Soil as a sink for atmospheric carbon monoxide

The rate of carbon monoxide oxidation by soil increased with increasing carbon monoxide concentration in the gas phase, in line with Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Rates of carbon monoxide oxidation were determined for 20 soils at 0 degrees , 10 degrees , 20 degrees , and 30 degrees C. The observed oxidation rates were used to calculate a global soil uptake rate of atmospheric carbon monoxide of 4.1 x 10(14) grams per year, which is slightly less than the amount of carbon monoxide believed to be produced annually as a result of fossil fuel combustion.     

The ocean: a natural source of carbon monoxide

The surface waters of the western Atlantic are supersaturated with respect to the partial pressure of carbon monoxide in the atmosphere. Under these conditions, the net transport of carbon monoxide across the air-sea interface must be from the sea into the atmosphere. Thus, the ocean appears to act as a source of carbon monoxide. The ocean may be the largest known natural source of this gas, contributing possibly as much as 5 percent of the amount generated by burning of fuels by man.     

Carbon monoxide: residence time in the atmosphere

A lower limit of 0.1 year for the residence time of carbon monIoxide in the atmosphere is derived from radiocarbon measurements. The action of certain microorganisms and atmospheric photochemical reactions are possible mechanisms for the removal of carbon monoxide. This value can be compared with 2.7 years, a value deduced from estimated rates of carbon monoxide production and global measurements of atmospheric concentrations of carbon monoxide.     

土地利用和覆被变化对土壤碳库和碳循环的影响

土壤是陆地生态系统的重要组成成分,其较小幅度的变化即影响到陆地植被的养分供应,同时可能影响到碳向大气的排放而加剧全球气候变化。本文概述了国内外土壤碳库和碳吸存的研究概况,并对土地利用和覆被变化对土壤碳库和碳循环影响的最新研究进展进行了详尽的阐述,旨在对科学地利用和保护有限的土壤资源,减缓土壤中温室气体排放、增加土壤碳截存,提高土壤质量,对退化土地的生态恢复及环境治理和保护提供理论参考。     

设施菜地土壤有机碳及酶活性特征

【目的】为了研究设施条件对菜地土壤有机碳组分及土壤酶活性的影响,选取北京市大兴和昌平典型的长期设施菜地土壤进行试验。【方法】通过土壤有机碳组分分析和酶活性测定,探讨不同种植环境和土层深度下土壤有机碳和土壤酶活性特征。【结果】与露天菜地相比,设施菜地土壤pH显著降低,年均最大降幅0.08,而电导率则显著升高。在0~15cm和15~30cm土层中,设施菜地土壤有机碳和易氧化有机碳含量均显著高于露天菜地,分别比露天菜地高10.1%~143.9%和24.6%~95.3%。设施菜地土壤中碱性磷酸酶和芳基硫酸酯酶活性显著高于露天菜地,有利于土壤中有机态P和S的矿化和周转;而转化酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶的活性均低于露天菜地,转化酶活性与有机碳呈显著负相关,表明设施条件下C素的周转受到一定程度的抑制。过氧化氢酶活性的差异仅表现在表层土壤中,且在不同采样点的规律并不一致。【结论】设施种植条件有利于土壤有机碳及其活性组分含量的提高,对土壤酶活性的影响因酶的种类存在差异。     

Carbon monoxide on jupiter and implications for atmospheric convection

A study of the equilibrium and disequilibrium thermochemistry of the recently discovered carbon monoxide on Jupiter suggests that the presence of this gas in the visible atmosphere is a direct result of very rapid upward mixing from levels in the deep atmosphere where the temperature is about 1100 degrees K and where carbon monoxide is thermodynamically much more stable. As a consequence the observed carbon monoxide mixing ratio is a sensitive function of the vertical eddy mixing coefficient. We infer a value for this latter coefficient which is about three to four orders of magnitude greater than that in the earth's troposphere. This result directly supports existing structural and dynamical theories implying very rapid convection in the deep Jovian atmosphere, driven by an internal heat source.     

