崀山丹霞地貌区天然常绿阔叶林群落物种多样性研究

 采用样方法采集数据,以重要值为测度指标,以丰富度指数D2、Simpsom指数D1、Shannon-Wiener指数H′、Sheldon均匀度指数JSW和Pielou均匀度指数E为测度指数,研究了崀山丹霞地貌14个天然常绿阔叶林群落物种多样性。结果表明:1)在相似生境中,随着群落演替至亚顶极阶段,物种多样性的变化趋势是增加的,顶极群落中,生境变优,灌、草层物种多样性的变化趋势为增加,而乔木层无明显变化规律;2)群落物种多样性随海拔的变化,除一般常见的变化模式外,还出现一种双峰曲线模式;3)H′较D1,E较JSW具有较高的敏感度。D1与H′在描述群落乔、灌、草,H′与E、D1与E、JSW与E在描述乔木,JSW与E在描述草本之间物种生物多样性上有相似的作用。表明:丹霞地貌中海拔、生境和演替影响植物群落物种多样性,H′、D1JSW与E能单独表达丹霞地貌群落物种多样性。     

不同干扰方式对东北山地沼泽土壤肥力的影响

 通过样地法对小浪底水库库区山地生态系统不同群落间的Shannon-Wiener指数(H′)、Simpson指数(D1)、Margalef物种丰富度(D2)、种间相遇概率(P)和Pielou均匀度指数(Jsw)等多样性指数进行研究,利用统计方法分析不同群落的物种多样性指数与其所处环境的关系。结果表明:1)物种多样性指数和丰富度指数与群落类型有密切关系,同一类型的群落中,多样性指数随演替时间表现出复杂的关系;2)土壤含水量对H′、P、Jsw、D1等呈极显著的正相关性,土壤厚度与H′、D1、P呈显著正相关性;多样性指数与坡度无相关性;土壤有机质、速效氮、速效磷等养分指标与多样性指数H′、D1有显著的正相关;3)多样性指数H′与乔木、灌木群落生物量表现为正相关关系,草本群落与D1相关性不显著;4)乔木林群落的恢复时间与Jsw、H′呈正相关关系,其余多样性指数(P、D1、D2)与恢复时间关系不显著(P>0.05);恢复时间每增加10a,群落物种数平均增加约6种;5)物种多样性指数H′与灌木的盖度和高度呈极显著正相关性;有些单优群落随高度增加和盖度提高,多样性指数反而表现出降低;6)草本植物群落的高度和盖度与物种丰富度指数D2与呈显著的负相关关系,与H′相关性不显著。     

典型退化山地生态系统植被恢复阶段分类——以小浪底库区山地为例

 在调查黄河小浪底山地植物物种多样性指数和海拔、坡度、坡向、土壤状况等环境因素的基础上,采用主成分分析的方法对生态因子进行筛选,根据影响因子的作用大小,采用聚类分析的方法对样地进行群落恢复进程的分类,利用判别分析技术建立各恢复阶段的判别公式。结果表明:1)研究区植物群落可以划分为15种类型,其中乔木群落4个,灌草群落6个,草本群落5个;2)土壤和地形等环境因子、土壤流失等生态因子对多个公共因子都有较大的载荷。多样性指数H′/sup>,D1,P,Jsw,D2等在第1主分量上、石砾含量在第2主分量上、土壤流失程度、土壤厚度以及坡向和土壤类型在第2、第3主分量上都有较大载荷,海拔在3个主分量上载荷都较小;3)黄河小浪底山地植被恢复期可以分为4个恢复阶段:恢复初期阶段,其群落占27%;进展阶段,其群落占40%;恢复中期阶段,其群落占20%;恢复稳定阶段,其群落占13%;4)所建立的判别模型是可靠的,在判识植被恢复阶段有显著效果。     

宁夏盐池县不同荒漠化治理措施植物多样性研究

 分析不同荒漠化治理措施下植物多样性变化,可以为制定防沙治沙对策和措施提供基础数据。采用α多样性指数(ShannonWiener指数、Simpson指数、群落均匀度指数Jsw和Js)和β-多样性指数(相似性系数Cs),研究宁夏盐池县草原群落在不同荒漠化治理措施(人工封育、退耕还林、撂荒地)固定样地植物多样性变化。对比2002和2003年不同类型固定样地植物多样性观测数据表明,到2003年,各实验样地的α-多样性指数均有不同程度的提高;β-多样性的研究结果同样表明,不同治理措施实验样地的种类组成,已经发生了一定的变化。此外,还进一步分析了引起植物多样性变化的主要原因。     

