Sulfur dioxide emissions from power plants: their effect on air quality

A modeling study of atmospheric diffusion indicates that emission from power plants contributed only a modest percentage of the yearly average concentration of sulfur dioxide at ground level in the most polluted areas of Cook County, Illinois, during 1968.     

Sulfur dioxide emissions from la soufriere volcano, st. Vincent, west indies

During the steady-state period of activity of La Soufriere Volcano in 1979, the mass emissions of sulfur dioxide into the troposphere amounted to a mean value of 339 +/- 126 metric tons per day. This value is similar to the sulfur dioxide emissions of other Central American volcanoes but less than those measured at Mount Etna, an exceptionally strong volcanic source of sulfur dioxide.     

Sulfur dioxide contributions to the atmosphere by volcanoes

The first extensive measurements by remote-sensing correlation spectrometry of the sulfur dioxide emitted by volcanic plumes indicate that on the order of 10(3) metric tons of sulfur dioxide gas enter the atmosphere daily from Central American volcanoes. Extrapolation gives a minimum estimate of the annual amount of sulfur dioxide emitted from the world's volcanoes of about 10(7) metric tons.     

二氧化硫高分子吸附剂的研制

本文研制一种新型高分子吸附剂,以丙烯腈、苯乙烯为共聚单体,二乙烯基苯为交联剂,在引发剂、致孔剂、分散剂存在下进行致孔悬浮交联共聚,其产物再经高温处理,制成多孔网络碳化树脂,通过扫描电镜观察到树脂内部微观结构变化;经性能检测能很好的吸附二氧化硫气体。重点考察了引发剂、致孔剂、分散剂、水油比对该产品吸附的影响。     

Sulfur dioxide: episodic injection shows evidence for active venus volcanism

Pioneer Venus ultraviolet spectra from the first 5 years of operation show a decline (by more than a factor of 10) in sulfur dioxide abundance at the cloud tops and in the amount of submicron haze above the clouds. At the time of the Pioneer Venus encounter, the values for both parameters greatly exceeded earlier upper limits. However, Venus had a similar appearance in the late 1950's, implying the episodic injection of sulfur dioxide possibly caused by episodic volcanism. The amount of haze in the Venus middle atmosphere is about ten times that found in Earth's stratosphere after the most recent major volcanic eruptions, and the thermal energy required for this injection on Venus is greater by about an order of magnitude than the largest of these recent Earth eruptions and about as large as the Krakatoa eruption of 1883. The episodic behavior of sulfur dioxide implies that steady-state models of the chemistry and dynamics of cloud-top regions may be of limited use.     

SO2对谷子幼苗根系镉胁迫的缓解作用

以谷子幼苗为材料,采用SO_2衍生物(SO_3~(2-)∶HSO_3~-,3∶1,mmol·L~(-1)/mmol·L~(-1))预处理方式,研究外源SO_2对镉(Cd)致根系毒性的影响。研究发现:250、500μmol·L~(-1)Cd胁迫下,谷子幼苗根生长受到明显抑制,根组织中活性氧(ROS)大量产生,膜脂过氧化增加;与Cd单独处理组相比,用500μmol·L~(-1)SO_2衍生物预处理后,Cd对根系生长的抑制作用减弱,根组织中ROS水平降低,膜脂氧化损伤减轻,谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量提高,过氧化物酶(POD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)和谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)等酶活性明显增加。结果表明:一定浓度的SO_2衍生物能够通过上调抗氧化酶系统POD和GPX的活性来有效缓解Cd胁迫造成的谷子根系氧化损伤,并很可能通过维持较高的GSH水平和提高GST活性来增强谷子根系的Cd解毒能力。     

Industrial emissions of carbon dioxide in the United States: a projection

Carbon dioxide builds up in the eartht's atmosphere principally from increased use of fossil fuels. Estimates of the escalating uses of fossil fuels in the United States, especially for the generation of electric power and in the internal combustion engine, show that by the year 2000 emissions will have increased approximately eighteenfold from 1890. In the period 1965 to 1985 an emission-rate increase of around 4.0 percent per year compounded is expected. The expected intrusion and expansion of nuclear power will tend to lower the rates of increase of emission after 1985. Increases in emission rates in the rest of the world will probably equal or exceed the values projected for the United States.     

