典型种养结合奶牛场粪便养分管理模式

规模化奶牛场粪便养分产生量大,因种养分离引发严重环境污染,亟需建立粪便综合养分管理模式,以实现奶牛粪便养分的合理施用。该文以典型种养结合模式"固液分离—堆肥+氧化塘—农田利用"的奶牛养殖场为案例,通过实地调研、粪便及土壤样品采样测定、以及文献参数收集等研究方法,制定了奶牛场粪便综合养分管理模式。主要结果为该存栏量2 978头的奶牛场粪便氮、磷年产生量为204和33 t/a,粪便经过收集和处理后,可供农田利用的氮磷养分为126和27 t/a。基于作物养分需求量和土壤供肥量,以及粪肥投入占总养分的比例为50%和粪肥养分的当季利用率为30%,据估算,1 473 hm~2奶牛场配套农田可施用的粪肥氮、磷养分总量分别为727.6和131.2 t/a。因此,奶牛场配套农田可有效承载粪便氮磷养分供给量。实施粪便综合养分管理模式,可充分利用粪便养分资源用于作物生长,减少粪便养分直接排放到环境,从而确保种养结合模式奶牛场长期可持续生产。     

含5-氨基乙酰丙酸等养分水溶肥料对月季生长、开花及体内养分元素含量的影响

选用月季盆栽试验,以等养分水溶肥料、5-氨基乙酰丙酸盐溶液和含5-氨基乙酰丙酸等养分水溶肥料为试验材料,用清水做对照,研究了三者对月季生长、开花及植株体内养分含量的影响。结果表明,含5-氨基乙酰丙酸等养分水溶肥料更有利于月季花、茎、叶的生长,有利于促进月季开花率的增加和花色的改善;5-氨基乙酰丙酸有利于单位叶面积叶绿素含量的增加,叶绿素总量增加6.6%,而等养分水溶肥料使单位叶绿素含量降低;等养分水溶肥料较含5-氨基乙酰丙酸等养分水溶肥料更有利于月季植株体内N、P、K浓度的增加;3种试验处理均能不同程度地增加月季单株体内N、P、K的含量,特别是含5-氨基乙酰丙酸等养分水溶肥料处理的增产效果最显著,对单株月季体内NPK总含量的增加值达43.5%。     

菌肥减施对结球甘蓝养分吸收及利用的影响

为探讨功能菌型复合肥及化肥减量条件下栽培蔬菜的养分吸收特性及利用特征,在露地和大棚种植体系下,以结球甘蓝为试验材料,采用田间小区试验研究不同养分配比功能菌型复合肥及减量施用对结球甘蓝物质积累、养分吸收及肥料利用率的影响。结果表明,不同种植体系下,施肥处理对结球甘蓝生长后期干物质累积及N、P、K养分吸收速率,收获期N、P、K累积及肥料利用率效应显著。与常规施肥处理相比,露地和大棚种植体系下施用功能菌型复合肥处理结球甘蓝收获期干物质累积量分别增加2.4%~5.7%和4.9%~10.8%,N肥吸收利用率分别增加10.8~35.4和9.4~57.6个百分点。减量25%功能菌型复合肥处理较等量处理结球甘蓝N累积量分别增加2.6%~2.7%(露地)和4.4%~10.8%(大棚),P累积量分别增加1.6%~1.9%(露地)和7.0%~8.2%(大棚),K累积量分别增加1.5%~2.3%(露地)和0.9%~2.0%(大棚)。结球甘蓝各生育阶段对N、K(露地)吸收速率变化表现为结球-收获期>莲座-结球期>苗期-莲座期,而对P、K(大棚)吸收速率变化表现为莲座-结球期>结球-收获期>苗期-莲座期。施用功能菌型复合肥在一定程度上能有效增加不同种植体系中结球甘蓝植株N、P、K养分吸收速率及养分累积,从而提高蔬菜的肥料利用效率。总体而言,在不同种植体系下,施用不同养分配比功能菌肥可有效提高结球甘蓝的物质积累、养分吸收及肥料利用率,且适宜减量施用能进一步增加其作用效果,但应根据土壤肥力特征、作物需肥特性及栽培管理模式合理地进行选择施用。     

