山桃沙棘混交林养分状况研究

分析了半干旱退化山区荒山5 a生沙棘×山桃混交林与山桃纯林系统的土壤养分状况。结果发现,山桃×沙棘混交林土壤有机质和氮素有明显的提高。在林木根系活动层40—60 cm范围土壤有机质、氮素增量高于山桃纯林,土壤速效磷增幅较小,土壤速效钾有少量增加。     

矮生一串红无机基质生根培养试验

对矮生一串红组培生根阶段不同培养基及植物激素的影响,无机基质与有机基质培养效果进行了比较研究。结果表明,矮生一串红生根培养最适培养基为1/4MS NAA0．5;在生根培养中采用珍珠岩与蛭石的比例为1:2的无机基质能有效降低植株褐变程度,促进根系良好发育,提高移栽成活率。     

山桃幼苗响应镉胁迫的生理机制研究

为探究山桃(Amygdalus davidiana)幼苗响应镉(Cd)胁迫的生理机制,通过盆栽试验研究了山桃幼苗在10 mg·kg^-1Cd处理后1、15、30、90 d的生理响应和富集特征。结果表明,山桃幼苗叶片O2-·和丙二醛(MDA)相对含量随Cd处理时间的延长而上升,叶绿素a含量、叶绿素b含量、净光合速率(Pn)则逐渐降低。叶绿素a/b值在Cd处理后1~15 d上升,而在30~90 d下降,表明Cd处理前期对叶绿素b的影响较大,而后期主要影响叶绿素a的合成。Mg、Mn元素相对含量随Cd处理时间延长而显著降低,而Cu、Fe含量上升,表明Cd胁迫诱导的山桃幼苗叶绿素合成受限和Pn的降低与Mg、Mn的降低紧密相关,这是由于Mg、Mn分别参与叶绿素合成和光系统Ⅱ(PSII)反应过程。超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性在Cd处理1~15 d显著上升,30~90 d则逐渐降低;过氧化物酶(POD)活性则在处理1~15 d无显著性差异,在30~90 d显著上升;谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)和抗坏血酸(AsA)含量均随着Cd处理时间的延长显著上升;ATP硫酸化酶活性和半胱氨酸含量均随着Cd处理时间的延长而显著上升,硫醇代谢物非蛋白硫醇(NPT)和植物螯合素(PCs)在Cd处理前期(1~15 d)差异不显著,而在30 d后显著上升。综上,山桃幼苗在Cd处理前期主要发挥抗氧化酶(SOD、CAT)的功能,并促进抗氧化物质(GSH、AsA)的合成,而Cd处理后期,则以POD、GSH、AsA的功能为主,并增强NPT和PCs的合成,从而促进Cd向液泡中转移,这与Cd处理后期液泡中Cd含量增加的变化趋势一致。本研究结果为山桃可作为重金属植物修复材料提供了理论依据。     

陇东黄土高塬沟壑区山桃蓄水保土性能研究

山桃在平凉市各县(区)均有分布,是常见的乡土树种和重要的水土保持树种。对平凉市崆峒区十里铺林场和静宁县三合乡的山桃林进行观测,结果表明:山桃生长期较长,具有较强的耐旱性能和较高的造林成活率,且耐平茬,萌蘖力强,树冠对降雨的截留率为26.7%、最大截流雨量为0.94 t/hm2,枯落物层的持水率为188.51%、持水量为17.33t/hm2,120 cm土层内根量达4.98 t/hm2,有效地改善了土壤容重、孔隙度等物理性状,土壤有机质、氮、磷含量也有明显提高,林地土壤入渗速率远大于无林地,可有效减少坡面径流量、侵蚀量。     

黄土丘陵区山桃灌木林地土壤水分过耗与调控恢复

在黄土丘陵区的荒山荒坡采用工程整地措施 ,进行灌草合理布局与立体配置。研究结果表明 :山桃灌木林生长到第 4年 ,根系的分布深度达 3 2 0～ 3 60cm ,0～ 5 0 0cm土壤含水量比造林前降低了2 1～ 3 3个百分点 ,土壤干层厚度为 1 5 0cm ;生长到第 8年 ,根系的分布深度达 480cm以上 ,土壤干层由第4年 1 5 0cm扩大到 3 0 0cm ,含水量最低为 4 2 % ,最高为 8 4% ;生长的第 1 2年土壤干层明显 ,尤其是 5 0～40 0cm土壤含水量最低为 5 0 % ,最高为 8 6% ,土壤干层厚度达 3 5 0cm ;生长的第 1 6年土壤干层的分布深度在 5 0～ 3 5 0cm ,土壤含水量最低为 4 3 % ,最高为 6 6% ,土壤干层厚度达 3 0 0cm。但通过水平阶、水平沟和鱼鳞坑整地调控 ,0～ 1 0 0cm土壤含水量分别比荒山提高 0 7～ 6 3个百分点 ;1 0 0～ 3 0 0cm提高 0 6～ 4 6个百分点 ;3 0 0～ 5 0 0cm提高 1 4～ 4 6个百分点 ,这充分表明采用合理的整地措施造林 ,土壤水分调控效果显著。     