氮肥及硝化抑制剂配合施用对石灰性土壤二氧化碳释放的影响

为研究施用氮肥对同时含有有机碳及无机碳石灰性土壤碳释放的影响,在陕西杨凌进行田间试验,比较了不同施氮量(0、160、220 kg·hm~(-2))及其与硝化抑制剂(DCD)配合(N160、N220及N160+DCD、N220+DCD)对土壤pH值、矿质态氮含量和二氧化碳(CO_2)释放量的影响。结果表明:施用氮肥显著降低了耕层土壤pH;配施DCD后土壤pH降低幅度小于未加DCD处理;加入DCD使氮肥的硝化过程推迟了约20 d;未加DCD处理的土壤CO_2释放量随施氮量增加而增加,试验结束时(施肥37 d后)土壤CO_2累积释放量最高达到167.1 g·m~(-2)。与N0处理相比,N160和N220处理的土壤CO_2累积释放量显著增加,增幅分别为20.9%和25.7%;N160+DCD和N220+DCD处理显著降低了土壤CO_2累积释放量,比对应相同施氮量处理分别降低了13.5%和11.0%。上述结果说明施用氮肥会同时影响石灰性土壤有机碳及无机碳的释放,施用氮肥引起的土壤无机碳的释放值得关注。     

有机种植对盐碱土壤N2O、CO2排放通量的影响

以黑龙江省大庆市盐碱土壤为研究对象,探讨有机种植对盐碱土主要温室气体(N₂O和CO₂)排放的影响。采用IPCC(1992)的方法对试验结果进行计算及对比,结果表明,相较于常规种植,有机种植的温室气体(N₂O、CO₂)排放通量值较低,说明有机种植对盐碱土旱田的温室气体(N₂O、CO₂)有减排作用。在盐碱土上有机种植大豆、玉米,随着有机种植年限的增加,温室气体(N₂O、CO₂)的排放值略有变化,但差异不显著,且总体的增温潜势依然低于常规种植。而且,有机种植增加了试验区土壤微生物量碳、氮的含量。     

Modeling temperature and moisture dependent emissions of carbon dioxide and methane from drying dairy cow manure

Greenhouse gas emissions due to biological degradation processes of animal wastes are significant sources of air pollution from agricultural areas. The major environmental controls on these microbe-induced gas fluxes are temperature and moisture content. The objective of this study was to model the effects of temperature and moisture content on emissions of CO₂ and CH₄ during the ambient drying process of dairy manure under controlled conditions. Gas emissions were continuously recorded over 15 d with paired fully automated closed dynamic chambers coupled with a Fourier Transformed Infrared gas analyzer. Water content and temperature were measured and monitored with capacitance sensors. In addition, on days 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15, pH, moisture content, dissolved organic carbon and total carbon (TC) were determined. An empirical model derived from the Arrhenius equation confirmed high dependency of carbon emissions on temperature and moisture content. Results indicate that for the investigated dairy manure, 6.83% of TC was lost in the form of CO₂ and 0.047% of TC was emitted as CH₄. Neglecting the effect of temperature, the moisture contents associated with maximum gas emissions were estimated as 0.75 and 0.79 g·g⁻¹ for CO₂ and CH₄, respectively.     

不同有机质含量土壤CO_2排放季节变化规律及差异研究

为探究不同耕层土壤有机质含量条件下土壤CO2排放通量变化特征与有机质含量关系,设计耕层土壤6个不同有机质含量处理。通过对土壤CO2排放定位连续观测,研究耕层土壤不同有机质含量条件下土壤CO2排放季节变化规律,分析土壤CO2排放与耕层土壤有机质含量关系。结果表明,土壤CO2通量呈单峰曲线季节变化,与地温和气温变化一致;一次方程、二次方程和指数方程均可模拟土壤CO2通量与地温和气温关系,指数方程拟合效果优于一次方程和二次方程。土壤CO2排放最大通量、平均通量、排放总量与耕层土壤有机质呈单峰曲线变化关系,二次方程拟合效果良好;当耕层土壤有机质含量分别为64.50、54.32、59.80 g·kg-1时,土壤CO2排放最大通量、土壤CO2排放平均通量、土壤CO2排放总量达到最大值。     

土壤硫肥力与作物硫营养研究进展

综述了我国土壤硫肥力状况与作物硫营养研究进展;概括了我国土壤缺硫状况,论述了硫在作物营养平衡中的作用,分析了作物缺硫的原因,阐明了植物缺硫的症状,综述了各地使用硫肥对作物的增产效果、对农产品品质的改善作用及硫肥有效施用技术。     

土壤硫肥力与作物硫营养研究进展

综述了我国土壤硫肥力状况与作物硫素营养研究进展 :概括了我国土壤缺硫状况 ,研究了安徽省土壤有效硫现状 ,论述了硫在作物营养平衡中的作用 ,分析了作物缺硫的原因 ,阐明了植物缺硫的症状 ,综合了各地施用硫肥对作物的增产效果及农产品品质的改善作用 ,提出了硫肥有效施用技术