The study of preferential water flows and convective heat transfer using the method of temperature labeling

The proposed method of temperature labeling makes it possible to study the convective heat transfer by fast water flows. A filtration experiment on the transfer of heated moisture in the plow layer of a light loamy soddy-podzolic soil of Moscow region has been performed. The high unevenness of the front of the water migration in the experiment is related to the spatial distribution of the major pores and leads to sharp changes in the soil temperature. Temperature measurements in large lysimeters of Moscow State University filled with soddy-podzolic soils indicate that there are short periods of rapid changes in the soil temperature during the snowmelt season and upon heavy showers. These changes are related to intense gravitational water flows. In the soils with a distinct blocky structure of the upper horizon, the convective transfer of heat is better expressed than that in the soils with a crumb or granular structure of the plow layer.     

干旱季节不同耕作制度下作物─红壤水势关系及其对干旱胁迫响应

季节性干旱是南方红壤地区旱地农业生产中的主要障碍因素。本文报道了田间条件下作物土壤水势关系及其对干旱胁迫响应。结果表明ＳＰＡＣ中水势梯度为：叶气系统〉叶土系统〉７０ｃｍ以上土层,且约以１００倍左右递减,水势日变化结果表明免耕较常耕,窄垄较宽垄叶土水势差下降,水分胁迫更强,花生的耐旱性较强,大豆和玉米的则较弱;作物叶水势与土壤基质势呈正相关,可以用二项式表示。作物叶水势与不同土层土壤基质势关系表明,     

兴水改土是发展旱作农业的有效途径

发展旱作水农业是促进我国国民经济持续稳定发展的战略选择。着重分析了安康地区浅山丘陵土壤、气候和耕作种植之间的利弊，提出兴水、改土和运用科技发展旱作节水农业的目标、任务和途径。     

防治南方土壤侵蚀的新途径——贴地表覆被

在分析南方水土流失特征的基础上 ,对贴地表覆被保持水土效益作了系统评价。由此提出了以贴地表覆被为中心的植被建设防治土壤侵蚀的新途径。     

耕作方式对豫南雨养区土壤微环境及冬小麦产量的影响

针对豫南雨养农业区降水基本满足作物生长需求但年内和年际间分配不均、土壤耕性差的生态实际,为解决小麦播种期和冬春干旱以及改善耕层水、肥、气、热等因子提供理论依据。于2007—2015年,在豫南雨养农业区进行了连续9a的大田定位试验,研究了不同耕作模式对小麦生长季土壤水分、容重、温度及冬小麦产量的影响。试验共设置6个处理:T1(传统翻耕)、T2(不覆盖/不深松+覆盖/免耕)、T3(覆盖/不深松+不覆盖/免耕)、T4(不覆盖/深松+不覆盖/免耕)、T5(覆盖/深松+覆盖/免耕)以及T6(不覆盖/不深松+还田/旋耕)。结果表明,(覆盖/深松+覆盖/免耕)T5可以有效提高小麦播种期0~40cm土层的含水量,为麦播提供较好的水分基础,不同耕作方式处理对冬小麦越冬期和返青期土壤日平均温度影响较小,不足以对冬小麦发育进程产生影响。(覆盖/深松+覆盖/免耕)T5能够有效降低耕层0~20cm和0~40cm的土壤容重。覆盖/深松+覆盖/免耕处理的前3a,冬小麦产量较对照有所降低,从第4年开始较对照增产,2011—2015年增产幅度分别为2.02%、2.83%、10.93%、5.88%、1.97%。以上结果表明,通过T5(覆盖/深松+覆盖/免耕)的简耕覆盖技术可以有效利用降水资源、培肥地力,提高产量,具有节本增效的作用。     

