A > plot C.Effects of Bahia grass cover were excellent,indicating that the use of Bahia grass cover can be a simple and feasible practice for soil and water conservation on sloping red soil in the region.     

Long-term erosional responses after fire in the Central Spanish Pyrenees: 1. Water and sediment yield

This paper reports the results of a study on how fire effects water and sediment losses in the Central Spanish Pyrenees where land abandonment results in an increase of the scrubland and fire-affected surfaces. In 1991, two plots (control and burnt) were installed to collect runoff, suspended sediments and solutes. One of the plots was burnt (burnt-1) and the other was covered by shrubs and herbs (control). During 1993, another burnt plot was installed (burnt-2). Data was collected from the three plots until 1999 and is used as the basis for assessing the soil erosion changes after the fire. Runoff, solute and suspended sediment concentration and erosion rates were slightly greater during the first 2 years following fire on burnt-1 compared to the control plot. The average runoff coefficients during the 8-year study period were 4.2% and 7%, the total sediment concentrations were 189 and 181 mg l⁻¹, and the erosion rates were 89 and 143 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ for the control and burnt-1 plots, respectively. In contrast, burnt-2 plot responded differently than burnt-1 plot to fire, although these two plots were designed to be replicated treatments. The average runoff coefficient for burnt-2 plot was two times greater than that for the control plot. Likewise, total sediment concentration was 649 mg l⁻¹ and erosion rate was 566 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, which are 3.6 and 4.5 times greater than the control plot. Differences between burnt and control plots were analysed at hourly, daily, monthly and yearly temporal scale. Both burned plots began to recover after the fire. However, burnt-1 plot had a recovery time of 2 years compared to burnt-2 plot; while 7 years after the fire, the runoff sediment concentration and erosion rates from burnt-2 were higher than those for the control plot. Water and sediment losses from the two burnt plots were markedly different.     

黑土区不同耕作措施的水土保持效益

为了探求黑土区坡耕地水土流失的有效防治措施,以吉林省伊通县毯子房小流域为典型试验研究区,采用野外观测与室内实验相结合的方法,对留茬、轮作和秸秆还田3种不同耕作措施下黑土区坡耕地的水土保持效益进行研究与分析。结果表明:1)对照处理产生径流量和泥沙量最大,秸秆还田产生侵蚀量最小,留茬、轮作和秸秆还田比对照处理径流量减少36.4%～66.7%,泥沙量减少75.2%～86.4%;2)与对照相比,留茬、轮作和秸秆还田3种不同措施下冲刷泥沙中土壤有机质质量分数分别减少56.6%,62.8%和81.4%,全氮质量分数分别减少53.3%,60.0%和80.0%,全磷质量分数减少38.5%,61.5%和84.6%,且不同处理下3种土壤养分流失总量均比对照减少85%以上。     

湘中低山丘陵区坡面产流输沙对降雨、土壤类型及水保措施的综合响应特征

针对湘中低山丘陵区地形地貌条件多样、水土流失影响机制复杂的问题,选取湖南省中部井头(黄壤)、秋波(紫色土)以及莲荷(红壤)3个径流场不同水土保持措施径流小区,综合探究湘中丘陵区不同土壤类型、水土保持措施以及侵蚀性雨型等因子对坡面产流输沙规律的影响特征。结果表明:在年降水量相近的条件下,年径流深和年侵蚀量均为红壤紫色土黄壤;各水保措施小区的减流效益较差,但其减沙效益较好,以黄壤草地措施、紫色土水保林以及红壤经果林和草地措施减沙效益较为明显,年侵蚀减沙率分别达87.89%,55.88%,37.99%和41.07%;大雨强、短历时、低雨量、高频率的降雨占各小区侵蚀降雨场次的比例均在50%以上,该类降雨也是黄壤和红壤各小区坡面产流输沙以及紫色土各小区产流的主导雨型。中雨强、长历时、高雨量、低频率降雨是引起各小区单次降雨径流泥沙流失量最大的雨型。研究结果对完善水土流失的相关理论和规律具有重要的意义,对区域水土保持工作的开展提供了重要的指导作用和理论价值。     

Some effects of tramlines on surface runoff, sediment and phosphorus mobilization on an erosion-prone soil

Although introduced into UK farming to help ensure more even application of agrochemicals, tramlines (marked wheelways through crops) are a potential cause of surface runoff and transfer of diffuse pollutants, including sediment and phosphorus (P), into watercourses. To help quantify these potential effects, the impact of tramlines on sediment and P movement in surface runoff was assessed on an erosion‐prone sloping (5°) fine sandy soil over two successive winters. Three replicate and hydrologically isolated runoff plots measuring 15 m long and 2 m wide, and either with, or without, a tramline, were established on field demonstration areas which had received different soil (traditionally ploughed vs. reduced cultivated) and crop (early vs. late drilling) management practices. Reduced cultivation (minimum tillage) consisted of heavy discing (5–8 cm depth) instead of ploughing (20–25 cm depth). Over monitoring periods ranging up to 5 months, plots with tramlines running up and down the slope generated, on average, 46% more runoff (+1–2 mm) compared with plots without tramlines on ploughed soils. This extra runoff resulted in up to fivefold greater sediment loss (+0.4 t ha^?1) and up to fourfold greater total P loss (+0.3 kg ha^?1) from the plots. However, the presence of tramlines had no significant impact on runoff, or sediment and P transfers, where the soil received reduced cultivation. Plots with tramlines that were partially crop covered, or which ran across the slope rather than up and down the slope, produced the same amount of runoff, sediment and P transfer as plots without tramlines. Greatest entrainment of sediment and P in runoff occurred where tramlines coarsely indented the soil, or caused erosion rills to form. Establishing tramlines in dry soils reduced the degree of soil indentation and the risk of channelled runoff causing sediment and P entrainment. The data suggest that tramlines can be managed more sensitively on erosion vulnerable soils to help minimize the risk of sediment and P pollution of our surface waters, and various options are discussed.     

三峡库区坡地林草植被阻止降雨径流侵蚀

为了研究林草调控措施对坡面降雨径流侵蚀的影响及其对坡面侵蚀动力的调控效果,该文在重庆开县选择栾树+黄花槐、传统农作、植物篱、封山育林、自然恢复、经济林以及裸地对照7种林草治理措施并修建标准径流小区,通过观测产流产沙状况,分析比较其水土流失特征。结果表明:林草调控措施深刻影响降雨侵蚀动力,并对坡耕地径流侵蚀量产生较大的影响。林草调控措施中,均以裸地对照样地产流、产沙量最大,而以栾树+黄花槐和植物篱措施的产流、产沙最小,水土保持效果最为明显。以洪峰流量模数和径流深表示的坡面径流侵蚀功率与侵蚀产沙量呈正相关关系,说明径流侵蚀功率能够较好的模拟侵蚀动力;以径流侵蚀功率/侵蚀量表示不同林草调控措施对侵蚀结果的影响,可以成为评价植被侵蚀动力调控效应的指标。在未来三峡库区植被恢复与生态环境建设过程中,通过各种林草调控措施的逐步实施,重视和发展植被的恢复与重建,对于当地生态环境的改善和水土流失的治理具有重要的意义。