高温与降雨对不同茶龄土壤碳氮养分及胞外酶活性的影响

通过高温(35、40℃)和降雨处理,对三种不同茶龄包括10年(Y10)、30年(Y30)和50年(Y50)的茶园土壤和茶园邻近荒地土壤(Y0)进行研究,分析土壤碳氮含量、胞外酶活性的动态变化,以明确不同茶龄土壤的碳、氮养分及酶活性对极端高温和降雨气候条件下的响应。结果表明,高温处理对土壤碳、氮库养分和涉碳、涉氮胞外酶活性有显著性影响,高温(35℃)处理降低了土壤有机碳、铵态氮、硝态氮含量,降低土壤微生物含量、土壤涉碳胞外酶活性,但是会增加涉氮胞外酶活性。极端高温(40℃)会显著降低土壤中碳氮养分含量以及涉碳、涉氮胞外酶活性,从而改变土壤碳氮循环过程和速率。极端高温处理之后,模拟降雨对土壤中微生物量碳以及胞外酶活性有恢复作用,但是对其他养分指标没有显著影响。整个处理过程中,茶龄为Y30的土壤表现出更高的碳氮养分含量以及酶活性,对极端高温及降雨的环境变异抵抗力、土壤稳定性优于其他茶龄土壤。     

Soil warming and carbon-cycle feedbacks to the climate system

In a decade-long soil warming experiment in a mid-latitude hardwood forest, we documented changes in soil carbon and nitrogen cycling in order to investigate the consequences of these changes for the climate system. Here we show that whereas soil warming accelerates soil organic matter decay and carbon dioxide fluxes to the atmosphere, this response is small and short-lived for a mid-latitude forest, because of the limited size of the labile soil carbon pool. We also show that warming increases the availability of mineral nitrogen to plants. Because plant growth in many mid-latitude forests is nitrogen-limited, warming has the potential to indirectly stimulate enough carbon storage in plants to at least compensate for the carbon losses from soils. Our results challenge assumptions made in some climate models that lead to projections of large long-term releases of soil carbon in response to warming of forest ecosystems.     

北温带干旱地区土壤剖面CO_2通量的变化特征

采用开放式样杆方法,对干旱土纲的4种土壤类型(栗钙土、灰钙土、粗骨土、山地灰褐土)进行土壤剖面CO2通量的观测研究,结果表明:1)在0～60cm深度范围内土壤剖面CO2通量随土壤深度的增加而增加,60cm为转折点,之后,随土壤深度的增加而减小。2)土壤剖面CO2通量平均值为660μmol/(m2·h),在-9076～16988μmol/(m2·h)范围内变化,如果土地利用/土地覆盖发生改变(0～70cm深度),将可能有254.6t/(km2·a)CO2从土壤向大气释放。3)土壤种类不同,CO2通量明显不同,森林土壤释放量大于草原土壤。4)在通量-深度曲线中,各土壤类型均出现1～2个拐点,变化原因与土壤剖面结构和根系分布有关,钙积层的有无、厚度起决定作用。5)存在季节变化,植物生长季节的CO2通量远大于其他季节,其他季节可能存在土壤吸收CO2现象。因此,应避免在植物生长季节施工动土,以减少土壤CO2向大气中释放。     

土壤多糖与结构的稳定性

 以农耕地、牧草地和人工林地表层土壤为供试样品的研究结果表明，土样经高碘酸盐处理后，农耕地和幼年牧草地的结构破坏程度较大，而老牧草地和林地所受影响则较小，说明在不同植被影响下，多糖与稳定性团聚体形成的相关程度是不同的。土壤中多糖的含量不仅与有机质含量有关，而且与施入有机肥料的种类有关，秸秆直接还田可以显著提高中性糖碳对有机碳的比率。土壤中CaCO#-3的含量可能影响高碘酸盐的氧化能力，但并不严重妨碍以此鉴别多糖在结构稳定性中的相对意义。     

Carbon monoxide in rainwater

Concentrations of carbon monoxide in rainwater collected at widely diverse locations show up to a 200-fold supersaturation relative to the partial pressure of the gas in the atmosphere. These results indicate the existence of an additional natural source of carbon monoxide not heretofore considered. Production of carbon monoxide in clouds is tentatively attributed to the photochemical oxidation of organic matter or the slight dissociation of carbon dioxide induced by electrical discharges, or both. Methane concentrations measured in the same rainwater show that the partitioning of this gas, unlike that of carbon monoxide, is very close to a state of equilibrium.     