Evolution of soil and water conservation in rain-fed areas of China

Rain-fed (dryland) farming is an ancient agricultural production system in China. It occurs widely across almost the whole country, especially in the Northwest and North China. The semi-arid Loess Plateau is the most important region of rain-fed farming in China, but unfortunately, soil erosion on the Loess Plateau area is the highest in China, and indeed amongst the highest in the world. This highlights the necessity for developing practices that can reduce soil and water erosion, improve soil water use efficiency, improve crop productivity, and reduce rural poverty in the region. Many techniques of soil and water conservation are being used in rain-fed areas of China, including such systems as mulch, ridge and furrow systems. The Appendix describes a unique system of soil and water conservation, called Shatian.Modern research on conservation tillage (No Till), although essential for reducing erosion, increasing crop productivity, and ameliorating poverty, is just beginning in China. Modern conservation tillage research started in the1990s' with support from Australia and other countries. The procedures, however, were modified to be in accord with local conditions and prevailing farmer experiences. With 10 years of experimentation, results show that the most successful conservation practice on the Western Loess Plateau is no till with stubble retention. This technique helps to conserve soil water, increases soil organic carbon, improves soil structure and water infiltration, reduces soil and water erosion, and improves crop productivity and sustainability of rain-fed farming systems. However, its adoption rate remains low due to barriers such as traditional attitude, insufficient rural extension, and so forth.     

不同农作措施红壤坡耕地水土流失特征的研究

研究了 6种不同农作措施下红壤坡耕地水土流失特征 ,结果表明 :同顺坡农作措施相比 ,其它农作措施均具有明显减轻水土流失的作用 ,休闲处理能减少径流流失 4 2 .8% ,减少泥沙流失量 85 .0 2 % ;等高土埂处理能减少径流流失 70 .2 0 % ,减少泥沙流失量 95 .0 4 % ;水平草带能减少径流流失 3 2 .3 3 % ,减少泥沙流失量 4 5 .88% ;水平沟处理能减少径流流失 4 5 .6% ,减少泥沙流失量 63 % ;等高农作能减少径流流失 5 6.3 3 % ,减少泥沙流失量 87.70 %。等高土埂、等高农作、休闲处理减轻水土流失的作用优于水平草带和水平沟处理 ;泥沙流失除等高土埂和等高农作以外 ,其它处理均是推移质流失量大于悬移质流失量 ;径流流失和泥沙流失主要集中在 5～ 8月份 ,约占全年流失总量的 80 %以上。影响径流和泥沙流失的主要因素为降雨量、降雨侵蚀力、植被覆盖度等因素。     

旱地小麦保护性果作对土壤水分的影响

 为检验保护性耕作技术在我国北方干旱地区的适应性,采用覆盖免耕、覆盖深松等方法,研究了保护性耕作对地表径流、水分蒸发、0～50cm土层贮水量、水分利用效率和小麦产量的影响。结果表明:保护性耕作比传统耕作径流强度减少57.3%,降雨入渗量提高98.6%,土壤蓄水量提高10.5%,蒸发量减少11.2%,供作物生长的有效水分增加19.7mm,小麦单产提高12.2%;因此,保护性耕作是北方干旱地区控制水土流失,提高小麦产量的有效耕作法,是宜于推广的一项技术措施。     

Carbon balance in the soils of abandoned lands in Moscow region

A quantitative assessment of the carbon balance was performed in gray forest soils of the former agricultural lands abandoned in different time periods in the southern part of Moscow oblast. It was based on the field measurements of the total and heterotrophic soil respiration and the productivity of biocenoses. Geobotanical investigations demonstrated that the transformation of the species composition of herbs from weeds to predominantly meadow plants occurred in five–ten years after the soil was no more used for farming. The amount of carbon assimilated in the NPP changed from 97 g C/m² year in the recently abandoned field to 1103 g C/m² year in the 10-year-old fallow, and the total annual loss of carbon from the soil in the form of CO₂ varied from 347 to 845 g C/m² year. In five years, the former arable lands were transformed into meadow ecosystems that functioned as a stable sink of carbon in the phytomass and the soil organic matter.     

