宁波马尾松中莱奴尔夫伞滑刃线虫鉴定

在宁波地区采集的7份马尾松病木中数次截获同一种伞滑刃线虫，经形态学观察、测量，鉴定该线虫为莱奴尔夫伞滑刃线虫，进一步描述了该线虫的形态特征，并与其它3种近似种进行了形态比较。     

宁波口岸首次截获十二齿小蠹伞滑刃线虫

宁波出入境检验检疫局植检实验室于2007年12月从来自德国的木质包装中截获一种伞滑刃属线虫。经形态学比较、测量以及ITS—RFLP图谱比对，鉴定为十二齿小蠹伞滑刃线虫（Bursaphelenchus sexdentati）。目前国内尚无该线虫的报道。     

宁波口岸进境木质包装线虫疫情分析

对宁波口岸2000年1月至2005年8月进境木质包装线虫截获情况进行了汇总与分析,结果表明,进境木质包装线虫携带率较高,平均线虫检出率高达21.3%;线虫种类十分复杂,最常见的是小杆目线虫、滑刃属线虫、伞滑刃属线虫;共截获14种伞滑刃属线虫,其中3种为世界新发现种,7种在我国没有分布的报道.共截获松材线虫48批次,除来自美国、日本、韩国、香港、台湾等疫区外,还来自巴西、泰国、比利时、荷兰、意大利、西班牙等非疫区.     

东亚型和欧洲型拟松材线虫的形态学和ITSPCR-RFLP鉴定

对宁波口岸截获的不同来源木质包装中的东亚型和欧洲型拟松材线虫进行形态学和ITSPCR-RFLP研究。选用5种限制性内切酶RsaI,HaeⅢ,MspI,HinfI,AluI对各株系单条线虫ITS区PCR扩增产物进行酶切,发现限制性内切酶RsaI有3种酶切结果,表明ITS区段存在DNA序列异质性。研究再次证明ITSPCR-RFLP不但是伞滑刃线虫鉴定十分可靠的辅助手段,还可有效区分种内不同地理型。对拟松材线虫与松材线虫(包括"M"型和"R"型株系)、豆伞滑刃线虫、伪伞滑刃线虫等近似种的区别进行讨论。     

松墨天牛携带的松材线虫PCR检测技术

利用本研究筛选出的一对松材线虫特异性PCR引物(上游引物:5'-CTACGTGCTGTTGTTGAGTTGGC-3',下游引物:5'-TGGTGCCTAACATTGCGCGA-3'),从松材线虫DNA中,扩增出一条长度403 bp(基因库登陆号:DQ855275)的特异性DNA片段.该引物可以将松材线虫DNA与松墨天牛组织以及拟松材线虫、畸刺伞滑刃线虫、变异伞滑刃线虫、小角伞滑刃线虫、利昂伞滑刃线虫、湖南伞滑刃线虫、红松滑刃线虫、滑刃属线虫、斯坦纳长尾线虫、小茎线虫、剑尾齿杆双胃线虫和寄生小杆属线虫等12种线虫的DNA区分开来.在此基础上,建立一套利用PCR技术直接从受感染的松墨天牛组织中检测出松材线虫的技术,并在实际运用中得到检验.     

宁波马尾松中松材线虫形态变异研究

从采自宁波北仑的马尾松中分离到一种伞滑刃属线虫,经形态学观察、测量,以及ITS-RFLP图谱比对,鉴定为松材线虫。从原木中分离到的线虫雌虫未见尾端完全呈钝圆的个体,多数都有尾尖突,长约0.5～2.9μm,平均长度约为1.7μm。经实验室灰葡萄孢培养后,雌虫尾端均呈钝圆,其形态特征与相关描述一致。这表明寄主和环境因素对线虫的形态特征有较大影响,应在一致的培养环境下进行形态观察和描述,ITS-RFLP方法是伞滑刃属线虫鉴定有效的辅助手段。     

关于尖尾伞滑刃线虫对松树致病性的研究

<正> 由松材线虫(Bursaphelenchus xylophil-us)引起的松树萎蔫病是松树的一种严重病害。在研究松材线虫的同时,国内、外研究者都曾报道在枯死的松树中经常分离到大量尖尾伞滑刃线虫(Bursaphelenchus mucronatus)。有人认为该线虫对松树没有致病力,有人认为有极微     

