Observations on gall midges of white and red clover

Samenvatting In deze publikatie worden de resultaten vermeld van een onderzoek naar de galmugfauna van rode en witte klaver in Nederland. Laboratoriumproeven en veldwaarnemingen hebben uitgewezen, datDasyneura gentneri Pritchard,D. leguminicola (Lintner) enTricholaba trifolii Rübs. zich voeden ten koste van het zich ontwikkelende klaverzaad. Hun optreden is echter niet van economische betekenis voor de teelt van klaverzaad in Nederland. Dasyneura trifolii (F. Loew) verwekt bladgallen op witte klaver, maar door deze aantasting worden de planten niet in hun normale groei belemmerd. De larven vanLestodiplosis pallidicornis Kieffer en vanPhaenobremia aphidivora (Rübs.) zijn roofvijanden; zij voeden zich respectivevelijk met larven van allerlei andere galmugsoorten en met bladluizen, die op rode en witte klaver leven. De soortenAmetrodiplosis sp.,Clinodiplosis sp. enIsodiplosis deutera Milne f.n.sp. leven in de bloemhoofdjes van rode klaver, maar hun juiste levenswijze is nog niet bekend.Milne (1960) enBarnes (1946) vermelden van witte en rode klaver in Engeland nog de soortenBrachyneura squamigera (Winnertz),Campylomyza ormerodi (Kieffer),Clinodiplosis leguminicola Milne enGiardomyia britannica Milne. Deze soorten werden door ons in Nederland tijdens het onderzoek niet gevonden.Deze publikatie vermeldt verder bijzonderheden inzake de levenswijze, de morfologie en de ontwikkelingscyclus van de behandelde galmugsoorten, terwijl ook aandacht is besteed aan hun economische betekenis voor de teelt van witte en rode klaver in Nederland.     

灌溉方式对红富士苹果根系活力和新梢生长及果实产量质量的影响

为了筛选适合太行山片麻岩山地果园的节水灌溉方式,以长富2苹果为试材,研究了滴灌、微喷、小管出流、大水漫灌和不灌5个灌溉方式下红富士苹果根系活力、新梢生长、果实产量和品质。结果表明,在滴灌、微喷和小管出流的灌溉总量比大水漫灌减少了54.2%、53.1%、54.8%的情况下,小管出流根系活力在6月22日达到最高,为276.20μg/(g.h),滴灌、大水漫灌和微喷根系活力在7月21日达到最高,不灌根系活力在5月20日最高,以后随处理时间的延长逐渐降低,小管出流根系活力均值为260.19μg/(g.h),显著高于其它处理;大水漫灌、微喷、滴灌、小管出流、不灌5个处理在9月底新梢长度分别为60.86、48.25、40.84、41.653、1.81 cm;大水漫灌的单株产量最高,为50.33 kg,与小管出流和滴灌无显著差异,小管出流的糖酸比最高,为44.28,极显著高于其它处理。说明在太行山片麻岩山地果园,小管出流灌溉是能够使树体维持较高根系活力、平衡生长和保持较高产量和品质的较优节水灌溉方式。     

Effects of picloram on the synthesis of soluble plant proteins as determined by gel electrophoresis

Changes in soluble proteins synthesized in soybean (Glycine max L.), safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.), radish (Raphanus sativus L.), and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) treated with either growth promotive or inhibitory concentrations of picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) were determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing. A special gel mixture was developed which provided resolution of protein bands superior to that obtained by standard gel electrophoresis. Growth promotive concentrations of picloram caused both qualitative and quantitative alterations in the band patterns of soluble proteins of safflower, radish, and barley roots and shoots. Isoelectric focusing was applied for the separation and identification of soluble protein fractions from soybean and barley roots and shoots treated primarily with growth inhibitory concentrations of picloram (except for barley shoot tissues). More than 35 clear bands were distinguishable in a typical gel electrophoretogram for either soybean or barley tissue (4-day-old plants). Approximate pI values of the bands from barley root protein were determined from a pH gradient diagram. Protein band patterns of picloram-treated samples were changed qualitatively and quantitatively, in comparison with controls, mostly in the range above pI 6, and predominantly in the neutral and basic protein regions. Band patterns for 96-hr root samples treated with growth inhibitory concentrations of picloram were more similar to those from 48-hr (soybean) or 55-hr (barley) than 96-hr control seedlings. A quantitative decrease in intensity of a band which had the same pI value as that of RNase was noticed in both the treated samples and 2- or 3-day-old control seedlings.     

