容县沙田柚果实品质与叶片和果实矿质养分分析

为了解容县沙田柚树体矿质养分水平,进而更好地优化矿质养分管理,2020年对容县18个沙田柚种植点果实膨大期和成熟期春梢老熟叶片和果实的矿质元素含量进行测定,并开展了果实品质分析。结果表明,果实膨大期是评价树体养分状况和做好施肥管理的重要时期。总体上,容县沙田柚树体Mo含量极低或缺乏,B和Cu含量过量,果实成熟期春梢老熟叶片N过量,其余矿质元素在参考适宜值范围内。果实膨大期不同种植点树体的大量元素(N、P、K)含量差异较小,到果实成熟期K含量差异稍有增大;果实膨大期不同种植点树体的中微量元素Ca、S、Fe含量差异较小,其他矿质元素含量差异较大。不同种植点树体的K、Ca、S、B、Cu、Zn含量差异从果实膨大期到果实成熟期变大。种植点的矿质元素水平主要影响果实可滴定酸含量,进而影响固酸比和果实风味。容县沙田柚树在矿质养分管理上需补充Mo元素,全程降低B、Cu施用量,在果实膨大后期至成熟期应降低N的施用量。     

树干注射硼砂和尿素混合液提高金铃苹果坐果率效果好

树干注射硼砂和尿素混合液提高金铃苹果坐果率效果好树干注射法可以有效的补充树体矿素元素。有机营养液通过树干直接导入树体内部，大大减少了中间环节的扩散、固定和消耗，对树体营养的补充与促进往往高于普通方式的好多倍。鉴此作者于１９９５年在本院教学试验农场苹果...     

云南蒙自野生白芨中矿质元素含量分析

用原子吸收光谱法测定了云南省蒙自县野生白芨中Ca、Mg、Mn、Zn、Fe、Co、Ni等矿质元素的含量。结果表明:白芨中含有丰富的Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn、Mn等矿质元素,尤以Ca、Mg等元素的含量高,其含量顺序为:Ca>Mg>Fe>Zn>Mn>Ni>Co。白芨作为药用的同时还可以补充人体必需的矿质元素Ca、Mg、Mn、Zn、Fe、Co、Ni等,表明野生白芨具有较高的营养价值。     

几种肥料根际施用对盐胁迫下苹果矿质营养平衡的影响

 以盆栽2年生富士苹果树(砧木为平邑甜茶) 为试材, 研究了盐胁迫下几种肥料(鸡粪、牛粪、复合肥) 对树体各器官矿质营养平衡的影响。结果表明: 与对照(不施肥) 相比, 盐胁迫下施用复合肥可以明显减少植株Na含量, 鸡粪次之, 牛粪无效应。盐胁迫与无盐胁迫相比苹果树各部位Na相对增长量的顺序是: 主干韧皮部、新梢>主干木质部>根, 说明Na主要积累在植株地上部。盐胁迫下复合肥提高植株各部位N、K、Fe和Zn含量; 鸡粪提高N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe和Zn含量; 牛粪没有明显作用。复合肥盐胁迫下维持N、P、K、Fe、Zn与Na平衡的作用明显, 鸡粪维持P、K、Ca、Fe与Na平衡的作用较为明显, 对维持N、Mg和Zn也有一定作用, 牛粪在维持元素平衡上没有明显作用, 说明施用复合肥和鸡粪有利于维持苹果盐胁迫下树体营养的平衡。盐胁迫影响元素/Na比值最明显的植物部位是新梢、其次为根和主干韧皮部,对主干木质部影响最小, 说明盐胁迫对生命活动旺盛部位的矿质营养平衡影响最大。     

中间砧GM256对华红苹果不同部位养分含量的影响

以2年生盆栽华红苹果树为试材,研究嫁接GM256中间砧对华红苹果不同部位的矿质元素含量的影响。结果表明,不同砧木对华红苹果不同部位矿质元素含量均有一定的影响,华红苹果树嫁接GM256中间砧后提高了叶片、新梢、主干、侧根对多数营养元素的吸收和利用能力,降低了主根对多数营养元素的吸收和利用能力;同一矿质元素在各个器官的含量明显不同,各矿质元素中,除Fe元素主根含量显著高于其他3个部位外,其余各矿质元素叶片含量均显著高于其他3个部位;同一矿质元素在不同根径级的含量明显不同,多数矿质元素均在d≤0.5mm根径级的毛细根系内含量最高。     