无机添加剂对复混肥中有效养分的影响

复混肥制作过程中无机添加剂的使用可以导致肥料中有效养分的减少，为了阐明和有效地解决这个问题，选用含有氮、磷、钾3种营养元素的肥料和常用的无机添加剂作为原料，模拟工厂化制作和贮存过程，以分析和探讨无机添加剂对肥料养分有效性的影响。研究结果表明，灰白色膨润土、浅红色膨润土和钙粉对复混肥的有效养分含量均有影响，需根据实际生产需求选取适宜的添加剂。     

基于养分专家系统推荐施肥在东北玉米上的长期综合效应

为明确养分专家系统推荐施肥对东北玉米产量与收益、肥料利用率与土壤养分的长期综合效应,于2012-2020年开展了田间定位试验,共设置5处理：分别为1）不施肥（CK）;2）农民习惯施肥（FP）;3）养分专家系统推荐施肥（NE）;4）在NE基础上配施缓/控释氮肥（NER）;5）土壤测试推荐施肥（ST）。探究9 a 产量与收益、肥料利用率、土壤养分和养分平衡的变化规律。结果表明,NE和ST处理较FP处理显著降低了氮磷肥用量（P<0.05）,显著增加了钾肥用量（P<0.05）。与FP处理相比,NE、NER和ST处理提高了玉米产量、收益及其稳定性。其中均以NE处理最高,之后依次为ST和NER处理。NE、NER和ST处理肥料平均回收利用率、农学利用率和偏生产力较FP处理分别提高了29.0%～40.1%（P<0.05）、31.3%～44.3%（P<0.05）和22.0%～31.7%（P<0.05）,且均以NE处理最高。与FP处理相比,NE、NER和ST处理提高了0～30 cm土壤无机氮含量,降低了30～90 cm土壤无机氮和0～30 cm土壤有效磷含量,而不同施肥处理土壤速效钾含量差异未达显著水平（P>0.05）,其中NE处理与试验起始养分含量最为接近。9 a养分平衡结果显示,FP、NE、NER和ST处理氮、磷均表现为盈余,而钾素表现为亏缺,且NE处理氮、磷盈余量和钾亏缺量均为最低。综上,与农民习惯施肥和土壤测试推荐施肥相比,养分专家系统推荐施肥不仅可提高玉米产量、收益和肥料利用效率,并可保持土壤养分稳定。因此,它是一种适用于中国东北玉米的推荐施肥方法。     

Determination of organic materials quality based on nutrient recovery,mineral fertilizer equivalency and maize (Zea mays L.) allometry

Crop production in Sub-Saharan Africa is primarily limited by soil fertility decline. In view of this, the fertilizer value of locally available organic materials (OMs) was assessed for their nutrient release to crop growth. Crop residues and farmyard manure (FYM) were evaluated along with mineral fertilizers to grow a test crop maize variety – Gibe 2. The maize allometric parameters, nutrient ratios (NRs), nutrient recovery (NRy) and mineral fertilizer equivalency (MFE) were used to assess the mineral fertilizer value (MFV) of OMs. MFE of OMs was estimated as the available mineral N and P out of the fraction of total nitrogen and phosphorus applied relative to mineral fertilizers supply. The results revealed that maize allometry, NRy and MFE were significantly influenced by fertilizer sources. OM amendment resulted in poor maize allometry and low NRy. Interestingly, MFE of OM amended ranged from ?201% with chickpea (CHP) residue to 63% with FYM. The results demonstrate that CHP has the poorest quality, while FYM is a good-quality OM as a fertilizer source.     

Assessment of mineral nutrient concentrations of lettuce in response to cultivar selection and fertilization in greenhouse production

Mineral nutrient contents in vegetable-based foods are a concern in human diets, and depleted soil fertility and high-yielding cultivars are associated with low nutrient contents. This study explored if mineral nutrient concentrations of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) can be increased though selection of cultivars and nutritional regimes in greenhouse production. Cultivars including butterhead, romaine, and loose-leaf phenotypes of heritage and modern origins were studied. Hoagland solution, a commercial inorganic fertilizer, and a commercial organic fertilizer were the nutrient regimes. Heritage cultivars had about 10% higher phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and zinc (P, K, Ca, Mg, and Zn) concentrations than modern cultivars. Differences in elemental concentrations occurred among phenotypes and nutritional regimes but with no consistent trend among elements for phenotypes or regimes. Some cultivars had twice the concentrations of nutrients of other cultivars. This work suggests that cultivars can be selected for production of mineral nutrient-rich lettuce.     