不同外源激素处理对桦叶四蕊槭扦插生根的影响

[目的]研究不同外源激素类型、不同浓度水平以及不同直径插穗对桦叶四蕊槭扦插生根的影响,为探寻高效繁殖体系以及为人工栽培和园林生产提供科学指导。[方法]利用扦插试验和统计分析方法开展研究。[结果](1)经过吲哚乙酸(IAA),吲哚丁酸(IBA),萘乙酸(NAA)和赤霉素(GA)这4种外源激素处理的插穗扦插生根率,均明显高于对照,其中IBA处理的效果最好;(2)在0~400mg/L这4个水平浓度中,IAA,IBA,NAA和GA分别在50,200,50,50mg/L时,所处理的插穗扦插达到其各自生根率的最大值;(3)粗插穗(D≥7mm)的平均生根率最高,达54%,其中以200mg/L的IBA处理效果最好,生根率达到77%。[结论]桦叶四蕊槭扦插生根的最优组合为,9月上旬,选用直径D≥7mm的插穗,用200mg/L的IBA处理。     

辐照山茶扦插生根特性研究

以12个山茶种和品种的嫩枝插条为材料,对60Co辐照山茶扦插生根特性进行了研究。结果表明,山茶扦插成活率在辐照剂量为5、10或15Gy时升高,部分高于对照,在20、25Gy时明显降低,且远低于对照。辐照的山茶扦插生根的根数和长度不完全一致,随剂量升高呈先升高再降低的趋势或波动性变化;5~15Gy为适宜辐照剂量,在此范围内,平均根数、平均根长和最长根长均达最大值,且高于对照。     

观赏向日葵丛生芽增殖、生根及离体成花

本文以观赏向日葵品种‘富阳’为供试材料，通过MS基本培养基添加不同植物生长调节剂试验，初步建立了适宜观赏向日葵无菌苗增殖、生根和离体成花培养条件。结果表明，MS＋低浓度BA对无菌苗增殖效果较佳，丛生芽增殖最适培养基为MS＋0．05mg／LBA；无菌苗生根率受营养水平影响，最适生根培养基为1／2MS；在离体条件下，低浓度BA可延缓植株衰老促进开花，最适开花培养基为MS＋0．05mg／LBA。花芽分化受GA3和PP333所抑制。本研究可为观赏向日葵遗传转化体系建立及转基因植株性状鉴定提供基础。     

苦丁茶组培苗的生根与移栽

正交试验表明 ,苦丁茶组培苗基内生根的主要影响因子是生长素 NAA,其次是培养基中大量元素的含量 ,其合适的生根配方是 1/ 4 MS+2 %蔗糖 +NAA 0 .1～ 0 .2 mg· L-1。加入活性炭反而抵消了 MAA的作用。蛭石是良好的扦插基质 ,用高浓度 NAA短时间处理切口 ,生根又快又好。苦丁茶生根苗移栽成活的关键是杀菌防病并遮阴保湿。以健壮无根苗直接一步移栽入土更简化了快繁工艺。     

柰园留草对柰园温湿度和柰果质量的影响

1999～2001年在古田县农科所红壤油柰母本园进行了果园留草对柰园温湿度和柰果质量影响的观测试验。结果表明：采用果园留草方式可调节和改善柰园的温湿度，有效地改善柰园生态环境，减轻久旱暴雨后的裂果率，有利于提高柰果的商品质量和经济效益。     

试管苗气培生根法的研究及其在工厂化育苗中的应用

本文提出毛白杨试管苗不需用培养基仅以饱和湿度空气为介质进行生根的新方法，即：气培生根法，从而命名传统的组培生根程序得以简化。气培生根无需严格灭菌并能在试管之外完成，生根苗适应外环境能力增强，移栽成活率高。气培生根用于工厂化微繁育苗能显著地提高繁殖系数和生产效率，并能使试管苗的成本下降35%以上。庶糖溶液和CO₂对茎段生根有明显地促进作用。     

春小麦穗发芽的化学控制初探

于春小麦各生育期(起身期、孕穗期、开花后10d、开花后18d、开花后25d)选用不同浓度6种植物生长调节化学药剂研究了化学控制穗发芽的可能性。结果表明,在保留现有春小麦品种的前提下,可采用化学药剂控制穗发芽,其中顺丁烯二酸马来酰肼(MH)效果最好,低浓度的α-萘乙酸(α-IAA)亦可抑制穗发芽,NaHSO₃一定程度上可减轻穗发芽损失。     