SH38中间砧对“华红”苹果不同部位养分含量的影响

以2年生盆栽"华红"苹果树为试材,研究了嫁接SH38中间砧对"华红"苹果不同部位矿质元素含量的影响。结果表明:不同砧木对"华红"苹果不同部位矿质元素含量均有一定的影响,"华红"苹果树嫁接SH38中间砧后,降低了叶片、新梢、主干、主根对多数矿质元素的吸收和利用能力,提高了侧根对多数矿质元素的吸收和利用能力;同一矿质元素在各个器官的含量明显不同,各矿质元素中,除铁(Fe)元素主根含量高于其它3个部位外,其余各矿质元素叶片含量均高于其它3个部位;同一矿质元素在不同径级根系的含量明显不同,多数矿质元素均在d≤0.5mm根径级的毛细根系内含量最高。"华红"苹果树嫁接SH38中间砧后,降低了除侧根外各器官对多数矿质元素的吸收和利用能力,在土壤贫瘠地区应加强对肥料的施用。     

“都克”蓝莓成熟期矿质营养元素积累和分配特性研究

为探明“都克”蓝莓果实成熟期树体矿质营养元素积累和分配特性,以中国农业科学院果树研究所小浆果试验园内无纺布袋种植和水肥一体化施肥管理的5年生树为试材,利用果实成熟期整株树体挖掘解剖的方法,测定各部分(器官)的生物量和矿质营养元素含量。结果表明,果实成熟期单株树体总生物量为915.77 g,地上部与地下部生物量的比值为1∶0.82。N、Ca、Mg、Mn、Zn和B元素均为在叶片中的含量最高,P元素为在根系中的含量最高,K元素为在果实中的含量最高,Fe、Cu和Mo元素为在根颈和根系中的含量最高。树体以N元素的积累量最大;除了K元素主要向果实中分配,B元素主要向叶片中分配以外,其余矿质营养元素均主要向根系中分配。生产1 000 kg果实,树体地上部对各矿质营养元素的总需求量为N 4 161.65 g、P 1 249.34 g、K 1 686.59 g、Ca 2 154.75 g、Mg 508.63 g、Fe 37.68 g、Mn 42.23 g、Zn 6.47 g、Cu 2.27 g、B 3.30 g和Mo 0.12 g。     

铁在砀山酥梨果实萼片发育中的作用初探

 为探讨梨果萼片宿存、脱落与矿质营养之间的关系,以砀山酥梨为试材,在盛花后5 ~ 25 d,测定了宿萼幼果及其萼片中9种矿质元素含量,分析了幼果与萼片发育过程中对各种矿质元素的需求;通过盛花期喷施GA3、PP333、FeSO4处理,探讨了Fe在果实萼片发育中的作用,并对幼果萼片中矿质元素与叶绿素含量进行了相关性分析。结果表明,砀山酥梨宿萼幼果与萼片中Fe含量差异最大,萼片中Fe平均含量是幼果的6.13倍,其它元素差异较小;萼片发育过程中对铁的需求量明显高于幼果,而对其他矿质元素的需求量则少于幼果。400 mg · L-1 GA3处理增加了宿萼果率,且增加了幼果与萼片Fe的含量;2 500 mg · L-1 PP333处理降低了宿萼果率,且减少了幼果与萼片中Fe的含量,喷施0.3% FeSO4提高了宿萼果率。因此,Fe是萼片发育重要的矿质元素之一,Fe充足时果实萼片易宿存。同时,萼片中叶绿素a含量的动态变化与Fe含量的动态变化呈显著性正相关,表明萼片中大量的Fe可能用于叶绿素a的合成。     

重庆黄连木叶片矿质元素含量周年变化动态

对南泉、北碚地区一年四季黄连木叶片的营养状况和矿质元素进行测定分析,研究野生黄连木不同时期矿质元素的变化规律。结果表明:成年黄连木矿质元素变化总趋势为N、P、K下降,Fe、Ca上升,Mg、Zn则是波动变化。根据盆栽施肥试验的研究以及与成年树变化规律差异分析,可以推断不同土壤条件、不同树龄、不同栽培管理都会影响黄连木叶片矿质元素的含量变化,可以通过合理施肥,来补充黄连木树体N、P、K元素含量,保证N、P、K元素的充足供应,促进新梢生长发育、提高花芽分化的质量。     