The ash wilt disease: A preliminary investigation of wood anatomy

A macroscopical, microscopical and SEM examination of wood samples, taken from diseased ash trees, was undertaken to probe into the cause of an ash wilt disease considered to be identical with dieback. The symptoms, particularly the obstruction of the vessels by tyloses and the occurrence of fungal hyphae in one specimen, bear a strong resemblance to those found in Dutch elm disease.Samenvatting Houtmonsters van zieke essen werden macroscopisch, microscopisch en met de SEM onderzocht om de oorzaak van de esseverwelkingsziekte op te sporen. Deze ziekte, ook wel aangeduid met essensterven, vertoont grote overeenkomsten met de in de Verenigde Staten van Amerika en in Groot-Brittanië al langer bekende ash dieback. De gevonden verschijnselen, in het bijzonder de verstopping van vaten door thyllen en het vóórkomen van schimmeldraden in een van de monsters, vertonen veel overeenkomsten met karakteristieke symptomen van de iepeziekte en van de eikeverwelking.     

Seasonal biology and management of the maple shoot borer, Proteoteras aesculana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in production nurseries

BACKGROUND: Proteoteras aesculana (Riley), a caterpillar that causes tip dieback and kills the central leader of maples, is an important nursery pest. The authors sought to develop a pheromone lure, use it to clarify the pest's seasonal biology, determine when and where infestations originate and extend the management window.RESULTS: Gas chromatography, electroantennographic detection and trapping showed that (Z)-dodec-8-en-1-ol (Z8-12:OH) is the major sex pheromone component. Flight began in March, peaking in early spring. Larvae developed during April and May, giving rise to moths active in late May and June. No additional larvae were found in maples following that flight. Sporadic moth captures occurred into November, suggesting that adults overwinter. Three parasitoid species, all new host records, were documented. A different tortricid, Episimus tyrius Heinrich, caused leaf-tying damage in late summer. Maples shipped from Oregon were free of shoot borers, refuting speculation that larvae overwinter in buds. One bifenthrin spray applied from just before bud break at onset of moth flight to just after peak flight when shoots had two pairs of leaves reduced infestation by 96-100%.CONCLUSION: Maples are infested soon after planting in Kentucky nurseries via eggs laid in early spring. The temporal window for preventive control is broader than previously thought. Copyright (c) 2008 Society of Chemical Industry.     

Foliar residue dynamics of azadirachtins following direct stem injection into white and green ash trees for control of emerald ash borer

BACKGROUND: Azadirachtins are natural insecticides derived from the neem tree. The emerald ash borer (EAB) is an exotic invasive insect pest that infests various ash tree species and has the potential for significant economic, aesthetic and ecological impacts throughout North America. The initial translocation and foliar residue dynamics of azadirachtins were examined following direct injection into white and green ash trees growing in urban scenarios as a potential control for EAB. RESULTS: Substantial concentrations of azadirachtins A and B [mean maxima > 0.98 mg kg^?1 fresh weight (f.w.)] were observed within 2 days of injecting a specifically designed formulation of azadirachtins. Foliar residues declined exponentially through time, with half‐life estimates ranging from 5.1 to 12.3 days. At the time of leaf senescence, foliar residue levels approximated 0.01 mg kg^?1 f.w., strongly mitigating the potential effects of non‐target biota in soil or aquatic compartments. CONCLUSION: The magnitude and duration of exposures observed in this field study were considered to be above the thresholds required for biological effectiveness against both larval and adult life stages of EAB. Results support the use of azadirachtins as an environmentally acceptable systemic insecticide for control of EAB and protection of high‐value ash trees in urban environments. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

