硝化细菌与反硝化细菌及其在水产养殖业的应用

近年来,硝化细菌在水产养殖业上的应用越来越引起人们的注意,从而引发了较为广泛的研究。可以说,迄今为止,在大规模集约化的水产养殖生产中,大都使用硝化细菌来净化水质。因为在集约化的水产养殖系统中,经过长期的大量积累,     

硝化细菌在水产养殖中的作用及注意事项

随着我国水产养殖集约化的蓬勃发展，养殖水环境污染日益严重，硝化细菌已逐渐成为水产养殖界的热门话题。硝化细菌介入水族生态平衡系统中扮演清道夫的重要角色，在水产养殖中净水作用的重要性开始引起广泛的注意。     

菌藻系统处理养虾海水效果研究

由于水产养殖自身的生态结构和养殖方法的缺陷,营养盐污染、沉积环境变化、药物使用污染等对养殖环境产生了一系列的严重影响;同时养殖生命的脆弱,易遭病虫侵害。因此,净化水质进一步发展养殖业的任务越来越迫切。菌藻系统由可被鱼类食用的藻类和复合细菌组成。藻类在利用氨氮、硝酸盐氮、活性磷酸盐等的同时向水体富氧,然后通过生态食物链逐级被降解。复合菌主要包括硝化细菌、亚硝化细菌、芽孢杆菌、反硝化细菌等,这些细菌能够降解水体中的有机胺、氨氮、COD等。本文通过菌藻系统处理养虾海水,以对水产养殖环境水质调控途径探究一种有效方法。     

中国水产科学研究院南海水产研究所副研究员颉晓勇 鲎成濒危物种 保护迫在眉睫

正颉晓勇副研究员,现就职于中国水产科学研究院南海水产研究所水产养殖与遗传育种研究室。主要研究领域为水产养殖生态学、水产动物种质资源学、鲎生物学。针对近二十年来中国海域的鲎自然资源严重衰退现状,致力于中国鲎繁殖、养殖、增殖放流、资源保护等相关工作。     

硝化细菌的生物学特性以及在水产养殖中的应用

概述了硝化细菌基本的生物学特性及硝化细菌在水产养殖中的应用现状,介绍了硝化细菌在水质改良上的作用以及使用过程中的注意事项.     

PCR-DGGE在水产养殖微生物生态学研究中的应用

PCR-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)由于其可靠性强,重复性好,操作简便、快速等优点在水产养殖研究,特别是在水产养殖微生物生态学研究中有着广泛的应用,本文综述了变性梯度凝胶电泳的基本原理,技术流程及其在水产养殖微生物生态学研究中的广泛应用,并对该技术的优缺点和应用前景进行了评价。     

消毒剂和抗生素对硝化细菌活性的影响

硝化细菌是一种在水产养殖中应用较为普遍的微生态制剂,对于养殖水体水质净化至关重要,养殖系统中消毒剂和抗生素的使用会对硝化细菌活性产生不同程度的影响.本研究选取4种消毒剂(高锰酸钾、硫酸铜、戊二醛和84消毒液)和2种抗生素(土霉素和磺胺),研究不同浓度条件下消毒剂和抗生素对硝化细菌菌剂活性的影响.结果表明,4种消毒剂中高...     

无公害水产养殖环境综合调控技术研究

日前,由中国水产科学研究院南海水产研究所主持承担的“无公害水产养殖环境综合调控技术研究”科技计划项目通过成果鉴定。该成果采用多种评价模式,对养殖水源环境、池塘环境、投入品和水产品质量进行了综合评价,建立了池塘养殖环境与养殖水产品质量综合评价模式;在对养殖投入品统计分析的基础上.     

低温硝化细菌培养装置的设计

低温硝化细菌培养装置的设计研究,利用低温硝化细菌的硝化和反硝化过程,使养殖水体中的有毒物质氨氮转化为氮气并从水体中释放出来,养殖水体得到充分净化可以循环使用,达到节约水资源和水处理费用的目的,具有结构简单、自动控制的功能,有利于封闭循环水产养殖业向健康方向发展,促进低温硝化细菌的发展进程。     

我国水产养殖用微生态制剂行业现状与发展策略

<正>微生态制剂是指在微生态学理论指导下,通过调整微生态平衡,提高宿主健康水平的正常菌群及其代谢产物和选择性促进宿主正常菌群生长的物质制剂总称。微生态制剂在水产养殖业中的应用研究,始于20世纪80年代初期,最早应用于水产养殖业的微生态制剂是"光合细菌",主要用于调节养殖水质。到目前为止,已有乳酸杆菌属、双歧杆菌属、芽孢杆菌属的众多种类及硝化细菌、光合细菌等     