希拉穆仁草原不同放牧强度对植被群落特征和土壤团聚体的影响

[目的] 为探究草原不同放牧强度下植被群落的改变,解析群落特征变化对土壤团聚体的影响。[方法] 以希拉穆仁荒漠草原控制放牧试验区为研究对象,采用野外调查、室内分析相结合的方法,分析轻度放牧(LG)、中度放牧(MG)、重度放牧(HG)和禁牧(CK)下植被群落特征和土壤团聚体特征及二者的关系,揭示植物群落变化对土壤团聚体的影响。[结果] (1)植物群落物种数随放牧强度的增加而增加,LG的群落Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H'')和Simpson优势度指数(D)显著低于其他放牧强度(p＜0.05)。地上生物量随放牧强度的增加而降低,HG的地上生物量显著低于其他放牧强度(p＜0.05)。不同放牧强度下地下生物量差异显著,且不同土层的地下生物量均以LG最高。(2)平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)的变化趋势与大团聚体含量一致,在0—5, 5—10 cm土层表现为随放牧强度的增加先增加后降低再增加(LG最高、MG最低)。(3)群落Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H'')、Pielous均匀度指数(J'')、地上生物量、容重是影响大团聚体含量、MWD和GMD的显著性因子(p＜0.05)。[结论] 放牧强度对土壤团聚体稳定性具有负反馈调节作用,主要通过影响植被群落多样性指数(H''和J'')、地上生物量、土壤容重的变化而引起土壤团聚体稳定性的变化。该结果为希拉穆仁草原放牧强度选择及生态恢复工作提供理论支撑和科学依据。     

宁东矿区天然植物群落特征及其与土壤理化性质的关系

[目的] 研究宁东矿区天然植物群落特征与土壤理化性质的关系,为宁东矿区植被重建过程中植物种的选择提供科学依据。[方法] 以宁东矿区6种典型的天然植物群落和土壤为研究对象,采用野外调查结合室内试验的方法,对比分析不同群落的植物群落特征及其与土壤理化性质的关系。[结果] 宁东矿区6种天然植物群落共调查到植物55种,隶属于15科48属,集中分布于菊科、豆科、藜科和禾本科4科。细枝岩黄耆（Hedysarum scoparium）+柠条锦鸡儿（Caragana korshinskii）—白莲蒿（Artemisia sacrorum）群落灌木层植被盖度和高度在6个群落中均最高,其数值分别为48%和202.54 cm,灌木物种柠条锦鸡儿在其中5个群落中均有分布且生长良好。灌木层Patrick丰富度指数与土壤碱解氮、砾石含量、速效钾和有机质呈正相关,与pH值呈负相关;草本层植物种Patrick丰富度指数与土壤有机质、田间持水量和速效磷呈正相关关系。[结论] 宁东矿区煤矸石山植被重建时,对于覆土土质为壤质砂土或砂质壤土,优先选择柠条锦鸡儿、细枝岩黄耆、黑沙蒿（Artemisia ordosica）和沙拐枣（Calligonum mongolicum）等灌木树种;覆土土质为少砾质砂土时选沙冬青（Ammopiptanthus mongolicus）和柠条锦鸡儿;覆土土质为多砾质砂土时可选藏锦鸡儿（Caragana tibetica）、裸果木（Gymnocarpos przewalskii）和胡枝子（Lespedeza bicolor）等灌木物种。土壤容重对灌木物种多样性贡献率较大,土壤田间持水量和有机质对草本植物多样性贡献率较大。     

福建典型茶园土壤真菌群落特征对不同活性有机碳组分的影响

选择福鼎市白琳镇、磻溪镇、管阳镇、太姥山镇和点头镇5个乡镇典型茶园土壤作为研究对象,分析茶园土壤中真菌群落特征及其对不同活性有机碳组分的影响。结果表明：①茶园土壤中易氧化态有机碳(EOC)、微生物生物量碳(MBC)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)含量均值分别为6.11 mg/g、200.85 mg/kg和68.27 mg/kg,EOC/SOC、MBC/SOC、DOC/SOC占比均值分别为34.05%、1.14%、0.42%;②茶园土壤真菌群落OTU数为点头镇>白琳镇>管阳镇>太姥山镇>磻溪镇,其中优势菌门为子囊菌门(Ascomycota)和担子菌门(Basidiomycota),优势菌属为原隐球菌属(Saitozyma)、被孢霉属(Mortierella)和Pleuroascus,不同茶园土壤中的真菌群落组成结构相似,但真菌多样性指数差异显著(P<0.05);③真菌群落多样性特征方面,EOC、DOC含量与真菌群落多样性存在显著相关性(P<0.05);在真菌群落组成结构方面,Pleuroascus、Cpronia、Chloridum、Cladophialophora相对丰度与DOC、MBC含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05),Moritierella、Westerdykella相对丰度与DOC、MBC含量呈显著负相关(P<0.05);在真菌群落功能预测方面,腐生营养型真菌对土壤不同活性有机碳组分的积累影响显著。     