基于多元统计的不同黄瓜品种叶片矿质元素含量分析

为探明不同黄瓜品种（含品系）叶片矿质元素含量的差异,以不同黄瓜品种叶片作为试验材料,利用原子吸收分光光度计测定8种矿质元素含量,并对结果进行多元统计分析与比较。结果表明,不同黄瓜品种叶片中均具有较丰富的矿质元素,其含量分布为K>Ca>Mg>Na>Fe>Zn>Mn>Cu;K和Na元素含量最高的品种为18-津绿60,Ca和Mg元素含量最高的品种为津早圆润,Fe和Mn元素含量最高的品种为S312,Zn元素含量最高的品种为20-津绿80,Cu元素含量最高的品种为WGP91。不同黄瓜品种叶片的矿质元素比例也存在差异,其中K∶Na和Fe∶Mn差异较大,而Ca∶Mg和Zn∶Cu差异较小。20个黄瓜品种可聚类成四类：第一类K、Na、Mn、Cu、Zn、Fe含量较高,但Ca、Mg含量较低;第二类Ca、Mg含量较高,但K含量较低;第三类K含量较高,但Ca含量较低;第四类K、Ca、Mg含量较高,但品种S29的Mg含量偏低。相关分析表明,Mg和Ca、Na和K、Mn与Fe之间存在显著的正相关。主成分分析表明,品种S312、津早圆润和20-津绿60矿质元素含量综合得分排前3...     

缺铁失绿梨树强力树干注射铁肥的效果 Ⅱ.对树体中各种营养元素消长的影响

强力树干注射铁肥对缺铁失绿梨树树体各种营养元素的影响表明,注射铁肥提高了叶子铁及叶子氮、磷等非金属元素的含量,降低了叶子钙、镁和锰等金属元素的含量。注铁后,叶子全铁含量与有效铁含量之间呈极显著的直线正相关,相关系数为0.9842。对注铁改善树体营养平衡状况和减轻盐害作用的机理进行了初步探讨。     

我国果树营养研究的现状和展望─文献述评

以大量的文献及北京农业大学果树矿质营养研究室十年来的工作为基础，以果树营养领域的国际水平为方向，对我国在该领域的研究成果和尚需研究的主要问题，包括果树标准叶样及叶内矿质元素含量标准值的建立、果实采前与采后的营养生理、菌根与果树营养、种质资源与矿质元素关系的多样性、以及果树营养与生理生化、组织解剖学、根际学等的关系进行了述评。     

Size factors in apple fruit

Eight ‘Golden Delicious’ apple trees on an experimental plot were systematically thinned to give different numbers of fruit per spur, per branch, and per tree. At harvest, fruits were weighed individually and their positions on spurs and branches noted. Trunk and branch girths were measured.Mean fruit weights were not significantly affected by the presence of several fruits on a spur, or by the degree of local crowding on branches, compared with the general mean for the whole tree. However, mean fruit weight varied between trees, depending on the number of fruits carried per unit of trunk girth of cross-sectional area.μ (mean fruit weight) = a — bN (number of fruit per unit trunk dimension)The distribution of fruit weights on each tree can be regarded as normal and on the 8 trees examined, standard deviations did not differ significantly. An equation was derived relating total crop per tree and fruit-size distribution to trunk dimensions and fruit number, both of which were variable from tree to tree, involving 2 coefficients of the mean size equation and the standard deviation of the weight distribution, which seem to be constant for the 8 trees under the prevailing conditions.Using the equations, it could be shown that although fruit thinning would increase the proportion of larger fruit in the crop, in only one case would careful thinning have increased the total weight of larger fruit.     