Fertilizer micro-dosing increases crop yield in the Sahelian low-input cropping system: A success with a shadow

Over the years, a scarcity of information on nutrient gains or losses has led to overemphasis being placed on crop yields and economic income as the direct benefits from fertilizer micro-dosing technology. There is increasing concern about the sustainability of this technology in smallholder Sahelian cropping systems. This study was designed in the 2013 and 2014 cropping seasons to establish nutrient balances under fertilizer micro-dosing technology and their implications on soil nutrient stocks. Two fertilizer micro-dosing treatments [2 g hill^?1 of diammonium phosphate (DAP) and 6 g hill^?1 of compound fertilizer Nitrogen-Phosphorus-Potassium (NPK) (15-15-15)] and three rates of manure (100 g hill^?1, 200 g hill^?1 and 300 g hill^?1) and the relevant control treatments were arranged in a factorial experiment organized in a randomized complete block design with three replications. On average, millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.) grain yield increased by 39 and 72% for the plots that received the fertilizer micro-dosing of 6 g NPK hill^?1 and 2 g DAP hill^?1, respectively, in comparison with the unfertilized control plots. The average partial nutrients balances for the two cropping seasons were ?37 kg N ha^?1yr^?1, ?1 kg P ha^?1yr^?1 and ?34 kg K ha^?1yr^?1 in plots that received the application of 2 g DAP hill^?1, and ?31 kg N ha^?1yr^?1, ?1 kg P ha^?1yr^?1 and ?27 kg K ha^?1yr^?1 for 6 g NPK hill^?1. The transfer of straw yields accounted for 66% N, 55% P and 89% K for removal. The average full nutrient balances for the two cropping seasons in fertilizer micro-dosing treatments were ?47.8 kg N ha^?1 yr^?1, ?6.8 kg P ha^?1 yr^?1 and ?21.3 kg K ha^?1 yr^?1 which represent 7.8, 24.1 and 9.4% of N, P and K stocks, respectively. The nutrient stock to balance ratio (NSB) for N decreased from 13 to 11 and from 15 to 12 for the plots that received the application of 2 g DAP hill^?1 and 6 g NPK hill^?1, respectively. The average NSB for P did not exceed 5 for the same plots. It was concluded that fertilizer micro-dosing increases the risk of soil nutrient depletion in the Sahelian low-input cropping system. These results have important implications for developing an agro-ecological approach to addressing sustainable food production in the Sahelian smallholder cropping system.     

不同有机肥对花生营养吸收、土壤酶活性及速效养分的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究等养分投入条件下,施用化肥与不同有机肥(猪粪、牛粪、鸡粪、麸酸有机无机复混肥)对花生营养吸收、土壤酶活性及速效养分的影响。结果表明,与化肥相比,施用有机肥脲酶活性提高6.2%～22.1%,磷酸酶活性提高7.9%～27.9%,过氧化氢酶活性提高45.1%～65.2%,分别以猪粪、鸡粪、麸酸有机无机复混肥最高,而转化酶活性各处理表现不一。施用有机肥较化肥促进了N、P、K养分向花生果仁转移累积,果仁吸N量、吸P量、吸K量、吸S量分别较化肥提高22.7%～78.0%、47.1%～74.5%、65.2%～91.6%、5.6%～61.2%,其NPK养分总吸收量以麸酸有机无机复混肥最高。施肥均提高了种植花生后的土壤N、P、K速效养分含量,施用麸酸有机无机复混肥还明显改善了土壤S素营养。     