上海市鸡爪槭枝干溃疡病病原菌鉴定

正鸡爪槭Acer palmatum又称鸡爪枫,是槭树科槭属落叶小乔木,为园林造景中的优良彩叶树种,种植广泛(徐廷志,1996)。近几年,本课题组在上海市鸡爪槭上发现一种新的枝干病害,在其小枝和主干上均有发生,导致枝干溃疡,严重时甚至导致植株枯萎死亡。目前关于鸡爪槭的病害研究较匮乏,国内还未见关于鸡爪槭枝干溃疡病的报道。为明确其病     

Complex formation of picloram and related chemicals with metal lons

The complex formation of metal ions with pyridine carboxylic acids was estimated with polarography and spectrophotometry. Picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid), α-picolinic acid, fusaric acid, dipicolinic acid, and quinolinic acid formed complexes with Fe(III) or Cu(II) whose coordination involves, most probably, a lone pair of electrons of pyridine nitrogen and a carboxylic group. Picloram-metal complexes were, however, estimated to be relatively unstable compared to other pyridine-α-carboxylic acids tested. Effects of pyridine carboxylic acids on oxidation of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) were tested in vitro in a horseradish protoheme peroxidase system. No significant effect of the pyridine carboxylic acids was observed at 2 × 10^?4M. Also, no concentration effect of picloram (10^?5 to 3 × 10^?3M) was obtained. These results suggest that the phytotoxic action of picloram may not result from the depletion of free metal ions in plants nor inhibition of activity of metal-containing enzymes through strong chelation as hypothesized. Thus, auxin activity of picloram should be explained in other wasy.     

Ultrastructural effects of formulated picloram on leaflets of velvet mesquite and catclaw acacia*

The effects of picloram formulated with a nonionic surfactant (X-77) and of the surfactant alone on the ultrastructure of leaf cells of velvet mesquite (Prosopis velutina Woot.) and catclaw [Acacia greggii var. ariznica (Gray) Isely] were examined The surfactant induced temporary protrusions from chloroplasts in both species. A proliferation of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) was noted in velvet mesquite within 8h of application of the herbicide and in catclaw with in 27 h. By 72h after treatment. both species exhibited distortions of organelles with more severe symptoms in catclaw. the species more sensitive to the herbicide Leaf abscission occurred subsequently and was more pronounced in catclaw than in mesquite_l It is known that RER proliferation is induced by ethylene and that ethylene evolution is stimulated by picloram. The present study suggests that the interaction between these two chemicals was similar in the two plant species studied.     

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer and emergence date on root and shoot competition between wheat and blackgrass

Competition between wheat and blackgrass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.) was studied in two experiments, where the effects of root competition and shoot competition were separated using an additive design. The effects of the following factors on root and shoot competition were investigated: weed density, N fertilizer, crop sowing date (October and November) and weed emergence date (October to April). Root competition generally affected the growth of both wheat and blackgrass more than did shoot competition, although shoot competition affected the survival of blackgrass more than did root competition. N fertilizer partially alleviated the effects of root competition, but did not affect shoot competition. Later sowing of either wheat or blackgrass, relative to the other, reduced the competitive ability of the later-sown species, particularly under conditions of root competition. Effets de la fertilisation azotée et de la date de levée sur la compétition racinaire et foliaire entre le ble et le vulpin La compétition entre du blé de printemps et du vulpin (Alopecurus myosuroïdes) a étéétudiée dans deux essais, ou les effets de la competition racinaire et de la compétition aérienne ont été séparés en utilisant un systéme additif. Les effets des facteurs suivant ont étéétudiées pour les deux sortes de compétition: densité d'adventices, fertilisation azotée, date de semis (octobre et novembre) et date de levée de l'adventice (octobre—avril). La compétition racinaire a affecté généralement la croissance du blé et du vulpin de façon plus conséquente que la compétition aérienne, bien que la compétition aérienne affectât plus la survie du vulpin que la compétition racinaire. La fertilisation azotée a partiellement réduit les effets de la compétition racinaire, mais n'a pas affecté la compétition aérienne. Le semis plus tardif, soit du blé, soit du vulpin, par rapport à l'autre, a réduit la competitivite de l'espéce semée le plus tardivement, spécialement sous les conditions de competition racinaire. Einfluß von Stickstoffdüngung und Keimperiode auf die Wurzel- und Sproβkonkurrenz zwischen Weizen und Acker-Fuchsschwanz Die Konkurrenz zwischen Sommerweizen und Acker-Fuchsschwanz (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.) wurde in 2 Versuchen untersucht, in denen mit einer additiven Versuchsanordnung die Wirkung der Wurzel- und der Sproßkonkurrenz unter den Faktoren Unkrautdichte, N- Düngung, Saatzeit (Oktober und November) und Keimperiode des Unkrauts (Oktober bis April) getrennt erfaßt wurde. Die Wurzelkonkurrenz beeinflußte das Wachstum sowohl des Weizens als auch des Acker-Fuchs schwanzes mehr als die Sproßkonkurrenz, während auf die Weiterentwicklung des Acker-Fuchsschwanzes die Sproßkonkurrenz mehr als die Wurzelkonkurrenz wirkte. Eine spätere Aussaat entweder des Weizens oder des Unkrauts verminderte die Konkurrenzkraft der später ausgesäten Art, besonders hinsichtlich der Wurzelkonkurrenz.     