一种松萎蔫病的传病媒介——松天牛

<正> 透视和俯视数十年来,在日本出现了松树(Pinus densiflora和P.thunbergii)的大规模死亡。为了查明其病原,从1968年开始即进行研究,结果在死松树的木质部检出无数的Bursaphelencus属线虫,最近鉴定为松木钝尾伞滑刃线虫(B.xylophilus)。把这种线虫接种到正常树上,实验结果证明它对松树具有强的致病力。这种线虫的主要传播媒介是松天牛(Monochamus     

松树上线虫的鉴定

松树萎蔫病是林业生产的一大威胁。1972年Mamiya等人确认线虫是萎蔫病的病原,并认为这种线虫是伞滑刃线虫属的一个新种,定名为Bursaphelenchuslignicolus。1981年经Nickle等人鉴定,确认B.lignicolus是B.xylophilus的同义名。1979年Mamiya等人报道了在松树上发现的另一个新种B.mucronatus,但认     

福建省松树枯死木树干植物线虫种类

对福建省马尾松和湿地松枯死木样本中的树干植物线虫进行分离、鉴定,结果表明:树干中植物线虫涉及滑刃目和垫刃目2个目,7个属,共20个已知种和1类未定种。其中,滑刃目线虫数量最多,包括滑刃科滑刃属、伞滑刃属、真滑刃属,外滑刃科外滑刃属、外真滑刃属,长尾科长尾线虫属等,总共19个已知种;垫刃目只有粒科茎线虫属1个已知种;滑刃属有1类未定种。马尾松树树干中植物线虫种类比湿地松更加丰富。并根据不同目、科、属、种的线虫主要形态鉴定特征,编制了20种和1类松树树干线虫分类检索表,可为鉴定和区分松树寄生线虫提供参考。     

Armillaria ostoyae in managed coniferous forests in Kastamonu in Turkey

Although several Armillaria species have been reported in Turkey, there is little information about their ecology in Turkish forests. In this study, we investigated five forest stands, approximately 5–74 ha in size, in Kastamonu province in the Black Sea Region of Turkey for the presence of Armillaria species in stumps and logs. The stands were mixed Abies nordmanniana ssp. bornmülleriana and Pinus sylvestris forests managed using a selective cuttings system; the proportion of fir in the total number of stems and stumps ranged from 36 to 98%. Based on sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer and intergenic spacer regions of the rDNA, all rhizomorphs sampled from the stumps and logs were of Armillaria ostoyae. The size of the genets was estimated with random amplified microsatellites analysis of the isolates and ranged from single stumps to approximately 450 m². One to seven genets were found in each stand. These results indicate that the genets had arisen from spores and vegetative spread was limited on most sites.     

上海中央公园特大银杏树白蚁防治探讨

通过对上海松江中央公园内65株特大银杏树白蚁为害情况的调查,发现该公园银杏受害率为100%,其中存在活白蚁的银杏占总量的56.9%,采用毒土处理、粉剂疗法、建立白蚁监测点等措施,经过两次灭杀,活白蚁的灭杀率达到92.3%和93.3%,从而使存在活白蚁银杏树的比例从56.9%下降到2.7%,白蚁发生情况明显降低。       

我国食品中农药残留研究进展

随着人们安全健康意识提高,食品中农药残留问题更加受到重视,本文综述了样品预处理研究进展及农药残留快速检测技术研究进展,并简单分析介绍各种方法的优缺点。     

建平半干旱地区石质山地造林技术研究

研究了不同植物在石质山地的造林成活率、土壤化学性质随造林年限的变化和造林措施对土壤化学性质和植物胸径、树高年净生长量的影响。结果表明：不同植物在石质山地的成活率在21%～85%之间,其中白榆和沙打旺的成活率分别为81%和85%,而小叶杨、刺槐、栾树的成活率均在70%左右;植被能明显提高石质山地不同土层的有机质、全N、P2O5含量,但提高程度随土层深度、养分种类和造林年限的不同而不同;在同一土层,生物复合肥料、菌剂和保水剂均显著提高土壤有机质含量（p〈0.01）并显著降低土壤P2O5含量（p〈0.01）;只有保水剂可引起土壤全K含量的明显升高;生物复合肥料、菌剂和保水剂均显著提高白榆、小叶杨、刺槐、栾树树高和胸径的年净生长量,但保水剂的提高程度最高。     