Detection of molecular oxygen on Mars

Molecular oxygen was detected in martian spectra near 7635 angstroms and its abundance measured both during and after the 1971 dust storm. Its column abundance in the clear martian atmosphere is about 10.4 +/- 1.0 centimeters amagat, giving a mixing ratio of molecular oxygen to carbon dioxide of 1.3 x 10-(3). The mixing ratio of molecular oxygen to carbon monoxide (1.4 +/- 0.3) is quite different from the value of 0.5 that would result from the photolysis of a pure carbon dioxide atmosphere, which indicates that there is or was a net source of oxygen relative to carbon (probably water) in the martian atmosphere.     

Normal atmosphere: large radical and formaldehyde concentrations predicted

A steady-state model of the normal (unpolluted) surface atmosphere predicts a daytime concentration of hydroxyl, hydroperoxyl, and methylperoxyl radicals approaching 5 x 10(8)molecules per cubic centimeter and a formaldehyde concentration of 5 x 10(10) molecules per cubic centimeter or 2 parts per billion. A radical chain reaction is proposed for the rapid removal of carbon monoxide, leading to a carbon monoxide lifetime as low as 0.2 year in the surface atmosphere.     

土壤呼吸强度的影响因素及其研究进展

探讨了土壤呼吸的研究情况和各因素对土壤呼吸的影响,提出了土壤呼吸研究尚需解决的问题和研究方向,并进行了展望.     

山西太岳山森林土壤夏日CO_2释放速率的研究

用LI- 6 2 0 0光合仪结合土壤呼吸箱测定了中国暖温带油松林、华北落叶松林、辽东栎林、辽东栎灌木林和稀草荒地夏日的CO2 释放速率 .结果表明 ,林地土壤的CO2 释放速率高于无林地 ,阔叶林地高于针叶林地 ,CO2 释放速率与土壤有机质含量关系密切     

高产玉米田土壤呼吸强度及其与碳、氮营养的关系

以松辽平原玉米带高产培育土壤与平产土壤(常规耕作土壤)为研究对象,研究了土壤呼吸强度的变化特征及其与土壤碳、氮营养的关系。结果表明:高产培育土壤基础呼吸强度增加;底物诱导呼吸强度则在高产、平产土壤上变化规律不明显,当葡萄糖浓度低于50 mg/kg时,随着葡萄糖浓度的增加,高产及平产土壤呼吸强度均迅速提高;呼吸商在不同地区高产、平产土壤的变化差异不同,呼吸商与土壤有机碳、全氮、碱解氮及碳氮比呈极显著负相关(P0.01)。反映了土壤呼吸强度与土壤碳氮营养的相互调节作用。因此在农业生产中适量施用有机物质既可以补充一定的营养物质,又可以提高土壤呼吸强度,提高微生物活性及其功能,改善土壤碳氮营养结构。     