红壤坡地降雨入渗、产流及土壤水分分配规律研究

选取农作区和荒草区两个不同利用模式下的红壤坡地，研究了降雨的入渗、产流及对土壤水分分布的影响。结果表明：（1）农作区和荒草区的径流系数都随着年限的延长而降低并达到稳定。降雨量成为影响径流量的唯一主导因素；农作区的径流系数显著高于荒草区（r〈0．05）。（2）农作区的入渗比率（入渗量／降雨量）低于荒草区；在持续降雨的情况下。农作区60cm以上土壤蓄水增量降低，但渗漏量保持不变．因此使入渗比率降低，而荒草区则在60cm以上土壤蓄水增量降低时，通过提高土壤的渗漏量保持较高的入渗比率。（3）降雨对土壤水分分布的影响受土壤初始含水量和垫面的影响。土壤初始含水量越低，降雨使土壤水分含量增量越大。在同等降雨置下，农作区只有40cm以上的土壤水分含量增加，而荒草区则为90cm以上。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕还林(草)区土壤水分-物理性质研究

以陕西省吴旗县柴沟流域为例研究了退耕还林(草)区不同土地利用类型的土壤水分-物理性质,结果表明:实施退耕还林(草)工程后,土壤水分-物理性质得到了明显改善,土壤自然含水率提高了48.0%,持水量是农田的1.55倍,孔隙度是农田的1.12倍,在不同程度上改善了土壤物理性质,提高了土壤保水、蓄水性能,改善了土壤结构。     

我国南方红壤流失区水土保持技术措施

简要阐述了适用于我国南方红壤水土流失区的水土保持工程和生物措施,并对生态综合经济型的水土保持模式及其效益作了评价。     

Assessment of Properties of a Harkey Soil under Organic and Conventional Farming Systems

Farming practices involving less intense chemical use are becoming popular in the United States primarily because of environmental concerns related to the use of chemicals in conventional farming systems. Physical and chemical soil properties were assessed on four farms, one conventional farm and three organic farms 3 (OF3), 6 (OF6), and 9 (OF9) years after certification. All farms were located in Doña Ana County of southern New Mexico, sited on Harkey soil (coarse silty, mixed, calcareous, thermic typic Torrifluvents). OF3, OF6, and OF9 were planted to cotton (Gossypium arboreum L.), chile (Capsicum annuum), and alfalfa (Medicago sativa) in 2006, respectively, and the conventional farm was planted to cotton. Core and bulk soil samples were collected from each farm at three different locations and three depths during September 2005, June 2006, and November 2006. Clay content was positively correlated with field capacity, wilting point, and available water capacity (AWC) and negatively correlated with transmission pore volume (VTP) and sand content at most depths. The one-way analysis of means of soil physical and chemical properties separately by depth showed that bulk density (ρ_b) was greater in November 2006 samples than in September 2005 and June 2006 samples in OF9 and was lowest in the conventional farm. In general, saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_s), volume of storage pores, effective porosity, AWC, and VTP showed little variation and were not related to the amount of time under organic farming. Soil pH and electrical conductivity (EC) were greater in the organic farms, and EC values mostly increased with increasing amount of time under organic farming. The greatest EC (2.6 dS m^?1) in OF9 indicated that 9 years of manure application has raised soil salinity only slightly. Although no evidence on significant improvement of soil quality due to organic farming was observed, with regard to soil storage and transport properties and soil salinity, the organic farming system is sustainable for this region.     

干旱瘠薄山区绿化技术的研究

在介绍山东省山区丘陵概况的基础上 ,系统论述了砂化、石漠化区封山育林技术 ,干旱瘠薄山地造林技术 ,经济林旱作栽培技术 ,为山东省干旱瘠薄山区绿化和防治水土流失提供依据。     

黄土高原西部地区土壤水分亏损及其提高途径

我国黄土高原西部地区,包括甘肃、宁夏和青海的海东地区,位于干旱和半干旱的气候类型地带。土壤水分一般处于低储量、低利用的状况,各地程度不同地保持着可供地面作物利用的土壤水分潜力。采取调整农林草的地区品种结构;采取有效办法提高地温;提高施肥水平,以肥调水;发展作用较大的乔灌混交林和改变耕作方式等,提高土壤水分利用率。     

Theoretical and experimental substantiation of a thermogravimetric method for assessing the water-retention capacity and specific surface area of disperse systems

