甘蓝型油菜叶绿素含量与产量关系研究及叶绿素主效QTL位点cqSPDA2连锁标记开发

本研究前期以中双11（ZS11）作母本、QU作父本通过小孢子培养构建了一个包含282个株系的DH群体，并通过两环境表型考察及DH基因型分型，对甘蓝型油菜叶片叶绿素含量（SPAD值）进行分析和定位，在A2染色体21.87~22.91 Mb区间获得一个主效QTL，为了进一步明确甘蓝型油菜叶绿素含量与产量的关系，通过分子标记和KASP技术以ZS11作轮回亲本构建了叶绿素主效QTL单位点的近等基因系群体，基于DH群体和单位点近等基因系群体为研究材料，对苗期叶片叶绿素含量和产量性状的相关性进行了分析。结果表明：在西宁和互助两个环境中，DH群体叶片SPAD值呈正态分布，双亲SPAD值呈极显著差异，F₁的SPAD值呈偏高值分布，表明该性状为部分显性，且不同环境条件下，同一群体叶绿素的含量不同，高海拔和低温条件下SPAD偏高；在一定范围内，叶绿素SPAD值与单株产量正相关，且相关系数随样本量的减少而增加；单株产量在两组不同基因型近等基因系中均存在极显著性差异（P<0.01）。根据遗传连锁图置信区间，开发了2个多态性较好的共显性InDel标记和基于KASP技术的6个分型较好的SNP标记作为分子标记辅助选择育种筛选的候选标记。本研究为油菜高叶绿素性状的分子标记辅助选择提供了标记基础，为高光效新品种的选择提供了理论依据。     

甘蓝型黄籽油菜主要性状的遗传相关分析

采用混合线性模型分析方法，以7个不同遗传来源的甘蓝型黄籽品系为材料配制完全双列杂交，用ADM模型对甘蓝型黄籽油菜主要性状进行遗传相关分析。结果表明，主序有效角果数与单株有效角果数以显性相关为主。主要体现在杂种一代。单株有效角果数与千粒重、千粒重与单株粒重在遗传上没有紧密的联系。每角粒数、一次有效分枝数、单株有效角果数、角果长度、株高、纤维素含量和黄籽度等是影响单株粒重的主要遗传因子，通过单个性状间接选择不能有效改良单株粒重。     

甘蓝型油菜主花序有效角果数QTL定位

为分析甘蓝型油菜主花序有效角果数的遗传标记,以ZY036×51070杂交构建的双单倍体(DH)为材料,采用2010-2012年在武汉、阳逻、青海和襄阳三年四点五个试验的检测数据,运用WinQTL Cartographer 2.5软件进行主花序有效角果数QTL定位分析。研究共检测到10个与主花序有效角果数相关的QTL,表型变异是9.33%～31.60%,LOD(极大似然函数比的常用对数)值是2.51～5.37,加性效应是2.71～8.09。而且在染色体A1、A5、C1和C9上的4个QTL都可以在2个不同的试验中重复检测到。试验还得到QTL区间的16个连锁标记,其中有8个距离QTL的最大峰值不足1cM。     

芥甘杂交创制新型甘蓝型油菜的表型多样性分析

为拓宽甘蓝型油菜遗传背景,明确油菜新种质表型变异水平,筛选优异基因资源,本研究利用芥菜型油菜与甘蓝型油菜种间杂交创制新型甘蓝型油菜54个品系进行田间表型鉴定,分析其表型多样性水平及其性状间相互关系。结果表明,（1）22个数量性状的变异系数范围为4%~99%,遗传多样性指数1.64~2.04;22个形态特征性状的遗传多样性指数为0~1.86。其中角果长度、单株有效角果数、单株产量、生育期、有效分枝高度、蛋白质含量和含油量等7个性状的多样性水平高于国内外已报道的其他甘蓝型油菜的多样性水平,表明芥甘种间杂交能够创制丰富的遗传变异,拓宽甘蓝型油菜遗传背景。（2）主成分分析将44个表型性状转化为10个综合指标,其中主花序有效角果数、单株有效角果数、每角果粒数、单株产量芥酸、亚油酸、油酸、蛋白质、含油量等与产量和品质相关性状是反映新型甘蓝型油菜表型特征的主要差异指标,表明通过这些产量和品质性状的选择可获得目标品系。（3）受甘蓝型油菜定向选育的影响,本试验参试材料具有偏向甘蓝型油菜的表型特点;聚类分析综合44个表型性状将54个参试油菜品系划分为3个类群,其中29个品系与甘蓝型油菜亲本聚为一类,代表了甘蓝型油菜亲本群;18个品系聚为一类,与甘蓝型油菜亲本类群距离较远,营养生长无优势,产量较低,综合性状较差;7个品系聚为一类,与甘蓝型油菜亲本类群距离较近,表现较强的营养生长优势和丰产特点,综合性状优良,可作进一步选育对象,为西藏高产优质甘蓝型油菜品系的选育奠定种质基础。     