硝化细菌对海参养殖系统水质的净化效果

氨和亚硝酸盐对海洋生物有强烈的毒害作用,是海水养殖系统的主要污染物。本文研究硝化细菌制剂对海参养殖系统水质的净化效果。结果表明:硝化细菌对养殖系统水质有明显的净化效果。投加菌剂的实验组氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮出现峰值的时间和对照组相比明显缩短,表明投加硝化细菌制剂后,养殖系统内的氨氧化细菌、亚硝酸盐氧化细菌可在短时间内形成优势,促进了氨和亚硝酸盐的进一步转化。对照组氨氧化细菌和亚硝酸盐氧化细菌需要较长的时间才形成优势,从而导致氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮的积累。观察实验过程中海参的生长情况发现,实验组海参生长状况良好,而对照组中海参在19d时全部死亡。     

冰冻对硝化细菌制剂活性的影响

在实验室模拟条件下,研究冰冻对淡水型硝化细菌和海水型硝化细菌制剂中氨氧化细菌和亚硝酸盐氧化细菌活性的影响。结果表明,冰冻对淡水型硝化细菌和海水型硝化细菌制剂活性均有较为明显的抑制作用,且10d处理组的抑制作用高于5d处理组,对淡水型硝化细菌制剂活性的抑制作用大于海水型硝化细菌制剂。液体硝化细菌制剂在冬季运输和保存过程中要采取保温措施,以避免由于冰冻导致的菌剂活性降低。     

硝化细菌制剂对淡水水族箱水质的净化效果

研究自制硝化细菌制剂对水族箱水质的净化效果,试验结果表明:硝化细菌制剂对水族箱水质具有明显的净化效果,实验组水族箱水质氨氮、亚硝氮、COD等指标明显低于对照组。投加硝化细菌制剂后,水族箱内氨氧化细菌、亚硝酸盐氧化细菌可在短时间内形成优势,使氨氮、亚硝氮维持在较低浓度水平;在不投加菌剂的情况下,氨氧化细菌虽然可在一定时间内形成优势,使氨氮浓度降低,但由于亚硝酸氧化细菌生长缓慢,水族箱中亚硝酸积累问题严重。     

Variability of the nitrifying bacteria in the biofilm and water column of a recirculating aquaculture system for tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) production

The aim of this study was to evaluate variability of nitrifying bacterial community in the biofilm and in the water of a recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) in a tilapia farming in order to determine if nitrification process is dependent, or not, of nitrifying bacteria abundance. Biofilm and water samples were collected periodically for 30 days and analysed with the fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) technique, used to quantify ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite‐oxidizing bacteria (NOB). Ammonia presented the peak in the first week, while the nitrite's maximum was recorded in the second week. Nitrate increased steadily, indicating nitrification activity. Total bacterial abundance in biofilm increased continuously, while in water, it did not change significantly. In the biofilm, number of AOB was high at beginning, decreased after few days and increased again following augment of ammonia. Number of NOB also showed an increase in abundance in biofilm following the increment of nitrite and nitrate. In water, AOB and NOB did not show major variability. Relative abundance of nitrifying bacteria represented more than 30% of total bacteria in biofilm at beginning of the experiment. Their contribution decreased to >3% in last days. It indicates that nitrifying bacteria are biofilm colonizers, and that their activity seems to be directly related to the concentration of nitrogen compounds. However, contribution of nitrifying bacteria did not vary much along the time. We may conclude that the biofilm‐nitrifying bacteria plays major role in nitrification process in RAS and that the activity of these organisms is dependent of their abundance in response to the concentration of nitrogen compounds.     

硝化细菌浓度及滤料对养殖水中氨氮处理效果的影响

分别研究了不同硝化细菌浓度(0、20、60、120 mL/100 L)和不同微生物滤料(珊瑚石、锅炉煤渣、牡蛎壳)对养殖水中氨氮处理效果的影响。结果显示,添加硝化细菌后,水体中的氨氮浓度呈现下降趋势,在8～12 h出现极低值后,开始上升,但上升速度较慢;随着水体中硝化细菌添加量的增加,水体中的氨氮浓度下降速度加快;水体中亚硝酸氮浓度呈现先上升后下降的趋势,并在4～6 h出现极高值,然后迅速下降,且硝化细菌添加量越高,下降速度越快。硝化细菌对以珊瑚石和锅炉煤渣为滤料的养殖水体中氨氮和亚硝酸氮的处理效果显著优于牡蛎壳,但珊瑚石和锅炉煤渣之间无显著差异。综合试验结果,应急水质处理时,硝化细菌菌剂的添加量以一次60 mL/100 L(或以活菌计数为1.2×109个/100 L)、间隔24 h添加1次为宜;经过脱硫筛选之后的锅炉煤渣可以作为循环水养殖用滤料。     