外源ABA对苹果砧木叶片解剖结构 及内源激素含量的影响

通过光镜和透射电镜分别观察外源脱落酸（ABA）处理下楸子（Malus prunifolia）、平邑甜茶（M. hupehensis）和新疆野苹果（M. sieversii）叶片解剖结构及叶绿体超微结构的变化,利用扫描电镜和酶联免疫法分别研究ABA处理对叶片气孔特征及其内源激素含量的影响。结果表明：与对照相比,ABA处理下楸子、平邑甜茶和新疆野苹果的叶厚分别减少了7.93%、0.25%和0.81%,栅栏组织厚度分别减少了31.43%、8.53%和4.99%（P＜0.05）,海绵组织厚度分别增加了10.34%、6.14%和5.63%（P＜0.05）,叶肉组织结构疏松度（SR）分别增加了19.59%、6.55%和6.50%。ABA处理下楸子和平邑甜茶的栅栏组织/海绵组织厚度比值（P/S）及叶肉组织结构紧密度（CTR）较对照显著减少（P＜0.05）,其中,P/S值分别下降37.86%和13.82%,CTR分别下降25.46%和8.29%,而新疆野苹果的P/S值和CTR下降但不显著。此外,ABA处理下楸子和平邑甜茶的上表皮细胞厚度较对照分别增加了5.82%和6.43%,新疆野苹果的较对照减少了26.23%（P＜0.05）;楸子和新疆野苹果的下表皮细胞厚度较对照增加了12.09%和14.21%（P＜0.05）,平邑甜茶的较对照减少了12.56%。平邑甜茶和新疆野苹果叶片上下角质层厚度较对照显著增加（P＜0.05）,而楸子的变化不显著。在ABA诱导下,3种砧木的气孔密度、气孔大小（长度×宽度）及其开口度和开张比均不同程度地下降,其中,楸子的较对照分别下降了3.62%、7.12%×19.59%、67.60%和86.66%,平邑甜茶的分别下降了3.50%、4.99%×20.65%、32.42%和58.24%,新疆野苹果的分别下降了8.54%、0.92%×12.06%、20.37%和16.35%。ABA处理下3种砧木叶片细胞中叶绿体的数量变少,类囊体结构排列疏松,叶绿体上的淀粉粒趋于变小。外施ABA使3种砧木叶片内源ABA和玉米素核苷（ZR）的含量极显著增加（P＜0.01）,其中楸子ABA和ZR含量比对照分别增加30.83%和13.31%,平邑甜茶的分别增加62.40%和45.28%,而新疆野苹果的分别增加了37.07%和17.06%。楸子和新疆野苹果叶片的吲哚乙酸（IAA）和赤霉素（GA）含量无显著变化,而平邑甜茶叶片的IAA及GA含量比对照分别增加了62.62%和20.62%（P＜0.01）。总之,在ABA处理下,3种苹果砧木的叶片组织解剖结构和气孔特征都发生旱生性结构变化,叶肉细胞中淀粉粒趋于变小,叶片内源ABA和ZR水平增加显著,而IAA和GA水平变化因基因型不同而存在差异。     