甘蓝型黄籽油菜研究进展

甘蓝型黄籽油菜与黑籽相比,具有种皮薄、纤维素含量低、饼粕中蛋白质含量高、在相同的遗传背景下油份高等优点.随着研究的深入,人们发现其黄籽性状遗传不稳定.为了深入了解黄籽性状,人们从黄、黑籽种皮发育进程、种皮的结构解剖、种皮色素化合物含量等方面进行研究去寻找两者之间的差异.黄籽性状的遗传研究表明该性状可能受多对基因控制,一些与黄籽性状紧密连锁的分子标记的发展,为分子标记辅助选育黄籽油菜品种奠定了基础.为了解决黄籽性状遗传不稳定,人们利用突变和种间杂交等方法对黄籽种质的不断创新及遗传基础的拓宽,获得了一些遗传稳定的黄籽甘蓝型油菜,并选育出双低的黄籽甘蓝型油菜新品种.     

甘蓝型油菜三棱角自交群体的角果性状

为深入了解三棱角油菜资源,以7个甘蓝型三棱角(三室)油菜的自交群体为材料,在角果成熟期对各材料的角果性状进行了调查研究。结果表明:7个群体的三棱角株率均为100%,平均三棱角结角率为32.31%~55.78%,各群体三棱角结角率介于30%~70%的植株数量占群体植株总数的48.82%~85.71%。调查各群体中植株三棱角结角率的分布,发现三棱角性状的群体特征符合正态分布,说明三棱角性状是一种数量性状。     

两种化学催熟剂对油菜角果叶绿素荧光特性的影响

采用荧光猝灭动力学技术研究两种催熟剂对油菜角果叶绿素含量及其叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明,利收谷和草甘膦对油菜角果叶绿素含量及叶绿素a荧光参数有明显不同的影响。利收谷的催熟速度快、效果好,且随浓度增加而增加,但对角果叶绿素破坏严重,ETR、EQY下降快,造成角果光能利用率下降,产量明显降低。草甘膦催熟效果较慢,但对角果叶绿素影响小,ETR、EQY下降慢,产量较高。文中还探讨了油菜产量、含油量与角果叶绿素荧光参数、叶绿素含量的相关关系,发现油菜产量与ETR、EQY、qP之间相关显著,含油量与EQY、qP相关显著,表明油菜产量形成与油分积累和后期角果光能转化效率、电子传递速率有密切关系。     

影响甘蓝型油菜黄籽频率的若干因素

本文通过对甘蓝型油菜(B.napus)黄籽自交系植株和角果黄籽频率两年的考查,着重探讨了授粉条件、亲代种皮色泽、结角果部位等因素对黄籽频率变化的影响。     

甘蓝型油菜MAGIC群体构建及其在遗传育种中的应用潜力

多亲本高级世代互交(multi-parent advanced generation inter-cross,MAGIC)群体是一类新型的遗传作图和育种群体。为探讨MAGIC群体在油菜遗传育种中的应用潜力,采用8亲本互交技术构建了一个含680个株系的甘蓝型油菜MAGIC群体,并应用单粒传法对群体材料进行连续套袋自交繁殖。在F_3,根据抗病表现、增产潜力及株型从中优选了204个株系构建了选种基础群体;在F_6,对各株系及其亲本的株高、一次分枝数、主花序有效长度、主花序有效角果数、角果长度、每角粒数、千粒重和单株产量等主要农艺性状进行了观测和比较。结果表明,群体中的主要农艺性状变异均符合正态分布,且一次分枝数、主花序有效长度、角果长度、每角粒数和千粒重5个性状相对亲本群体达到了显著或极显著差异,是一个优良品系选育的理想群体。通过2年3试点的测产试验和生态适应性观测,共从该群体中选出了9个菌核病抗性较好、增产优势明显的优良株系,为组建甘蓝型油菜多基因型种群品种提供了组份材料。     

甘蓝型油菜（Brassica napus L.）RIL群体抗倒伏及其相关性状的QTL分析

油菜倒伏严重影响了油菜的产量和品质,为了定位甘蓝型油菜（Brassica napus L.）与抗倒伏性状相关的QTL,用抗倒伏品系浙平1号和易倒伏品系高芥1号组合重组自交系（RIL）家系为材料,通过两年两点试验,对该RIL群体的F2:6和F2:7家系抗压力性状进行了QTL分析,并应用一年两点数据对该群体F2:6家系结角层性状进行了QTL分析。结果表明,在4个试验中共检测到11个家系抗压力QTL,可解释4.41%～52.64%的表型变异,LOD值范围是2.68～26.58。其中qRP16-1可以在3个不同的试验中（南京-2012、溧水-2012和南京-2013）重复检测到,qRP1、qRP4和qRP8-1同时在2个不同的试验中（溧水-2012和溧水-2013）重复检测到。qRP2-1、qRP2-2、qRP8-2、qRP8-3、qRP16-2、qRP3和qRP8-4等7个QTL只能在特定的试验中检测到。同一地点不同年份间家系抗压力性状QTL相对同一年份不同地点间易被重复检测到。在2个试验中共检测到2个结角层厚度QTL,位于第15连锁群的qTPL15在2个试验中重复检测到。     