复合覆盖对旱地苹果叶片矿质元素及果实品质的影响

以15年生"富士"苹果为试材,通过覆盖地布、地布覆盖+保水剂和地布覆盖+埋枝条的方式,研究了旱地条件下复合覆盖措施对苹果叶片矿质元素含量和果实品质的影响。结果表明:3种覆盖方式能不同程度提高叶片矿质元素含量,增加果实单果质量和可溶性固形物含量,以及果皮穿刺强度和果肉平均坚实度。地布覆盖+保水剂处理叶片N和B含量最高,地布覆盖+埋枝条处理叶片K、Mg、Cu、Fe和Zn等元素含量最高。地布覆盖果实单果质量、可溶性固形物含量、果皮穿刺强度和果肉平均坚实度均低于地布覆盖+保水剂和地布覆盖+埋枝条处理。说明干旱条件下,地布覆盖+保水剂/埋枝条可以增加叶片的矿质元素含量,提高苹果的果实品质。     

Flower thinning method affects mineral composition of `Braeburn' and `Fiesta' apple fruit

Summary

Fruit mineral concentrations measured at harvest can have major effects on apple fruit quality on the tree or during storage. Orchard practices must therefore seek to optimize fruit mineral composition. The purpose of this study was to describe and elucidate the effects of hand thinning on whole trees and individual spurs on apple fruit mineral composition. Two methods of flower and fruitlet thinning were compared with no thinning on `Braeburn' and `Fiesta' apple trees. Alternate whole flower/fruitlet clusters or all but one flower/fruitlet within every cluster were removed at full bloom or 14±21 d after full bloom. Alternate-cluster thinning reduced final fruit numbers per tree and fruit Ca concentrations by up to 22%, while increasing final fruit size by up to 21%, compared with no thinning. These effects on fruit Ca concentrations were also measured across a range of fruit size classes. Within-cluster thinning at full bloom or up to 21 d after full bloom also reduced fruit numbers per tree but increased fruit size substantially, by up to 65% compared with no thinning, this effect being less for later thinning. However, fruit mineral concentrations were not influenced by this treatment. Some fruiting spurs were singled to one fruit 14 d after full bloom on alternately flower cluster thinned trees and on trees that had not been thinned at bloom, and compared with unthinned spurs on the same trees. Fruit Ca concentrations, primary spur leaf areas and primary spur leaf areas per fruit were greater for spurs bearing a single fruit (achieved by thinning manually or through natural abscission) than for multi-fruited spurs on the same trees. Spurs bearing one fruit on unthinned trees had greater fruit Ca concentrations, primary spur leaf areas and primary spur leaf areas per fruit, but lower fruit weight than the same spurs on alternate-cluster thinned trees. However, spurs on unthinned and alternate-cluster thinned trees with the same primary leaf areas per fruit had similar final Ca concentrations. Fruit size and crop loads were found not to be important in explaining fruit Ca concentration differences between thinning methods. However our results suggest that thinning method may affect Ca accumulation in apple fruit by altering the relationship between fruit numbers and leaf areas on individual spurs.     

苹果不同施肥方式对铁的吸收、运输与分配的影响

 红色邻二氮杂菲铁示踪结果表明: 二价铁肥根系输液以二价态由根被动吸收, 由靠近形成层的木质部, 运输到根、茎、叶及其主脉内, 运输速度每小时可达数十厘米。室内营养液培养的八棱海棠苗用⁵⁹Fe示踪, 结果表明, 断根中分配的⁵⁹Fe为19.3% , 叶中70.9% , 断1、2、3条根⁵⁹Fe在叶中分配的比例分别为57.9%、63.6%和68.0%。铁肥树干强力高压注射以二价铁沿中央木质部的导管运输, 大部分向下运往根系, 根中贮存大量的铁, 向上运输稍难。运输速度每小时达数百厘米, 矫正缺铁失绿症的速度比根系输液慢, 但由于根中贮存大量的铁, 持效期较长。铁可以通过枝条和叶片进入树体并且运输。     