Effect of concentration on the decomposition rates in soil of atrazine,linuron and picloram

The decomposition of atrazine, linuron and picloram when incubated with two soils at four levels of application was measured for periods of 3 or 4 months. The applicability of zero-order, half-order, first-order and Michaelis-Menten kinetics was considered. None of the equations described the breakdown rates adequately in spite of the apparent theoretical advantage for using an expression of the Michaelis-Menten type. In each case the rate of decomposition increased as the initial herbicide concentration decreased.     

Effects of fluazifop-butyl on shoot growth and rhizome buds of Elymus repens (L.) Gould

A series of glasshouse experiments was conducted to evaluate the activity of fluazifop-butyl, butyl 2-[4-(5-trifluoromethyl-2-pyridyloxy)phenoxy] propionate, against Elymus repens. Foliar applications of doses 0·25–1·0 kg ha^?1 consistently gave better control than did soil applications. The most obvious phytotoxic symptoms were chlorosis and necrosis, beginning with the youngest leaves 5–6 days after spraying, which spread to all leaves within 2 weeks. Translocation was measured by defoliating plants at different times after spraying and assessing regrowth and by evaluating rhizome-bud viability. At low doses (0·125 and 0·25 kg ha^?1) translocation to rhizomes occurred mainly between 6 and 48 h. When fluazifop-butyl was sprayed at a dose range of 0·125–1·0 kg ha^?1, at least 90% of the rhizome buds had accumulated a lethal dose within 72 h of spraying. In another experiment, with a dose of 0·25 kg ha^?1, 31, 72 and 92% of rhizome buds were found to be non-viable when sampled 2, 24 and 48 h respectively after spraying. At 1·0 kg ha^?1 all the buds had accumulated sufficient herbicide to prevent sprouting 48 h after spraying.     

Effects of root- and stolon-infecting fungi on root-colonizing nematodes of white clover

The effects on white clover ( Trifolium repens ) of different combinations of the nematodes Meloidogyne trifoliophila , Helicotylenchus dihystera and Heterodera trifolii and nine stolon-infecting and three root-infecting fungi were studied in a glasshouse experiment. The presence of the fungus Phytophthora megasperma alone increased ( P  < 0·001) root-rot severity and reduced ( P  < 0·001) plant growth. Other species combinations, such as Phoma nebulosa and Alternaria alternata , interacted and increased root-rot severity. Combinations of P. megasperma with Pythium irregulare , and P. nebulosa with Phoma medicaginis or A. alternata , increased M. trifoliophila populations. Several other fungi ( P. irregulare , P. nebulosa , Colletotrichum coccodes , Macrophomina phaseolina , P. medicaginis and Phoma sp.) interacted with the nematode M. trifoliophila causing severe root-knot symptoms. The results indicated that fungi and nematodes interacted to cause root and stolon rot and reduced yields, and that poor persistence of white clover in pastures is likely to be a problem with a complex etiology.     

Effects of soil application of fly ash on the fusarial wilt on tomato cultivars

A study was carried out in microplots to evaluate the effect of fly ash on the plant growth and yield of tomato cultivars, Pusa Ruby, Pusa Early Dwarf and New Uday, and on wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici . Fly ash was applied to soil by broadcast or in rows at the rate of 1, 2, 3 and 4 kg ash m-2 in place of inorganic fertilizers. In control plots, NPK (about 40 : 20 : 20 kg acre-1) and compost were added in place of fly ash. Ash application greatly increased the soil contents of P, K, B, Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn, carbonates, bicarbonates and sulphates. Plants grown in the ash-treated plots, especially at 3 or 4 kg dose, showed luxuriant growth and greener foliage, and plant growth and yield of the three cultivars were significantly increased in comparison with the plants grown in plots without fly ash. The wilt fungus, F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici at the inoculum level of 2 g plant-1 caused significant suppression of growth and yield in all three cultivars. Application of fly ash, however, checked the suppressive effect of the fungus, leading to a significant increase in the considered variables compared with the inoculated control. Soil population of the fungus (colony-forming units g soil-1) gradually decreased with an increase in ash dose. Row application was found to be relatively more effective in enhancing the yield of tomato cultivars and suppressing the wilt disease. The greatest increase in the yield of fungus inoculated and uninoculated plants due to broadcast or row application at 3 or 4 kg ash m-2 was recorded in tomato cv. Pusa Ruby (39 - 61 and 9 - 24%), followed by Pusa Early Dwarf (31 - 61 and 17 - 34%) and New Uday (21 - 35 and 4 - 22%).     