减量施肥条件下生物有机肥对土壤养分供应及小白菜吸收的影响

[目的]研究化肥减量施用条件下混合加入生物有机肥对土壤养分供应、蔬菜养分吸收及生物量的影响,为化肥减量化应用的实践提供理论依据。[方法]采用盆栽试验方法,以小白菜为供试作物,研究生物有机肥与不同比例的化肥配合施用,对土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾以及蔬菜生物量、氮磷钾吸收量的影响。[结果]生物有机肥在一定的时间内能够提高土壤氮、磷、钾的供给,在减少该区常规施肥用量15%~25%的条件下,对土壤供肥能力不产生明显的影响,并可减少农业面源污染,减轻环境污染压力;小白菜生长试验显示,两种肥料混合施用,在减少化肥常规用量的15%~25%时,对小白菜的生物量、氮磷钾吸收量均不产生不利影响,并在一定程度上提高肥料的利用率。[结论]生物有机肥对土壤氮、磷、钾不仅具有活化作用,还能稳定氮、磷、钾养分的供应。     

山西省主要农田施肥状况及典型县域农田养分平衡研究

根据山西省农业统计资料,结合实地调查和土壤测定数据,采用典型农户问卷调查的方式,研究了全省和3个典型县域农田施肥状况、养分平衡和土壤养分变化趋势。农户施肥状况调查结果表明,2000年山西省平均N肥用量为181.8Nkg/hm2,P肥用量为93.7P2O5kg/hm2,K肥用量为41.9K2Okg/hm2,N∶P∶K为1∶0.52∶0.23。从化肥的投向来看,水地的施用量明显高于旱地,蔬菜和果树的施用量高于粮食作物和其它经济作物。从3个典型县域农田养分平衡来看,1980年后随着N、P肥施用量的增加,农田N素和P素出现大量盈余,K素则处于亏缺状态。通过对第二次全国土壤普查和2000年土壤测定结果分析,了解了山西省近20年来土壤有效磷和速效钾的变化趋势,以及典型县域农田养分平衡状况对土壤养分变化的影响及特点。     

不同培肥方式对复垦土壤玉米养分吸收及肥料利用率的影响

为研究不同培肥处理对平朔露天煤矿复垦土壤作物养分含量及肥料利用率的影响,进行了玉米盆栽试验,结果表明:不同培肥处理对玉米植株的N,P,K含量均有提高作用,玉米N,P,K在根、茎、叶器官分配顺序为叶 > 茎 > 根;有机肥、菌肥和配施低浓度化肥处理对玉米N素含量增加最明显,有机肥、菌肥和化肥配施各处理对玉米P和K含量增加最明显,其次对玉米N,P,K含量增加较明显的为有机肥配施菌肥处理,而单施有机肥处理对玉米N,P,K含量增加效果最差;有机肥、菌肥和化肥配施处理对玉米N,P,K肥利用率高于有机肥配施菌肥处理更高于单施有机肥处理,此研究为恢复矿区复垦土壤肥力水平提供理论依据。     

养分平衡法在冬小麦测土推荐施肥中的应用研究

针对我国冬小麦主产区的主要土壤类型之一潮土,通过对大量小麦肥效试验结果的分析,分别计算出小麦单位产量养分吸收量、土壤有效养分校正系数、肥料当季利用率等施肥参数.并基于养分平衡法的优点,主要研究了土壤环境因素和产量水平因素等对土壤有效养分校正系数和肥料利用率的影响及变化规律.结果表明,土壤有效养分含量与土壤有效养分校正系数及肥料当季利用率呈极显著曲线负相关关系.在此基础上,建立了以养分平衡原理为依据、土壤有效养分的测定为基础的我国潮土冬小麦测土推荐施肥指标体系,以简捷、快速、科学合理地指导我国小麦的施肥与生产.     

提高化肥利用率技术创新展望

化肥利用率低以及化肥施用后损失的养分造成的环境污染,已成为全球社会、经济和农业可持续发展的主要障碍之一。提高肥料利用率已成为当今全球关注的焦点问题。拓展平衡施肥理论和技术由单一的静态横向平衡到静态横向—动态纵向平衡,进行化肥新品种研制;通过生物工程技术改良植物营养遗传性状,提高作物吸收养分能力;运用精确农业施肥理论和技术,提高施肥对土壤、作物的针对性和准确性,这些技术创新和应用是提高肥料利用率的重要途径     

