野生猕猴在驯养过程中的变化

野生猕猴在驯养过程中的变化余泽平，周富根，左文波，曾志荣（江西官山实验猕猴养殖研究基地３３６３００）（江西省科委３３００４６）猕猴（Ｍａｃａｃａｍｕｌａｔｔａ）是属于灵长目（ｐｒｉｍａｔｅｓ）猴科（ｃｅｒｃｏｐｉｔｈｅｃｉｄｅａ）猕猴属（Ｍａｃａｃａ...     

鸡传染性支气管炎的病原学研究

鸡传染性支气管炎（ＩＢ）是由传染性支气管炎病毒（ＩＢＶ）引起鸡的一种急性、高度接触性传染病。该病毒呈世界范围内流行。１９３１年Ｓｃｈａｌｋ和Ｈａｗｎ首先报道了此病。１９５６年发现康涅狄格（Ｃｏｎｎｅｃｔｉｃｕｔ）和马萨诸塞（Ｍａｓｓａｃｈｕｓｅｔｓ）...     

应用PCR-RFLP分析鉴定鸡毒支原体

本试验合成１对引物,对鸡毒支原体（Ｍｙｃｏｐｌａｓｍａｇａｌｌｉｓｅｐｔｉｃｕｍ,ＭＧ）、滑液支原体（Ｍｙｃｏｐｌａｓｍａｓｙｎｏｖｉａｅ,ＭＳ）１６ＳｒＲＮＡ和２３ＳｒＲＮＡ基因的间隔区序列进行ＰＣＲ扩增,然后分别用ＲｓａⅠ、ＤｒａⅠ对上述扩增产物限制性酶,所获得的片段进行琼脂糖凝胶电泳。     

云南牛羊同盘类吸虫的分类研究

对云南省各地州市的牛羊和部分马，亚洲象（Ｅｌｅｐｈａｓｍａｘｉｍｕｓ）猕猴（Ｍａｃａｃａｍｕｌａｔｔａ）等５种动物所寄生的同盘类吸虫（Ａｍｈｉｓｔａｍａｔｏａｘｓｔｒｅｍａｔｏｄｅｓ）进行分类鉴定，共有５６种，隶于５科，１１属，牛羊有３科１１属５１种同秀吸虫，马、亚洲象，猕猴有３科４属５种同盘吸虫，其中异叶巨盘吸虫（Ｇｉｇａｎｔｏｃｏｔｙｌｅａｎｉｓｏｃｏｔｙｌｅ）为国内新记录，直肠锡叶吸虫（Ｃｅ     

对虾病毒性疫病检疫

到目前为止，已报道过的对虾病毒病有１５种之多［１］ ，其中对虾杆状病毒病（Ｂａｃｕｌｏｖｉｒｕｓ ｐｅｎａｅｉｄ ｄｉｓ－ｅａｓｅ，ＢＰ）和斑节对虾杆状病毒病（Ｐｅｎａｅｕｓ ｍｏｎｏｄｏｎ－ｔｙｐｅ ｂａｃｕｌｏｖｉｒｕｓｄｉｓｅａｓｅ，ＭＢＶ）被我国农业部列为二类水生动物疫病［２］；传染性皮下和造血器官坏死病（Ｉｎｆｃｔｉｏｕｓ ｈｙｐｏ－ｄｅｒｌｍａｌａｎｄｈａｅｍａｔｏｐｏｉｅｔｉｃｎｅｃｒｏｓｉｓ，ＩＨＨＮ）、 白斑综合症（Ｗｈｉｔｅ ｓｐｏｔｓｙｄｒｏｍｅ，ＷＳＳ）、ＢＰ、ＭＢＶ、中肠腺坏死…     