茶园与相邻林地土壤有机碳及基础呼吸的垂直分布特征

对茶园及相邻林地土壤基础呼吸的垂直分布特征进行了研究, 并试图寻求其与土壤有机碳(SOC)、水溶性有机碳(WSOC)、微生物生物量碳(MBC)的关系。结果表明茶园和林地土壤有机碳、土壤呼吸积累量、水溶性有机碳和微生物生物量碳均随着土壤深度的增加而减少, 且茶园均值大于林地。在0~100 cm土壤层次内, 茶园土壤质量敏感性指标(WSOC/SOC)平均值、代谢熵(qCO₂)平均值均大于林地, 微生物熵(qMBC)平均值小于林地。茶园和林地土壤基础呼吸速率与SOC、WSOC及MBC呈显着正相关, 向后筛选回归模型表明对茶园土壤基础呼吸的影响作用依次为SOC>MBC>WSOC,对林地土壤基础呼吸的影响作用则为WSOC>SOC>MBC.茶园土壤代谢作用强于林地, 但茶园有机碳库的稳定性比林地差, 不利于土壤有机碳库的积累, 为促进茶叶生产的持续健康发展, 茶园土壤需要更加科学合理的施肥和耕作措施。     

Carbon storage and spatial distribution patterns of paddy soils in China

Carbon storage in agricultural soils plays a key role in terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycles. Paddy soil is one of the major cultivated soil types in China and is of critical significance in studies on soil carbon sequestration. This paper estimated the organic and inorganic carbon density and storage in paddy soils, and analyzed the paddy soil stock spatial distribution patterns in China based on subgroups and regions using the newly compiled 1:1 000 000 digital soil map of China as well as data from 1 490 paddy soil profiles. Results showed that paddy soils in China cover an area of about 45.69 Mhm², accounting for 4.92% of total soil area in China. Soil organic and inorganic carbon densities of paddy soils in China showed a great heterogeneity. Paddy soil organic carbon densities (SOCD) in soil profile ranged from 0.53 to 446.2 kg/m² (0 to 100 cm) while the paddy soil inorganic carbon densities (SICD) ranged from 0.05 to 90.03 kg/m². Soil organic carbon densities of paddy soils in surface layer ranged from 0.17 to 55.38 kg/m² (0 to 20 cm), with SICD of paddy soils ranging from 0.01 to 21.85 kg/m². Profile based and surface layer based paddy soil carbon storages (SCS) are 5.39 Pg and 1.79 Pg, respectively. Paddy soil organic carbon storage (SOCS) accounts for 95% of the total carbon storage. Profile based and surface layer based SOCS of paddy soils are 5.09 Pg and 1.72 Pg, respectively. Soil inorganic carbon storage (SICS) of paddy soils accounts for 5% of the total carbon storage in China. Profile based and surface layer based paddy SICS are 0.30 Pg and 0.07 Pg respectively. Among all the eight paddy soil subgroups, hydromorphic, submergenic and percogenic paddy soils account for 85.2% of the total paddy soil areas all over China. Consequently, profile based carbon storages of these three subgroups account for 78.1% of the total profile based paddy SCS in China. Most paddy soils in China are distributed in the East-China, South-China and South-west China regions, therefore, 92.6% of China’s profile based paddy SCS focuses on these three regions. The estimates of soil carbon stocks in paddy soils will help to identify areas or soil subgroups which are of particular interest for soil carbon gains and losses. Translated from Ecology and Environment, 2006, 15(4): 659–664 [译自: 生态环境]     

生物炭对土壤氨氮转化的影响研究

通过测定NH3挥发和氯仿灭菌试验,探讨了生物炭如何通过影响NH3挥发和微生物来影响土壤中NH4+-N的变化,为研究生物炭对土壤外加N素的影响机制提供一定理论依据.结果表明:生物炭加入稻田土后,土壤中KCI浸提态的NH+4-N含量减少34％,其中由于微生物作用受到影响而引起的NH4+-N减少约占总减少量的42％.生物炭加入红壤后,KCl浸提态的NH4+-N含量减少了13％,生物炭对红壤中微生物影响不大.生物炭使两种土壤的pH值升高,引起NH3的挥发,生物炭处理的稻田土和红壤外加NH3-N累计挥发量分别为未加生物炭时的7.8倍和1.7倍.     

Mars: microwave detection of carbon monoxide

The 115-gigahertz microwave line of carbon monoxide has been detected in the spectrum of Mars. The measurement is sensitive to carbon monoxide between the surface and an altitude of approximately 50 kilometers in the martian atmosphere. This extends the altitude region to well above that previously sensed.