Chemical addition for accelerated biological filter acclimation in closed blue crab shedding systems

Heavy loading of commercial crab shedding systems is a major problem at the beginning of the softshell crab season if the biological filters are not properly acclimated. Thus methods that can be used to accelerate filter acclimation in a commercial setting are desirable. Experimental shedding systems with submerged rock filters impacted by media size, commercial additives containing nitrifying bacteria, and chemical addition were examined. Filters acclimated with crabs took 35 days to adjust to base line water quality conditions. The filters demonstrated the ability to be increased to full design loading if acclimated with 25% of the shedding system design. Filter media size and addition of concentrated nitrifying bacteria did not have any significant effect on acclimation time of the nitrification beds. Addition of ammonia to simulate loading acclimated a biological filter without the use of animals, but did not shorten the acclimation time. The most promising avenue of research is the addition of ammonia and nitrite in combination to stimulate growth in both species of nitrifying bacteria simultaneously. Nitrite addition during startup of a biological filter reduced the acclimation period by 10 days (or 28%).     

Effect of particulate organic carbon on heterotrophic bacterial populations and nitrification efficiency in biological filters

Competition between heterotrophic and nitrifying bacteria is of major practical importance in aquaculture biofilter design and operation. This competition must be understood to minimize the negative impact of heterotrophic bacteria on an aquaculture system. On the other hand, the heterotrophic population is suspected of having a positive effect against pathogenic bacteria. Little information is available on the bacterial communities present within aquaculture systems, except for nitrifying bacteria, but a combination of traditional aquacultural engineering research methods and novel microbiological techniques offers new opportunities for the study of these communities.

The heterotrophic bacterial population activity and the nitrification efficiency of a submerged biological filter were studied for an influent TAN concentration of 2 mg/l and varying C/N ratios. The TAN removal rate was found to be 30% lower at a C/N ratio of 0.5 than at a C/N ratio of 0. For higher C/N ratios the reduction in nitrification efficiency was 50% while the attached bacterial abundance was doubled. Moreover, results confirm that abundance of sheared and attached bacteria are correlated. It is not known to what extent biofilter configuration might influence the relationship between heterotrophic and nitrifying bacteria, and further work will be carried out with moving bed and fluidized filters. A better understanding of the role of the heterotrophic bacteria in RAS will help to optimize any positive “biocontrol” effect and to minimize the microbial degradation of rearing water and the reduction of nitrification rates.     

硝化细菌对铜绿微囊藻生长的影响

细菌和藻类共同参与水生态系统中的营养再生和物质循环,研究菌藻之间的关系对调控水生态系统具有重要的意义.本研究通过菌藻共同培养,研究硝化细菌在不同环境条件下对铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)生长的影响.结果表明,108 cells/mL和 109 cells/mL的硝化细菌对铜绿微囊藻有微弱的抑...     

不同pH和滤料对硝化细菌消氨效果的影响

为了解在不同pH和滤料条件下硝化细菌对氨氮(NH_4~+-N)和亚硝酸盐氮(NO_2~--N)的去除效果,通过试验,探讨了5.0~10.0等6个pH梯度以及陶环、珊瑚石、生物刷和生物球等4种滤料的消氨效果。在pH 8.0~9.0时,至试验第7天氨氮去除率分别达99.86%、98.95%,明显高于pH 6.0、7.0和10.0组(去除率分别为66.18%、71.43%和70.51%)。在pH 7.0~9.0时,亚硝酸盐氮浓度的增加小于氨氮浓度的下降,特别是在pH 9.0时两者浓度变化差异明显。生物刷、陶环、珊瑚石和生物球分别在试验的第3、4、6、7天,氨氮去除率达100%。陶环组和珊瑚石组,NO_2~--N质量浓度在达到最高值(9.60 mg/L和10.00 mg/L),之后开始逐步下降。生物刷组和生物球组在达到最高值(9.55 mg/L和11.00 mg/L)之后基本维持不变。结果表明:硝化细菌适宜碱性的环境条件(pH 8.0~9.0),水体pH 9.0最有利于硝化细菌对NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N的去除。不同滤料对硝化细菌去除NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N有不同的影响。陶环对硝化细菌去除NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N都有良好效果,生物刷只对去除NH_4~+-N有良好效果,珊瑚石只对去除NO_2~--N有良好效果。多种滤料配合使用有利于产生优势互补的效果。