Factors in the Reduction in Grain Number in Winter Wheat by Early-Sowing in Yamaguchi

Abstract

Grain number per spike of wheat is lower in early sowing than in the conventional standard cultivation in Yamaguchi, Prefecture, Japan. Components of the grain number per spike in five cultivars were analyzed with respect to temperature during the spike development period throughout three growing seasons 2001/2002, 2002/2003 and 2003/2004 to find the cause of the problem of early sowing cultivation. The plants sown in early-October and late-November were called the early sown group and the standard group, respectively, in the following. Three of the five cultivars, Hokushin, Akitakko and Nanbukomugi, showed a strong winter habit, which requires very cold temperatures for spike differentiation. The other two cultivars, Iwainodaichi and Airakomugi, had a moderate winter habit. Grain number per spike and grain yield were decreased by early-sowing (compare with the standard group) in almost all cultivars throughout the three growing seasons. The three cultivars which had a strong winter habit had fewer spikelets per spike in the early-sown group than in the standard group. The other two cultivars which had a moderate winter habit had fewer grains per spikelet in the early-sown group. The higher the temperature during the spikelet formation phase, which is from flag leaf initiation to terminal spikelet initiation, the higher the number of spikelets per spike in the standard group. The spikelet number per spike in the early-sown group increased with the increase in productive tillers under fertile conditions. Such conditions also increased the grain number per spike.     

Allelopathy in Agroecosystems in Spain

Summary

This paper reviews the effects of allelopathic interactions in agroecosystems in Spain on plant physiological activity and their ecological advantages. The phenological stage of growth of donor plants and the effective allelochemicals in the soil solution while studying the role of phenolic compounds were highlighting. Finally possible future prospects and conclusions regarding weed control by allelochemi-cals under integrated crop management strategies are discussed.     

2009年中国稻米市场分析及2010年展望

以翔实的资料对2009年中国稻米生产、消费、进出口、供求平衡、库存、价格走势、购销政策和国际稻米供求等情况进行了全面地分析,对影响2010年稻米市场价格走势的各种因素进行了深入研究,并在此基础上对2010年我国稻米市场价格走势进行了预测,结论是我国稻米价格仍呈上行趋势。     

Advances in Variable Rate Technology Application in Potato in The Netherlands

Precision agriculture is a farming management concept based on observing, measuring and responding to inter- and intra-field variability in crops. In this paper, we focus on responding to intra-field variability in potato crops and analyse variable rate applications (VRAs). We made an overview of potential VRAs in potato crop management in The Netherlands. We identified 13 potential VRAs in potato, ranging from soil tillage to planting to crop care to selective harvest. We ranked them on availability of ‘proof of concept’ and on-farm test results. For five VRAs, we found test results allowing to make a cost-benefit assessment. These five VRAs were as follows: planting, soil herbicide weed control, N side dress, late blight control and haulm killing. They use one of two types of spatial data: soil maps or biomass index maps. Data on costs and savings of the VRAs showed that the investments in VRAs will pay off under practical conditions in The Netherlands. Savings on pesticide use and N-fertilizer use with the VRAs were on average about 25%, which benefits the environment too. We foresee a slow but gradual adoption of VRAs in potato production. More VRAs will become available given ongoing R&D. The perspectives of VRAs in potatoes are discussed.     

我国高粱育种研究进展

对我国高粱育种的主要途径和研究方向进行了概述,针对目前高粱产量徘徊现象,提出了高粱超高产育种设想,并对其技术路线进行了探讨。     

Diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate in potato in two environments

Summary Diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate were measured in a furrow-irrigated potato crop and in a riverbed crop where the water table was always maintained at 20–28 cm from the soil surface. In the irrigated crop, the photosynthetic rate during mid-afternoon was about half the peak rate observed at noon. This reduction was accompanied by a near tripling of stomatal resistance, a 45% reduction in transpiration, and a 5-fold increase in the difference between leaf and air temperatures. No such changes were observed in the riverbed crop where the photosynthetic rate remained nearly constant at about 0.9 mg m⁻² s⁻¹ between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m. Tuber yield in the riverbed crop was about 30% higher than in the irrigated crop.     

我国干热区甘蔗抗旱植蔗主要问题研讨

我国干热蔗区是我国甘蔗糖业的重要生产基地,蔗区光热资源丰富,唯降水分布不均成为植蔗生产的主要限制因子;根据蔗区植蔗特点和甘蔗需水规律,苗期抗旱是干热蔗区抗旱植蔗的关键,保证较多的总苗数和足够的生长量是苗期抗旱植蔗需解决的关键技术难题,制定相应的苗期抗旱植蔗栽培技术措施是解决该难题的重要保障;该观点为我国干热蔗区植蔗生产、甘蔗引育种提供理论和技术支持。     

棉花体细胞无性系变异的研究进展

体细胞无性系变异是一种重要的细胞工程育种技术,其应用于棉花育种的前提是建立高效的组织培养诱导再生植株体系.本文简要综述了棉花离体诱导植株再生研究的现状,重点讨论了棉花体细胞无性系变异的表现、利用方法及机理,提出了当前研究存在的问题并对今后的研究进行了展望.