乌兰布和沙漠降水量对典型灌木群落结构及多样性的影响

[目的]分析降水量对乌兰布和沙漠植被群落结构特征及多样性变化的影响,为乌兰布和沙漠植被保护与植物资源持续利用提供理论依据。[方法]应用2011—2013年固定样方调查数据和同期降水量资料,对乌兰布和沙漠典型灌木群落结构及物种多样性与年降水量的变化相关性进行分析。[结果]降水量对3个典型灌木群落物种数及分科有显著影响。降水量增加,驼绒藜群落物种数增加了5种(新增加2个科别),霸王群落物种数增加了12种(新增加2个科别),四合木群落物种数增加了12种(新增加6个科别);降水量对驼绒藜群落、霸王群落、四合木群落中1年生草本与多年生草本影响最大,对灌木与半灌木影响不大;降水量的增加提高了3个典型灌木群落物种丰富度与物种多样性,有效增加了四合木群落与驼绒藜群落的相似性,减小了两个群落之间的生境差异;降水量与3个典型灌木群落物种数、盖度、丰富度指数(R)、均匀度指数(E)、多样性指数均呈正相关关系,且相关系数均大于0.600 0。[结论]研究区内降水量对3个典型灌木群落物种数、盖度、丰富度指数、均匀度指数和多样性指数均具有显著影响。     

不同生态修复措施对藏东南工程边坡植被重建的作用

[目的] 评价青藏高原派墨公路生态恢复过程中环境因素对边坡植物群落的影响,为藏东南工程扰动区生态恢复计划提供理论依据。[方法] 以藏东南新修派墨公路为研究对象,基于沿线边坡生态恢复植物群落调查,分析群落盖度、物种多样性指数(Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数、Pielou均匀度指数)、群落加权性状值(比叶面积、叶干物质含量、叶氮含量、叶磷含量)与环境变量(海拔、修复措施)的关系,探究当前恢复重建植物群落对环境变量及工程措施的响应。[结果] ①海拔显著影响Margalef丰富度指数、叶干物质含量(p＜0.05); ②高强度的措施显著提高群落盖度、比叶面积、叶氮含量(p＜0.05),但对叶磷含量有显著负向作用(p＜0.05); ③人为高度干预的SJP技术能够显著增加高海拔植物的叶干物质含量,对群落修复效果总体较好。[结论] 海拔高度和修复措施是派墨公路沿线边坡植物群落恢复的主要影响因素。随着海拔升高,植被自然恢复难度增大。应加大人为修复措施强度,避免引起高寒地区生态退化。     

河西走廊中部人工沙漠植被典型群落物种的多样性

[目的]揭示河西走廊中部人工沙漠植被典型群落物种多样性研究,为干旱沙漠地区的生态恢复和人工植被建设及沙区植被多样性的恢复与重建提供理论依据。[方法]基于对甘肃省张掖市临泽县治沙站人工沙漠典型群落物种多样性进行调查。运用Simpson和Shannon-Wiener物种多样性指数,Margalef物种丰富度指数,Simpson物种优势度指数和Pielou物种均匀度指数计算。[结果]灌木群落具有较高的丰富度指数和多样性指数,而草本群落具有较高的均匀度指数;物种多样性指数、丰富度指数变化趋势基本一致,而均匀度指数则呈相反趋势;β多样性与α多样性反应结果一致;丰富度指数与多样性指数、均匀度指数之间存在极显著的相关性,植物多样性与土壤结皮层厚度呈正比,与土壤含水量高低影响不大。[结论]灌木以梭梭—白刺群落为优势群落,草本以雾冰藜—白茎盐生草群落为优势群落,具有物种组成简单,多样性较低的特点,群落在植物生活型上以旱生、超旱生或盐生的小灌木和1年生草本植物占主导地位。     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal community structure and diversity in response to 3-year conservation tillage management in a sandy loam soil in North China

Purpose

Modern agricultural science has greatly reduced the use of tillage. Monitoring conservation versus conventional tillage effects on soil microbes could improve our understanding of soil biochemical processes and thus help us to develop sound management strategies. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of conservation tillage on the spore community structure and the diversity of soil arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and to find out the main factors that influence these parameters.