吉林省中部一季稻区推荐施肥方法研究

基于2013—2016年在吉林省永吉县、九台区、梨树县和前郭县开展的40组田间试验,通过研究稻谷产量、养分吸收量、肥料利用效率及养分平衡等指标,比较了测土配方(ST)与NE养分专家系统(NE)两种推荐施肥方法在吉林省中部一季稻区的应用效果与适用性。结果表明:农民习惯施肥(FP)处理稻谷产量平均为9.17t/hm~2,ST(9.21t/hm~2)和NE(9.24t/hm~2)处理产量均高于FP处理但并无显著差异。氮肥农学利用率以NE处理显著高于FP处理,磷肥农学利用率以ST处理显著高于FP、NE处理,而钾肥农学利用率无显著差异。FP、ST和NE处理的地上部养分吸收及肥料回收利用率方面均无显著差异。养分表观平衡方面,FP、ST和NE处理的土壤氮素均为盈余,其中FPSTNE。磷素则为小幅亏缺,而钾素大幅亏缺。不同区域处理间表现存在差异,与其他3个地区不同,前郭县ST处理的产量、植株养分吸收量及肥料农学利用率总体上低于NE处理。综上,ST和NE推荐施肥方法在吉林省中部一季稻区均有减肥、稳产、增效的良好效果,两种方法在半湿润地区(永吉、九台和梨树)适用性均较好,而半干旱地区(前郭)以NE方法相对较好。     

Effects of polymeric slow release fertilizer on Chinese cabbage growth and soil nutrients

One pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of a new polymeric slow release fertilizer (PRF) on Chinese cabbage growth and soil nutrients. The experiment comprised three kinds of fertilizer (common compound fertilizer, 21% and 45% solubility of PRF in 25°C water, all fertilizers with N:P₂O₅:K₂O = 10:5.7:20) and three fertilizer levels (0, 21.6 and 43.2 g m^?2). Results showed that the high water-soluble PRFs (PRFHH and PRFHL) fit nutrient requirements of Chinese cabbage, and the high fertilization level significantly increased yield and improved quality of Chinese cabbage. Although the PRFHL treatment at 21.6 g fertilizer m^?2 had one-half less supplied nutrient than that of common compound fertilizer treatment (43.2 g fertilizer m^?2), the yield of Chinese cabbage with PRFHH and PRFHL was 8.0% more. The soluble sugar, vitamin C and leaf chlorophyll contents of Chinese cabbage can be effectively improved with PRFHH (43.2 g m^?2), PRFHL (21.6 g m^?2) and PRFLH (low water-soluble PRF, 43.2 g m^?2). The PRF treatment reduced the nitrate content and improved soil capacity of supplying nutrient effectively, and there were no changes in values of pH and electrical conductivity of soil.     

启动磷肥不同施用方式对玉米养分吸收及生长和产量的影响

为了探索启动磷肥不同施用方式对玉米生长和产量的影响,设置启动磷肥大田滴施(T1)、穴施(T2)和不施启动磷肥(CK)3个施肥处理,其中启动肥磷肥用量为P₂O₅ 30 kg·hm^-2,探究启动磷肥不同施用方式对玉米生长、养分分配和产量构成的影响;设置启动磷肥根箱土壤滴施(P1)、穴施(P2)和不施启动肥(CF)3个处理,其中启动肥磷肥用量为P₂O₅ 0.2 g·kg^-1土,探究启动磷肥施用后土壤中磷素的空间分布与迁移效果。结果表明,玉米四叶期和六叶期,T1和T2处理均显著增加了苗期玉米总根长,根表面积,地上、地下部生物量和N、P、K养分积累量。在六叶期,T1和T2处理玉米总根长较CK分别增加了21.10%和30.35%,根系表面积分别增加了23.48%和29.20%,地上和地下部生物量分别增加了31.24%和52.38%、33.61%和57.81%。与CK相比,T1和T2处理促进了玉米N、P、K养分的积累,同时促进了养分由营养器官向生殖器官的转移。在玉米吐丝期至成熟期,T1和T2处理玉米N、P、K养分转移量较CK分别增加了29.75和44.73 kg·hm^-2、10.76和14.65 kg·hm^-2、2.20和24.67 kg·hm^-2。玉米穗长、行粒数、产量和磷肥偏生产力均表现为T2>T1>CK,玉米穗秃尖长度表现为T2相似文献   

