海南岛芒果害虫相

在海南岛,为害芒果的害虫约80种,分属于7目38科。其中,24种为我国芒果害虫新记录。在这些害虫中,芒果叶蝉类(Idiocerus niveoaparsus Leth., Idiocerus sp. ),脊胸天牛(Rhytidodera bowringii White),桔小实蝇(Strumeta ferruginea dorsalis Hendel)和尾夜蛾类(Chlumetia transversa Walker, Bombotelia jocosatrix(Guen. ))为主要种类。     

云南河口芒果主要病虫害发生规律调查及害虫天敌种类研究

通过对湿热地区云南河口县芒果园内的5种主要病虫害发生规律进行调查,根据调查情况对芒果白粉病、炭疽病,芒果横线尾夜蛾、芒果切叶象甲、桔小实蝇等5种发生程度较重的病虫害进行发生危害情况的相关分析,同时对云南河口地区芒果害虫天敌进行搜集、调查及鉴定,调查鉴定结果表明：共有天敌昆虫24种,其中寄生性天敌11种,分属于2目5科;捕食性天敌昆虫21种,分属于5目8科。调查结果对于生产上科学制定芒果病虫害防治措施具有重要的意义。     

几种热带水果桔小实蝇的发生与防治

桔小实蝇[Bactroceradorsalis(Hendel)]是危害热带、亚热带水果和花芽的重要检疫性害虫之一。本研究对湛江地区芒果、杨桃、番荔枝、番石榴桔小实蝇成虫的年发生动态进行了调查。结果表明,桔小实蝇成虫在上述4种水果上拥有1￣2个发生高峰期,发生高峰期基本上与果实成熟期相吻合。杨桃果园桔小实蝇诱捕量明显高于其它3个果园桔小实蝇诱捕量。室内药效试验结果表明,40%辛硫磷乳油、48%乐斯本乳油对芒果桔小实蝇幼虫的防治效果为100%。而田间药效试验结果表明,1.8%阿维菌素、30%敌百虫和2.5%功夫对番荔枝桔小实蝇的防治效果分别为91.47%,88.74%和13.28%。甲基丁香酚 敌敌畏对桔小实蝇雄性成虫具有良好的诱杀效果,水解植物蛋白对桔小实蝇雌性成虫具有一定的诱杀作用。     

海南岛芒果扁喙叶蝉的研究

芒果扁喙叶蝉是海南岛芒果树的重要害虫之一。成、若虫为害花芽、叶芽、花穗、嫩梢,被害幼叶呈干枯状,同时分泌蜜露,招致叶片、果实及枝干表面发生烟煤病,由此给芒果种植业带来直接威胁。据室内饲养观察,此虫在海南岛那大地区年发生8代,以成虫在枝、叶上越冬;成虫在田间呈核心分布,一年中以6月份虫口数量最大。建议在一个果园中种植同一品种,合理修枝及喷射20％叶蝉散2000倍液进行防治。     

桔小实蝇在干热河谷区元谋枣园年发生动态研究

桔小实蝇[Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel)]是危害干热河谷区台湾青枣(Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.cv.Liuxiang)和金丝小枣(Ziziphus Jujube.cv Jinsi-xiaozao)的重要害虫之一。对典型干热河谷气候区云南元谋台湾青枣和金丝小枣园桔小实蝇成虫的年发生动态进行调查，并就气候因子及食源寄主植物进行综合分析。结果表明：台湾青枣园桔小实蝇诱捕量明显高于金丝小枣园；桔小实蝇成虫在金丝小枣、台湾青枣上分别拥有1个(8月)、2个(2、8月)发生高峰期，高峰期与果实成熟期基本吻合；月均温、月降雨量和食源寄主植物是种群变动的主要因子。通过两种枣园桔小实蝇的监测，掌握种群动态的变化，可为适时制定桔小实蝇防治时期提供理论依据。     

茶圆腹象和嫩梢丛枝病

在广东茶区发现了一种象虫和一种由类菌原体引起的病害,在此作一介绍,供参考。一、茶圆腹象茶圆腹象(BLosyrus sp.)属鞘翅目,象虫科,短喙象亚科(Brachyderinae),圆腹象属(BLosyrus Schoenherr)。多见于山地茶园,常跟茶角胸叶甲[Basilepta melanopus(Lefevre)]混杂发生,其虫口数量略少于茶角胸叶甲,成虫发生、为害期比茶角胸叶甲     

甘肃向日葵害虫与天敌的种群动态及时间生态位

为揭示甘肃省向日葵害虫及其优势天敌的发生规律,为害虫防控提供依据。2010-2013年,在中部典型干旱区向日葵田采用扫网法顺序抽样,研究害虫及其天敌种群动态,估算时间生态位指数。结果表明,向日葵螟(Homoeosoma nebulellum)和草地螟(Loxostege sticticalis)在甘肃地区年发生2代,6~7月是越冬代成虫高发期,第1代幼虫严重危害;小地老虎(Agrotis ypsilon)年发生3代,黄地老虎(Agrotis segetum)年发生3~4代,发蛾高峰期分别在4月下旬和7月中旬。上述各虫种群均有世代重叠现象。年际间时间生态位宽度差异大,向日葵螟2011年最大(0.539 7)、2012年与2013年较小(为0.109 2和0.201 1),与天敌螟黄赤眼蜂(Trichogramma chilonis)的时间生态位重叠高于其它天敌,跟随效应显著。小地老虎与天敌中华虎甲(Cicindela chinensis)、伏虎茧蜂(Meteorus rubens)的重叠均较大,2种优势天敌发育时段基本一致,种间竞争效应显著。草地螟与天敌伞裙追寄蝇(Exorista civilis)和双斑截尾寄蝇(Nemorilla maculosa)的时间生态位分离,季节活动性有一定差异。各年时间生态位重叠值表现出时序上的同步性和跟随性,说明向日葵田昆虫种间竞争激烈,属不稳定的生物群落。     

茶黄蓟马的生物学特性与防治

茶黄蓟马(Scirtothrips dorsalis)Hood是华南茶树上的重要害虫。一年可发生10—11代。5—10月份,11—21天便可完成一代,虫口高峰出现在9—10月,无明显越冬,成虫寿命7—25天,若虫期1—2龄4—10天,预蛹和蛹期2—6天;每雌产卵量平均35—62粒。成虫活跃,无趋光性,对黄色板和绿色板有正趋性。大叶种茶树虫口数量较多。少雨、干燥有利此虫发生。及时分批采摘和用高效灭百可或速灭杀丁6000倍液、喹硫磷1000倍液、水胺硫磷1500倍液对防治本虫有较好效果。     

贵州山地芒果病虫害种类调查

为摸清贵州山地芒果生产上发生的病虫害种类、分布及危害程度，于2015～2016年通过定点抽样调查法，对贵州芒果主产区的4个芒果园进行病虫害调查。共鉴定出病虫害42种，其中，病害10种(包括真菌性病害9种，细菌性病害1种)，主要病害为芒果炭疽病和细菌性黑斑病；害虫32种(分属7个目21个科)，主要虫害为芒果切叶象甲、横纹尾夜蛾及蝽类。     

茶角盲蝽在茶树上发生和为害研究初报

茶角盲蝽以成虫和若虫刺吸茶树嫩叶和幼茎的汁液。初羽化成虫经2—3小时后即可取食。多在清晨和傍晚在茶蓬表层的嫩叶和幼芽上吸取汁液。每一成虫昼夜为害可成144—268个斑点,平均每一虫一天为害2—3个茶芽,6—7片嫩叶。该虫在海南一年发生8个世代以上,以8—11月为害最重,虫口密     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.