杨梅白腐病预防药剂的筛选与防治技术集成

杨梅白腐病是影响杨梅产量和品质的一个重要因素,研究该病害的防治技术,对于保障杨梅生产安全、增加农民收入具有重要意义。本文通过田间试验评价了7种药剂对杨梅白腐病的预防效果,结果表明,供试药剂对白腐病均有一定的防效。其中,6%寡糖·链蛋白WP、8%对氯苯氧乙酸钠SP和29%吡萘·嘧菌酯SC对白腐病的预防效果在80%以上;40%戊唑·腐霉利SC、38%吡唑·啶酰菌胺SC和35%氟菌·戊唑醇SC的预防效果在杨梅成熟前期较好,能达到80%以上,但持效性不长;13.3%抑霉唑硫酸盐SG的预防效果不佳,在杨梅成熟期阶段最高防效只有65.5%。建议在实际生产中预防杨梅白腐病选用6%寡糖·链蛋白WP、8%对氯苯氧乙酸钠SP和29%吡萘·嘧菌酯SC。平衡施肥、避雨栽培、疏花疏果和药剂防治相结合的综合防控技术可有效降低白腐病的发生危害。     

Influence of picloram on Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop, control with glyphosate

Low rates of picloram in mixture with glyphosate provided a rapid enhancement of the onset of injury to the shoots of Cirsium arvense (Canada thistle or creeping thistle) under field (0.07+1.0 and 0.07+1.5 kg ha^?1) and greenhouse (0.035+0.42 and 0.07+0.84 kg ha^?1) conditions. Picloram slightly reduced the amount of ¹⁴C-glyphosate absorbed at 24 and 48 but not 72 h after treatment. Movement of ¹⁴C-glyphosate from the treated leaves to the shoot apex, remainder of the shoot and roots was reduced in the presence of picloram. Necrosis of the treated leaves above the treated spots was evident, presumably indicating acropetal movement of either or both herbicides. With the picloram + glyphosate mixtures there was increased shoot regrowth over glyphosate alone at 1 year after treatment under field, and with certain mixtures at 18 days and 4 weeks after treatment under greenhouse conditions. Following application of the mixtures, accumulation of glyphosate in the shoots may be responsible for the enhanced onset of shoot injury while failure of enough glyphosate to translocate to, and cause death of, the roots may be responsible for the increased shoot regrowth over glyphosate alone.     

Distribution and persistence of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Verticillium dahliae</Emphasis> in the xylem of Norway maple and European ash trees

Verticillium dahliae colonizes the xylem vessels of susceptible host plants. Hence it can be expected that the distribution of the fungus as well as disease progress will be influenced by the anatomy of the xylem of that host. Here, we studied the spatial and temporal distribution of V. dahliae in relation to recovery from disease symptoms in young European ash (Fraxinus excelsior) and Norway maple (Acer platanoides) trees that differ in vascular anatomy. Quantifying the amount of V. dahliae DNA at different heights in the stem of inoculated trees at different time points after inoculation showed that, in the year of inoculation, the speed of colonization of these two species by V. dahliae was similar. Nevertheless, in the year after inoculation disease incidence and also quantities of V. dahliae detected in maple trees were significantly higher than in ash trees, suggesting that the xylem of ash trees is much less supportive for growth and survival of V. dahliae than that of maple trees. Moreover, in this second year V. dahliae could not be re-isolated from the wood of ash trees that had recovered from disease and was only rarely detected by PCR, only in xylem of the previous year and never in the current xylem. In contrast, V. dahliae easily was detected in the wood of diseased ash and maple trees. Furthermore, despite the presence of a layer of parenchyma cells between growth rings in ash trees, in symptomatic ash trees V. dahliae was present in the xylem of the new growth ring. We also observed that V. dahliae can move downward from the point of inoculation into the root collar, which possibly provides a way for infection of new growth rings by circumventing the physical barriers within the stem xylem.     