Materials and methods

A long-term field experiment established in a sandy loam soil in Northern China has received continuous tillage management treatments for 3?years, including conventional tillage (CT), no tillage (NT), and alternating tillage (AT). Topsoil samples (0?C15?cm) from four individual plots per treatment were collected for the analysis of chemical properties and fungal parameters. AM fungal spores were isolated using the wet-sieving method and identified to species level based on morphology by light microscopy. The community structure and the diversity of AM fungi were evaluated using the following parameters: spore density, relative abundance, species richness, Shannon?CWiener index (H??), evenness (E), and Simpson's index (D). Jaccard index (J) of similarity was calculated to compare AM fungal species composition under different treatments.

Results and discussion

Twenty-eight species of AM fungi within four genera, Glomus, Acaulospora, Scutellospora, and Entrophospora, were recovered from the 12 plots within the three tillage management treatments. Higher spore density, species richness, and species diversity (H??, E, and D) of AM fungi were observed in the two conservation tillage treatments, and the redundancy analysis showed that the species richness significantly correlated to soil organic carbon content (P?<?0.05). The positive effects of NT and AT on the species richness were very close, while the AT had relatively greater beneficial impacts on the spore density and the evenness of AM fungi compared to the NT. The lowest Jaccard index (J) of similarity in species composition was also observed between the AT and CT treatments.

Conclusions

Soil organic carbon, the spore density, and species richness and diversity of AM fungi increased in the two conservation tillage treatments. The species richness of AM fungi significantly correlated to soil organic carbon content (P?<?0.05). Compared with the CT treatment, the AT rather than the NT significantly increased the spore density and the evenness of AM fungi (P?<?0.05). Thus, alternating tillage practice may be more beneficial to agroecosystem in this region.     

黄土丘陵区不同坡向及坡位草本群落生物量及多样性研究

以黄土丘陵区纸坊沟流域内的大范家沟阴阳坡和拐沟阴坡坡面主要草本群落为研究对象,分析不同坡向及坡位的草本群落盖度、地上生物量及物种多样性关系。结果表明,阴坡草本群落的物种20多种,较阳坡高30%。阴阳坡面上草本群落生物量和盖度从坡下至坡上逐渐减小。在水分和养分条件好的地段均有灌木入侵。阳坡Margalef和Menhinick丰富度指数均随坡位升高而降低;而阴坡Mafgalef指数随坡位升高而降低,Menhinick指数却随坡位升高而增大;3个均匀度指数和多样性指数在阴阳坡均随坡位的升高而减小。不同坡位引起的植被盖度、Margalef丰富度指数和Alatalo均匀度指数存在显著差异（P〈0.05）。坡位与Margalef丰富度指数和Alatalo均匀度指数呈显著相关（P〈0.05）,与Shannon-wiener多样性指数呈极显著相关（P〈0.01）。描述或评价群落多样性、丰富度及均匀度时,应多选几个指标参数,避免单一指标带来的片面性。掌握草本群落自身喜阴阳特性、生境特征、植被组成及多样性特征,充分认识植被演替条件和演替规律,对指导该区植被和生态系统恢复与重建具有重要意义。     

Ant species richness and evenness increase along a metal pollution gradient in the Bolesław zinc smelter area

Ants are considered to be relatively resistant to metal pollution, but the effect of metal toxicity on ant communities is poorly understood. This work examined the relationship between ant species diversity and heavy metal pollution at 16 meadow and forest sites along a metal contamination gradient in a mining and smelting region near Olkusz, Poland. Menhinick's index was used to estimate species richness. Pielou's index of evenness (J), Simpson's index of diversity (D) and the slopes of rank-abundance curves were used to estimate of species evenness. Regardless of species composition differences between forest and meadow, the increase in species diversity with increasing metal pollution was very clear in both ecosystems. The more polluted the site, the more species were detected and the more similar in relative abundance they were. Consequently, the extent to which one or a few species dominated a community decreased. This result can be explained by indirect effects of metal pollution, that is, changes in species interactions rather than by changes in abiotic conditions.     