植物DNA甲基化研究进展

植物经常暴露在各种生物和非生物的胁迫之下,这些胁迫会影响植物的生长发育和繁殖并最终导致植物死亡。为了抵御不利的环境条件,植物已经进化出复杂而精细的网络来感知胁迫并激活防御系统。为此,植物激活许多信号转导通路,这些信号转导通路可以改变一些胁迫响应基因的表达,从而引起植物形态、生理和生化的改变以适应逆境。DNA胞嘧啶甲基化是高等真核生物的主要表观遗传机制之一,在维持基因组稳定性和调节基因表达方面起着关键作用。表观遗传变异比遗传变异更为灵活。一旦环境条件发生变化,为了适应新的环境植物都会发生表观遗传的改变。许多研究表明DNA甲基化参与植物的发育和应激反应。基于相关研究对DNA甲基化进行了综述,对植物逆境胁迫有重要意义。     

木材碳封存研究进展

碳封存可以分工业封存和生物封存, 工业封存包括地质封存、海洋封存、矿石碳化以及工业循环利用, 这些方法能快速回收CO₂, 但工艺流程技术复杂, 成本较高。木材碳封存是生物碳封存的一种类型, 树木光合作用吸收的碳主要存贮在木材中。运用木材密度、微密度等检测仪器, 通过确定木材密度变化, 结合其含碳率来计量木材的碳封存过程以及封存过程中碳的分配格局, 同时研究其与环境因子的相关性, 可以为研究森林的碳吸收动态提供便捷的方法和科学的依据。     

Natural regeneration in patch clear-cutting in Picea abies stands in Southern Finland

Abstract

The success of natural regeneration on patch clear-cuts in Norway spruce stands in Southern Finland was examined in terms of stocking and tree height. The experiment was established in mature spruce stands in the submesic Myrtillus (MT) site type. In each of the eight study sites, three plots were treated with clear-cutting and planting, clear-cutting with partial tree retention and planting, and patch clear-cutting without site preparation, respectively. In three of the study sites, one plot with patch clear-cutting and site preparation was established. Each plot was 1 ha, out of which three patches of 40×40 m were clear-cut in the patch treatments. 10–11 years after cutting, the patches had on average 1316 crop trees ha^–1, of which 91% were spruces. Some 27% of the stands were up to the target stocking level (≥1600 ha^?1), and 36% were at least satisfactory (≥1300 ha^?1). Site preparation did not yield greater stocking levels on patches, but that result is ambiguous due to a difference in initial stocking. The average spruce tree height in the patches (0.76 m) was much smaller than in the case of clear-cutting and planting (2.42 m). In conclusion, the patches had been restocked tolerably well with spruce and birch for practical purposes during the 10- to 11-year period, but the regeneration process had been very slow compared to clear-cutting and planting.     

Changes in micropores in dry wood with elapsed time in the environment

To investigate the changes in microstructures of wood with elapsed time in the environment, CO₂ adsorption onto dry wood was measured at ice-water temperature (273 K) for samples aged from 0.1 years to over 1000 years. The micropore size distribution was obtained using the Horvath-Kawazoe method. Micropores smaller than 0.6 nm in wood decreased in number with elapsed time in the environment, and a negative correlation was found between cumulative pore volume for pores smaller than 0.6 nm and elapsed time in the environment. Cumulative pore volume in the 1000-year sample was almost half of that in the 0.1- year sample. Micropores smaller than 0.6 nm in wood with a few decades or more of elapsed time increased in number after rewetting and drying. Consequently, microstructures of wood with longer time elapsed in the environment were considered to be more stable, because of longer-term thermal motion and possibly more repeated moisture adsorption and desorption and/or temperature variation in the environment.     

Tree regeneration in patch cutting in Norway spruce stands in northern Finland

The study focused on the success of regeneration on patch cuts in spruce-dominated stands in terms of stocking and tree height. It was based on an experiment in the Kainuu region in northern Finland. The experimental design included 8 stands with 58 clearcut patches of variable size (0.09–0.37?ha), on which either natural regeneration without site preparation or site preparation and planting of Scots pine was applied. A regeneration survey was conducted 13–15 growing seasons after treatments. Patches without site preparation had been restocked quite well from natural seed sources. The average number of trees was about 11,000?ha^?1, of which 1700?ha^?1 crop trees. With site preparation and planting, the stocking levels were also very high, 25,000 and 2100?ha^?1, respectively. One hundred percent of the planted patches and 75% of the naturally regenerated patches had an acceptable density. Restocking was equally good across the range of patch sizes. Tree growth had been somewhat slower in the smallest patches than in the largest ones in the range. Natural regeneration was capable of yielding good regeneration results in most patches, especially when site preparation was applied. Stocking levels and height development were higher yet in the planted patches.