生物有机肥与减量配施化肥对连作黄瓜养分利用率及产量的影响

为了探讨生物有机肥与减量配施化肥对连作黄瓜养分利用率和产量的影响,采用田间小区试验,以黄瓜为供试作物,共设9个处理(T1~T9),将9个处理分为3个处理组:生物有机肥添加量为0t/hm^2的CK处理组(T1减肥0%,T2减肥10%,T3减肥20%);生物有机肥添加量为10t/hm^2的Y1处理组(T4减肥0%,T5减肥10%,T6减肥20%);生物有机肥添加量为20t/hm^2的Y2处理组(T7减肥0%,T8减肥10%,T9减肥20%)。结果表明:Y1处理组和Y2处理组与CK处理组相比,黄瓜产量的提高范围分别为1.48%~38.88%和15.31%~50.91%,氮肥利用率提高1.51~10.07个百分点和6.41~18.71个百分点,磷肥利用率提高2.07~5.38个百分点和5.67~8.90个百分点,钾肥利用率的提高范围分别为9.50~16.31个百分点和16.95~28.43个百分点;在施用相同量的生物有机肥条件下,随着化肥施用量的减少,CK组内各处理(T1、T2和T3)黄瓜产量差异显著,Y1组内的T4和T5与T6相比黄瓜产量差异明显,Y2组内T8与T9相比黄瓜产量差异显著。在9个处理中,T8黄瓜产量最高;Y1组内各处理(T4、T5和T6)和Y2组内各处理(T7、T8和T9)的氮肥利用率、磷肥利用率和钾肥利用率均呈上升趋势。研究结果可为提高养分利用率和减轻作物连作障碍提供科学依据。     

Comparisons of commercial organic and chemical fertilizer solutions on growth and composition of lettuce

The objective of this experiment was to assess the effects of organic or chemical nutrient solutions on the growth and composition of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) in greenhouse production. Hoagland and Arnon nutrient solution, an organic hydroponics solution, and no fertilization were factored with lettuce cultivars of different phenotypes, iceberg, romaine, loose head, and loose leaf. Lettuce growth was higher with Hoagland and Arnon solution than with the organic fertilizer or with no fertilization. The organic fertilizer increased growth above no fertilizer applied. Hoagland and Arnon solution gave the highest concentration of nitrogen, potassium, magnesium, and iron in the lettuce whereas lettuce grown with the organic fertilizer had the highest phosphorus. Plant nutrient accumulation differed slightly among the cultivars. Hoagland and Arnon solution produced high nitrate in leaves. Nitrate concentrations with organic or no fertilization were low. Loose head or loose leaf cultivars had higher nitrate than romaine or iceberg.     

Biochar‐Based Fertilization with Liquid Nutrient Enrichment: 21 Field Trials Covering 13 Crop Species in Nepal

Biochar produced in cost‐efficient flame curtain kilns (Kon‐Tiki) was nutrient enriched either with cow urine or with dissolved mineral (NPK) fertilizer to produce biochar‐based fertilizers containing between 60–100 kg N, 5–60 kg P₂O₅ and 60–100 kg K₂O, respectively, per ton of biochar. In 21 field trials, nutrient‐enriched biochars were applied at rates of 0·5–2 t ha⁻¹ into the root zone of 13 different crops. Treatments combining biochar, compost and organic or chemical fertilizer were evaluated; control treatments contained same amounts of nutrients but without biochar. All nutrient‐enriched biochar substrates improved yields compared with their respective no‐biochar controls. Biochar enriched with dissolved NPK produced on average 20% ± 5·1% (N  = 4 trials) higher yields than standard NPK fertilization without biochar. Cow urine‐enriched biochar blended with compost resulted on average in 123% ± 76·7% (N  = 13 trials) higher yields compared with the organic farmer practice with cow urine‐blended compost and outcompeted NPK‐enriched biochar (same nutrient dose) by 103% ± 12·4% (N  = 4 trials) respectively. Thus, the results of 21 field trials robustly revealed that low‐dosage root zone application of organic biochar‐based fertilizers caused substantial yield increases in rather fertile silt loam soils compared with traditional organic fertilization and to mineral NPK or NPK‐biochar fertilization. This can be explained by the nutrient carrier effect of biochar, causing a slow nutrient release behaviour, more balanced nutrient fluxes and reduced nutrient losses, especially when liquid organic nutrients are used for the biochar enrichment. The results open up new pathways for optimizing organic farming and improving on‐farm nutrient cycling. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.