环渤海湾和黄土高原‘富士’苹果园土壤养分与果实矿质元素关系的多变量分析

探讨中国环渤海湾和黄土高原两大苹果产区土壤养分对‘富士’苹果果实矿质元素含量的影响及相互关系,为两大苹果产区提高果实矿质元素含量的果园合理施肥等提供理论依据。2010—2011年分别在中国环渤海湾和黄土高原两大苹果产区各选择22个县,每县3个果园,共计132个乔砧‘富士’苹果园,对每个果园的土壤养分和果实矿质元素含量进行调查和分析,比较两大产区土壤养分、果实矿质元素含量的差异,应用偏最小二乘回归方法筛选不同产区影响果实矿质元素含量的主要土壤养分因子,线性规划求解优质果实矿质营养丰富的土壤养分含量优化方案。结果表明:环渤海湾产区的土壤碱解氮、有效磷、钙、铁和锌含量极显著高于黄土高原产区,而土壤pH和有效钾含量显著低于黄土高原产区;环渤海湾产区‘富士’果实氮、磷含量显著高于黄土高原区,而钙、铁和锌含量则显著低于黄土高原产区。黄土高原产区土壤有效铁、环渤海湾产区土壤有效硼含量分别与果实中的铁、硼呈显著和极显著相关。环渤海湾产区影响果实钙含量的主要土壤养分因子的大小顺序为土壤有机质、全氮、有效锌、有效硼、有效铁和有效钾,土壤有效锌对果实钙有最大的正效应系数,而土壤有效硼和全氮负效应系数较大;黄土高原产区对果实钙含量影响的主要土壤养分因子的大小顺序为土壤有效磷、有效锌、有机质、有效铁和有效钾,土壤有效锌、铁对果实钙含量有较大的正效应系数。线性规划求解出两大苹果产区果实矿质元素含量丰富的土壤养分优化方案。环渤海湾苹果产区增加果实钙含量的主要土壤养分管理措施为降低土壤全氮、碱解氮含量,提高土壤有效钾、铁、锌含量,维持较高的土壤有机质含量(17.7 g·kg~(-1)以上);黄土高原产区则为提高土壤有机质、有效锌含量,降低土壤全氮、碱解氮含量,保持适宜的土壤有效磷、钾含量。     

杏叶片矿质营养研究进展

杏是我国最古老的栽培果树之一,杏花败育造成结实率低是当前杏生产中普遍存在的主要问题。矿质元素是果树生长结实不可缺少的重要营养物质,植物叶营养分析已成为了解植物体内营养状况,进行矿质营养研究的一种基本手段。研究杏叶片矿质营养对探索杏花败育原理、杏树营养育种等都具有理论和实用意义,也为合理施肥以改善杏果实品质提供依据。我们根据近几年来杏叶片营养分析技术的研究成果,总结了杏树叶片矿质营养的研究方法、影响因素、动态变化以及叶片矿质元素含量与产量、果实品质等的关系,结合我国杏生产中存在的问题,提出了今后杏矿质营养研究的方向。     

Effects of crop load and time of thinning on the incidence of split pits,fruit yield,fruit quality,and leaf mineral contents in ‘Andross’ peach

Summary

The effects of light, moderate, or heavy thinning (5, 10, or 20 cm between fruit, respectively), conducted before (7 d or 15 d), during, or after (7 d or 15 d) pit hardening (PH), on the incidence of split pits, fruit yield, fruit quality characteristics, and leaf mineral contents, were studied in the canning peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch.) cultivar ‘Andross’ over two growing seasons. The percentage of fruit with split pits increased by 58.2% in heavily-thinned trees compared with moderately- or lightly-thinned trees, and by 22.9% for the earliest time of thinning (15 d before PH) compared with thinning during, or after PH. Fruit fresh weight (FW) was greater in moderately- and heavily-thinned trees compared with lightly-thinned trees, but yields were similar among the different crop-load treatments. The latest time of thinning (15 d after PH) also had a negative impact on yield at first harvest and on total yield, fruit FW, and delayed fruit ripening compared to thinning during, and 15 d before PH. Total anti-oxidant capacities and phenolic contents were usually greater in fruit from heavily-thinned compared with lightly- or moderately-thinned trees only when thinning was conducted during, or 15 d after PH. Moreover, anti-oxidant levels were highest in fruit from the earliest-thinned trees. There was no significant effect of crop load, or of time of thinning application treatment on fruit colour, or on the K, P, Fe, Mn, and Cu contents of leaf tissues. In conclusion, light or moderate thinning during PH resulted in minimal split pits during processing, and in optimal yields and fruit quality characteristics in the canning peach cultivar ‘Andross’.