Pb,Zn对超富集植物(小鳞苔草)抗氧化酶活性的影响

通过人工气候箱盆栽实验,研究Pb,Zn及其复合胁迫对小鳞苔草(Carex gentilisFranch.)根和叶中SOD,POD及CAT活性的影响。结果表明:叶片SOD活性随Pb和Zn浓度增加均呈缓慢上升趋势,根部SOD则表现为有升有降的过程,Pb Zn复合处理可提高根部和叶片SOD活性,最高分别为201.8 U/gFW和233.1U/gFW。根部POD活性随Pb,Zn浓度增加均出现不同程度提高,但叶片POD活性呈有升有降的过程;根部和叶片POD在Pb Zn复合处理中活性增幅明显,最高分别为对照的7.47倍和1.49倍。根部和叶片中CAT在Pb,Zn及其复合处理中活性均受到不同程度的抑制。方差分析显示,Pb对根部3种酶活性影响显著;Zn对叶片POD活性影响显著;Pb Zn互作对植株体内POD和根部SOD影响极显著。经综合分析,小鳞苔草在Pb,Zn及其复合胁迫条件下,SOD和POD起主要作用,并具有耐Pb高浓度胁迫的抗氧化酶活性调控能力,可望在中国西部铅锌复合污染区植物修复中提供一种新资源。     

The effect of potassium soil amendments,trenching and foliar sprays on the mineral content,growth, yield and fruit quality of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) and prune (Prunus domestica L.)

Abstract

Potassium sulfate was applied to established, non‐irrigated, K deficient trees on fine textured soil by banding, placing in augered holes and injecting into the soil. Additional trees received a heavy compost mulch in early fall. Trenches were dug in the fall beside trees to break roots and then were backfilled with K₂SO₄, dolomite lime or a combination of the two. One percent K solutions of KNO₃ or K₂SO₄ were sprayed on trees four times during the growth season.

Sweet cherry trees only responded to compost mulch applications within two years. August midshoot leaf K, leaf N and fruit size were increased within one year however tree growth and yield were not affected. Fruit size and shoot growth were partially dependent on August leaf K level.

August midshoot leaf K of prune trees was increased within one growing season by all treatments except trench plus lime. Trees receiving compost also had increased levels of leaf N, P, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu and B. Yield and shoot growth were increased only by compost mulch applications. Fruit size was partially dependent on August leaf K levels.     

The effects of pressure trunk injections of potassium on the mineral content,growth, yield and fruit quality of sweet cherry (Prunus avlum L.) and mineral content of prune (Prunus domestica L.)

Abstract

Fall trunk injections of 200 g K in K₂SO₄ solution or up to 300 g K in K₂HPO₄ solution had no effect on sweet cherry mid‐shoot leaf K in August. Phosphorus content was significantly increased in buds in March and midshoot leaves in August one year by fall injection of K₂HPO₄ (79.2 g P).

Spring trunk injections of 12.5 g K (K₂S04 or K₂HPO₄) in prune increased leaf K within four days and K levels remained higher than controls for at least 22 days with K₂SO₄ Leaf P was increased within four days by K₂HPO₄ and was higher than controls in August.

Fruit set in sweet cherry was significantly lower on trees injected with 200 g K (K₂S0₄) and 300 g K (K₂HPO₄). Yield was significantly lower for all injection treatments and was probably caused at least in part by reduced fruit set. Fruit quality was not affected by K injections.     

Using arbuscular mycorrhiza to alleviate the stress of soil compaction on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth

Since large areas of agricultural fields in the world become compacted every year, much effort has been made to reduce the adverse effects of soil compaction on plant growth. Mechanical methods to control soil compaction may be laborious and expensive; however, biological methods such as using arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) may be more useful, economically and environmentally. The objectives of this study were: (1) to evaluate the effects of soil compaction on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth, and (2) to evaluate if using AM of different origin can reduce the stressful effects of soil compaction on wheat growth. Unsterilized and sterilized soils, different levels of compaction and three species of arbuscular mycorrhiza were applied in four replicates. The experiments were conducted in the Soil and Water Research Institute, Karaj, Iran. Soil physical and chemical properties were determined. The AM increased wheat growth in both soils at different levels of soil compaction in both experiments. For root, shoot (P=0.1) and grain (P=0.05) dry weights increases were significant. AM enhanced root growth more than shoot growth under compaction (AM resulted in significant increase in root/shoot ratios, P=0.1). Due to its unique characteristics, AM may reduce the stressful effects of soil compaction on wheat growth, though its effectiveness may decrease with increasing compaction.     