Response of soil multifractal characteristics and erodibility to 15-year fertilization on cropland in the Loess Plateau,China

Understanding the influence of long-term fertilization on the multifractal characteristics and erodibility of soil of cultivated land on the Loess Plateau of China could help prevent soil erosion and promote the sustainable development of agriculture. We collected 27 soil samples from 0 to20 cm layers of nine fertilizer treatments. Rényi spectrum (D_q) and singularity spectrum (?(α)) were applied to characterize soil particle-size distribution (PSD). The multifractal parameters of capacity dimension (D₀), entropy dimension (D₁), Hölder exponent of order zero (α₀), and erodibility K and anti-erodibility indices (aggregate state and degree) were used to determine the effect of fertilization on soil properties and erodibility. The multifractal models could characterize the PSDs in the various fertilizer treatments well. Treatments receiving manure had higher D₀, D₁, α₀, soil organic carbon (SOC) content, aggregate state and degree and lower erodibility. It was concluded that D₀, D₁, and α₀ could clearly discriminate among the various treatments, and the combined application of mineral fertilizers and organic manure greatly improved soil quality and structure of the cultivated land in the Loess Plateau. Furthermore, changes of multifractal parameters D₀, D₁, and α₀, especially D₁, was mainly due to the reduced soil erosion and the increase of SOC.     

Quinone profiling of bacterial populations developed in the surface layer of volcanic mudflow deposits from Mt. Pinatubo (the Philippines)

The diversity of bacterial populations developed in the surface layer (0-0.25 m depth) of volcanic mudflow deposits from the Mt. Pinatubo volcano (the Philippines) was investigated using quinone profiling. Samples were collected from sites (named N and S1) that had been hit repeatedly by mudflows during successive rainy seasons after the violent eruption of 1991 and also from sites (F1 and F3) covered by mudflow in 1991 but with no deposition in following years. The total microscopic count ranged from 10⁸ g⁻¹ (N and S1 sites) to 3.9×10⁹ g⁻¹(site F3). In the N sample only three quinone species were detected, while the quinone profiles of samples from sites S3 and F3 showed higher diversity. Tetrahydrogenated menaquinone with eight isoprenoid units [MK-8 (H₄)] was the predominant quinone species in the sample from site N, while MK-8, MK-8 (H₂), MK-8 (H₄), MK-9 (H₄) and MK-9 (H₈) were found as major quinones in the sample from site F3. Because these MK species are known to be the major respiratory quinones of the Actinobacteria, this bacterial group is expected to predominate in the land with primary vegetation recovery following the impact of the volcanic mudflow.     

Catabolic and genetic microbial indices,and levels of nitrate,ammonium and organic carbon in soil from the black locust (<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Robinia pseudo-acacia</Emphasis>) and tulip poplar (<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Liriodendron tulipifera</Emphasis>) trees in a Pennsylvania forest

Soil samples were collected from the upper soil horizon within 4 m of black locust ( Robinia pseudo-acacia) and tulip poplar trees ( Liriodendron tulipifera) from the same mixed forest in south-central Pennsylvania. The soil samples were analyzed for organic C levels, pH, NO₃ ^-, NH₄ ⁺, catabolic diversity (Shannon diversity index; catabolic H), catabolic evenness (Simpson-Yule index; catabolic E), genetic H, and genetic E. The catabolic H and genetic H of microbes in these soils were found to correlate well with the levels of mineralized N, organic C, and pH. Significant variations in these parameters were found between the soils from near black locust and tulip poplar trees. Conditions in the soil near the black locust trees were more favorable to nitrification as indicated by the elevated pH, organic C, NO₃ ^-, and total mineral N levels, along with lower NH₄ ⁺ levels. The microbial genetic H and E were greater and the catabolic H and E were lower in the black locust soils than in the tulip poplar soils. This suggests that a more specialized environment exists in the soil near the black locust trees which selects for enhanced nitrification and the use of fewer, but preferred catabolic pathways by a more genetically diverse group of microbes that grow to a greater biomass. Conversely, the soils from near the tulip poplar trees are such that they do not select for some dominant catabolic pathways, rather they allow for the use of a greater variety of catabolic pathways by a less diverse microbial population, which appear to grow to a lower biomass. We believe that the combined application of the microbial genetic and catabolic diversity analyses, microbial biomass estimates, and traditional physico-chemical characteristics in soil studies provides information not easily available that can be useful during assessment of soil processes in different terrestrial habitats.