A conceptually new instrumental method has been proposed for the determination of the sorption fragment of the soil water retention curve and the specific surface area of soils and sediments by drying samples at different temperatures, which is based on fundamental models for relative air humidity and thermodynamic water potential (Ψ) as functions of temperature (T). The basic equation for the calculation of water potential in the first (linear) approximation is as follows: Ψ = Q–аТ, where Q is the specific heat of evaporation, and a is the physically substantiated parameter related to the initial relative air humidity in the laboratory. The setting of model parameters necessary for quantitative calculations has been performed from tabulated data for the saturated water vapor pressure as a function of temperature and results of an independent experiment with gradual air heating and synchronous automated control of air humidity and temperature with DS 1923 hydrochrons. The potentialities of the method have been demonstrated using literature data on the dehydration of soil colloids and our own results on the drying of a silty sandy soil (Arenosol) from Dubai, a light loamy soddy-podzolic soil (Albic Retisol) and a low-moor peat soil (Histosol) from Moscow oblast, and a loamy ordinary chernozem (Haplic Chernozem) from Krasnodar region.     

夏玉米生长期黄淮海平原土壤水氮利用效率模拟分析

以黄淮海平原为研究区域,建立并验证了基于地理信息系统(GIS)的土壤水、热、氮和作物生长联合模型。在1999年黄淮海平原的农村社会经济条件和土壤、气候等条件背景下,运用基于GIS的联合模型对夏玉米生长期土壤水氮利用效率和氮素损失量的区域分布规律进行评价。结果表明,由于自然条件和农田管理措施的差异,水分利用效率(WUE)、氮素利用效率(NUE)及土壤氮素淋失情况的空间分布在各地貌区划区之间有明显差异。多元线性逐步回归分析表明：1 m土体的氮素淋失量与施氮量、饱和导水率(Ks)、积温、降水和灌水量均呈极显著的正相关;WUE与施氮量呈极显著的正相关,而与积温呈极显著的负相关;NUE与降水和灌水量呈极显著的正相关,而与施氮量和土壤有机质含量呈极显著的负相关。     

保护性耕作对土壤水分和小麦产量的影响

采用3种稻田保护性耕作栽培模式与传统栽培模式的定位试验,对成都平原稻田小麦季的土壤水分及产量进行了研究。结果表明:小麦全生育期,免耕覆盖处理的土壤含水率明显地高于翻耕覆盖处理,而翻耕不覆盖处理最差;小麦分蘖高峰期,覆盖处理的土壤含水率比不覆盖处理高17.7%～75.9%,免耕覆盖处理的土壤含水率比翻耕覆盖处理高12.7%～41.0%;免耕覆盖处理的小麦最高茎蘖数又比翻耕覆盖处理增加23.8%～72.3%,均极显著优于翻耕处理;覆盖处理的小麦产量比不覆盖处理增产6.3%～19.5%,免耕覆盖处理比翻耕覆盖处理增产3.2%～8.0%。稻田保护性耕作有利于提高成都平原区小麦产量。     

三峡库区坡耕地粮经果复合垄作对土壤侵蚀与养分流失的影响

通过连续6年对粮经果复合垄作模式的研究结果表明:粮经果复合垄作模式使土壤含水量增加,具有显著的保水效益;粮经果复合垄作以聚土垄作与农林复合为基础,在减少用工投入的基础上增加系统产出、减少径流、控制土壤侵蚀与降低非点源污染方面起得非常重要的作用;粮经果复合垄作能有效改善坡耕地土壤结构,提高土壤养分的含量。垄作的物理阻挡作用对土壤径流的截持与减少泥沙的流失,有效的改善了土壤的养分含量。粮经果复合垄作模式比粮经果复合平作模式土壤孔度提高9.38%。粮经果复合垄作模式增加了0.02 mm土壤颗粒含量。与纯粮顺坡平作相比,径流量、侵蚀量平均减幅分别为97.83%,47.49%。坡耕地粮经果复合垄作水保效益显著,经济效益高,广泛适于三峡库区坡耕地的利用模式。