Effects of soil compaction and arbuscular mycorrhiza on corn (Zea mays L.) nutrient uptake

Soil compaction is of great importance, due to its adverse effects on plant growth and the environment. Mechanical methods to control soil compaction may not be economically and environmentally friendly. Hence, we designed experiments to test the hypothesis that use of plant symbiotic fungi, arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) may alleviate the stressful effects of soil compaction on corn (Zea mays L.) growth through enhancing nutrient uptake. AM continuously interact with other soil microorganisms and its original diversity may also be important in determining the ability of the fungi to cope with the stresses. Hence, the objectives were: (1) to determine the effects of soil compaction on corn nutrient uptake in unsterilized (S1) and sterilized (S2) soils, and (2) to determine if inoculation of corn with different species of AM with different origins can enhance corn nutrient uptake in a compacted soil. Using 2 kg weights, soils (from the field topsoil) of 10 kg pots were compacted at three and four levels (C1, C2, C3 and C4) (C1 = non-compacted control) in the first and second experiment, respectively. Corn (cv. 704) seeds were planted in each pot and were inoculated with different AM treatments including control (M1), Iranian Glomus mosseae (M2), Iranian G. etunicatum (M3), and Canadian G. mosseae, received from GINCO (Glomales In Vitro Collection), Canada (M4). Corn leaf nutrient uptake of N, P, K, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu were determined. Higher levels of compaction reduced corn nutrient uptake, however different species of AM and soil sterilization significantly increased it. The highest increase in nutrient uptake was related to P (60%) and Fe (58%) due to treatment M4S2C3. Although it seems that M3 and M4 may be the most effective species on corn nutrient uptake in a compacted soil, M2 increased nutrient uptake under conditions (C3 and C4 in unsterilized soil) where the other species did not. Through increasing nutrient uptake AM can alleviate the stressful effects of soil compaction on corn growth.     

尿素与除草剂甲基二磺隆复合处理对紫苏生理特性和产量的影响

为探讨尿素与甲基二磺隆对紫苏光合特性指标和籽粒产量的影响,本试验研究了适宜紫苏生长的最佳除草、施肥条件,对六叶期紫苏幼苗先后喷施尿素(0、1、2、4、8 g·L-1)和甲基二磺隆(0、0.175、0.35、0.7、1.4 mL·L-1)处理.结果表明,甲基二磺隆显著降低紫苏叶片的叶绿素含量指数,净光合速率和气孔导度也均不同程度降低,胞间CO2浓度升高,说明甲基二磺隆降低了紫苏的光合作用;叶绿素荧光分析显示,除草剂甲基二磺隆显著降低了光化学荧光淬灭系数、PSⅡ最大光化学效率、PSⅡ潜在活性及PSⅡ实际光化学效率,而非光化学淬灭系数则呈上升趋势.表明紫苏在甲基二磺隆处理下发生了光抑制,同时叶绿体的PSⅡ正常功能受阻;8 g·L-1的尿素处理效果相同;而1 ～4g·L-1浓度的尿素处理则效果相反.1 ～4 g·L-1的尿素和不同浓度的甲基二磺隆先后处理,比单用甲基二磺隆处理效果好,先施4 g·L-1的尿素,后施0.7 mL·L-1甲基二磺隆为最佳处理方案,能显著提高紫苏的光合速率,并使其光系统Ⅱ维持较高的光化学效率.该施药模式可为紫苏田平衡除草施肥和安全高产提供理论基础.     

锌铬复合污染对水稻根系抗氧化酶活性的影响

为了研究水稻在金属复合污染条件下的适应过程,该文就成都平原两种常见的重金属污染元素(锌、铬)对土壤复合处理后,进行水稻盆栽试验.结果表明,锌铬复合污染条件下,在水稻不同生育期,水稻根系3种抗氧化酶(SOD,POD和CAT)活性随锌、铬浓度的增加而表现出不同的变化趋势.在水稻分蘖期,随铬浓度的增加,水稻根系SOD活性和POD活性呈先降后升的变化趋势;随锌浓度的增加,水稻根系SOD活性和POD活性呈升高的趋势;而水稻根系CAT活性则随锌、铬浓度的增加呈一定的降低趋势.在水稻孕穗期,随锌、铬浓度的增加,水稻根系SOD活性呈先降后升的变化趋势,POD活性及CAT活性则呈降低的趋势.在水稻灌浆结实期,水稻根系SOD、POD及CAT活性均呈一定的降低趋势.水稻籽粒产量随锌、铬浓度的增加呈降低的趋势.锌、铬浓度对水稻籽粒产量产生了复合效应,并与水稻籽粒产量有极显著的线性回归关系.这表明水稻通过调节自身的生理代谢能提高对锌铬复合污染的生态适应性,这能为培育适合重金属污染地区生长的水稻品种提供理论基础.