不同土壤水分下大豆根冠互作对产量和农艺性状的影响

为明确不同土壤水分下大豆根冠互作对产量和农艺性状的影响,为大豆抗旱育种提供理论依据,利用耐旱型品种辽豆14与干旱敏感型品种辽豆21进行相互嫁接,在结荚期设置正常供水(80%田间持水量)和水分胁迫(50%田间持水量,持续20 d)处理,成熟期测定主要农艺性状。试验结果表明,大豆地上部农艺性状和产量主要由地上部基因型决定,但水分胁迫下也会受到根系基因型的影响。正常供水与水分胁迫下,与辽豆21相比,辽豆14接穗的株高平均提高24.3%和14.8%,主茎节数分别平均提高19.6%和15.3%,分枝数分别平均提高60.2%和90.6%,单株生物量平均提高57.1%和87.1%,单株荚数平均提高70.0%和92.3%,分枝荚数平均提高159.9%和197.9%,分枝瘪荚率平均降低57.8%和60.4%,最终单株粒重平均提高19.9%和54.9%。与辽豆21自身嫁接植株相比,水分胁迫下,嫁接辽豆14砧木使单株荚重、单株荚数、单株粒数、百粒重和单株粒重分别显著提高了45.8%、27.4%、21.7%、5.2%和20.4%,产量性状的提高与主茎第9～15节位间有效荚数的提高有关。因此,通过地上部与根系的协同改良是提高大豆抗旱性的重要途径。     

Lateral loss of picloram and 2,4-D from a forest podsol during rainstorms

Losses of picloram (4-aniino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid as the triisopropanolamine salt) and 2,4-D (2,4-dichloropheno-xyacetic acid as the triisopropanolamine salt) from a Tordon 101-sprayed podsol in a Great Lakes forest clearcut were measured for one year following spraying. Less than 1.0 % of the picloram and much less than 0.1% of the 2,4-D applied was lost during seven runoff events. Even an event less than 24 h after spraying failed to release significant quantities of either herbicide. Pertes simultanées de piclorame et de 2,4- D à partir d'un podzol forestier, pendant les tempêtes de pluie Les pertes de piclorame (acide 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicoli-nique sous forme de sel de triisopropanolamine) et de 2,4-D (acide 2,4-dichlorophénoxyacétique sous forme de sel de triiosopropanolamine) à partir d'un podzol traité au Tordon 101 dans une coupe à bianc de la forêt des Grands Lacs, ont été mesurées cours de I'année qui a suivi le traitement. Dans sept cas oú il y a eu ruissellement, la perte de piclorame a été inférieure à 1% et celle de 2,4-D très inférieure à 0,1 %, et même dans un cas qui s'est produit mo ins de 24 heures aprés le traitement, it n'a pas pu être trouvé des quantités significatives de pertes pour aucun des deux herbicides. Die laterate Verlagerung von Picloram und 2,4-D in einem Waldpodsol während Regenfätlen Nach der Anwendung von Tordon 101 in einem Kahlschlag (Podsolboden) des Forstgebietes der Grossen Seen, wurde eIn Jahr lang das Verschwinden von Picloram (4-Amino-3,5,6-trichlorpicolinsSure als Triisopropanolaminsalz) und 2,4-D (2,4-Dichlorphenoxyessigsaure als Triisopropanoiaminsalz) gemessen. Weniger als 1% des Piclorams und wesentlich weniger als 0,1% der ausgebrachten 2,4-D-Menge, waren infolge von sieben Regenfällen und dem damit verbundenen abfliessenden Oberflächenwassers verloren gegangen. Sogar ein Regen der weniger als 24 Stunden nach der Spritzung fiel, vermochte keine nennenswerten Mengen von beiden Herbiziden aus dem Boden zu lösen.