赤芝子实体三萜酸化学成分研究

自赤芝〔Ｇａｎｏｄｅｒｍａｌｕｃｉｄｕｍ（ｌｅｙｓ．ｅｘＦｒ．）ｋａｒｓｔ〕子实体的二氯甲烷提取液中分离得到１种新的三萜酸化合物，命名为灵芝酸ＤＭ（ｇａｎｏｄｅｒｉｃａｃｉｄＤＭⅠ）。同时还分到１种已知化合物灵芝酸Ｅ（ｇａｎｏｄｅｒｉｃａｃｉｄＥⅡ）。根据各自的光谱（ＩＲ，１ＨＮＭＲ，１３ＣＮＭＲ，ＭＳ和２ＤＮＭＲ）数据分析，确定其结构为：３，７－二氧化－８，２４（Ｅ）－二稀－羊毛甾－２６－酸和３，７，１１，１５，２３－五氧化－５α－羊毛甾－８－稀－２６－酸。以上２种化合物均为首次从赤芝子实体中得到。     

数种巴西蝎间的抗原交叉反应

本文分析了生活在马西不同地区七种蝎毒的致死率、抗原交叉反应及诱导抗体生成的能力。通过小白鼠试验，将所检验的蝎分为（ａ）：高毒，包括Ｔｉｔｙｕｓ ｓｔｉｇｍｕｒｕｓ Ｔｈｏｒｅｌｌ，Ｔ，ｂａｈｉｅｎｓｉｓ，Ｔ．ｓｅｒｒｕｌａｔｕｓ Ｌｕｔｚａｎｄ Ｍｅｌｌｏ；（ｂ）：中毒，Ｔ．ｃａｍｂｒｉｄｇｅｉ Ｐｏｃｏｃｋ；（ｃ）：实际无毒，Ｒｈｏｐａｌｕｒｕｓ ａｇａｍｅｍｎｏｎ 和Ｂｒｏｔｈｅａｓ ａｍａ     

奶牛子宫复旧期宫腔内微生物区系研究—常见革兰氏阳性菌的分属鉴定

从５ 头产后１３ ～２５ 天的正常奶牛子宫内采集并分离到纯种菌２０ 株,其中革兰氏阳性菌１５ 株,革兰氏阴性菌５ 株。对１５ 株革兰氏阳性菌进行了简易分属鉴定,其属别为：微球菌属（ Ｍｉｃｒｏｃｏｃｃｕｓ） 、链球菌属（ Ｓｔｒｅｐｔｏｃｏｃｃｕｓ） 、葡萄球菌属（ Ｓｔａｐｈｙｌｏｃｏｃｃｕｓ） 、气球菌属（ Ａｅｒｃｏｃｃｕｓ） 、片球菌属（ Ｐｅｄｉｏｃｏｃｏｕｓ） 及芽孢杆菌属（ Ｂａｃｉｃｃｕｓ） 。５ 株革兰氏阴性菌属于大肠菌群的成员。     

海狸鼠的电刺激采精

海狸鼠的电刺激采精高冰，王书杰，于兴中（中国科学院黑龙江农业现代化研究所）王玉珍，刘彩兰，李玲（黑龙江省家畜繁育指导站）海狸鼠（Ｍｙｏｃａｓｔｏｒｃｏｙｐｕｓ）饲养业在我国是一项新兴养殖项目。作者１９９１年至１９９３年在研究海狸鼠饲养繁殖技术的同时，...     

鸡传染性支气管炎病变型的研究进展

鸡传染性支气管炎（ＩＢ）是由传染性支气管炎病毒（ＩＢＶ）引起的急性、高度接触性传染病。目前世界上已分离的ＩＢＶ毒株达３０多种。由于新的变异毒株不断出现 ,致使病毒对组织器官亲嗜性发生变化 ,导致不同病变型的出现。本文就不同变异毒株引起的病变型进行综述 ,以供参考。１呼吸型为经典型ＩＢ ,首先由Ｓｃｈａｌｋ和Ｈａｗｎ（１９３１）在美国北部的Ｄａｋｏｔａ州发现。Ｂｅａｃｈ和Ｓｃｈａｌｍ（１９３６）确定该病由病毒引起。Ｊｕｎｇｈｅｒｒ等（１９５６）报道了分离株Ｃｏｎｎｅｃｔｉｃｕｔ和Ｍａｓｓａｃｈｕｓｅｔｔｓ…     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in