Chemical composition of two semi-aquatic plants for food use

The seasonal variation in the nutrient composition ofEnhydra fluctuans andMarsilea quadrifolia, two edible semi-aquatic plants, was studied in order to promote their consumption as green leafy vegetables. Both plants had a high crude protein content throughout all harvesting seasons.Enhydra fluctuans had a low ash content and was a good source of -carotene (3.7 to 4.2 mg/100 g on a fresh weight basis).Marsilea quadrifolia exhibited wide fluctuations between seasons and was not very promising in nutrient composition when compared to other commonly used green leafy vegetables.     

水稻愈伤组织生长和衰老过程中信息大分子化合物的变化

 水稻愈伤组织转移继代培养后的0—20天,生长速率较快,核酸和蛋白质含量急剧增加,且维持较高水平,核糖核酸酶和血红蛋白水解酶活性急剧下降,且维持较低活性。因此,愈伤组织的继代培养时间最好掌握在生长速率较快,核酸蛋白质含量较高、水解酶类活性较低的阶段,即在20天以内。核酸和蛋白质含量与其水解酶类(核糖核酸酶和血红蛋白水解酶)的比活之间存在着密切的关系,从而认为核糖核酸酶和血红蛋白水解酶分别在核酸和蛋白质含量下降中起着积极作用。根据信息大分子化合物的变化动态和愈伤组织外部形态变化提出愈伤组织转移继代培养过程可以分为三个阶段,即旺盛生长、稳定生长和衰老阶段。     

四川崇州枇杷茶野生大茶树生化成分及制茶品质初探

通过调查四川崇州枇杷茶野生大茶树的资源现状,根据植物学特征,从中选取具代表性的茶树初分为6种不同类型（依次编号为A类、B类、C类、D类、E类、F类）,测试了其主要生化成分含量,评审了所制红、绿茶样的制茶品质。结果表明,不同类型枇杷茶树游离氨基酸总量为（2.46±0.07）%~（5.69±0.10）%,茶多酚含量为（21.67±0.40）%~（37.16±0.99）%,咖啡碱含量为（4.01±0.18）%~（4.88±0.03）%,水浸出物含量为（33.31±2.49）%~（47.28±1.35）%,儿茶素总量为（77.08±1.18）~（236.47±29.59）mg/g,因此,部分材料可以作为选育高儿茶素、高咖啡碱等特异成分的育种材料。以咖啡碱、表儿茶素没食子酸酯、表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯作为影响红碎茶品质的第一、二、三主成分或综合因子,结合主要生化成分含量、酚/氨值及感官审评结果可推论,E类适制红茶,F类制绿茶品质最优。从茶氨酸及苯丙氨酸的含量比例、儿茶素组分及总量等可推论,6类供试枇杷茶树中,E类茶树进化程度最高,接近栽培型。     

转AAP1基因玉米游离氨基酸与可溶性蛋白质含量变化关系的研究

氨基酸通透酶1(AAP1)是位于细胞膜上与氨基酸转运有关的载体蛋白。以转组成型启动子(UBI)的AAP1玉米植株(N7-30、N7-26)、转胚乳特异性启动子(Glu)的AAP1玉米植株(KF8-33、KF8-39、KF9-22)为材料,探究转AAP1基因玉米中游离氨基酸和可溶性蛋白质含量之间的变化关系。结果表明,转AAP1基因玉米的根部和叶片中游离氨基酸含量在抽丝期最高;根部可溶性蛋白质含量在成熟期最高;叶片中可溶性蛋白质含量在抽丝期最高。叶片中游离氨基酸含量与可溶性蛋白质含量随着生育期的变化均呈现低-高-低的趋势,抽丝期达到最高值;种子中游离氨基酸的含量与可溶性蛋白质含量呈显著正相关性。转胚乳特异性启动子玉米种子中游离氨基酸含量、脯氨酸含量、赖氨酸含量均显著高于转组成型启动子玉米种子。AAP1可以提高植物对游离氨基酸的吸收与转运,进而提高植物对氮素的利用效率。     

Effects of a stay-green trait on the concentrations and stability of fatty acids in perennial ryegrass

Abstract Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of a stay‐green trait in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) on concentrations of fatty acids as well as their susceptibility to peroxidation during wilting and to biohydrogenation by rumen bacteria. Fatty acid concentrations were recorded in stay‐green and corresponding normal perennial ryegrass selection lines over eight cuts during 1998. There was a progressive increase in total fatty acid concentrations [from 20·8 to 34·6 g kg^?1 dry matter (DM)] and the proportion of fatty acids as α‐linolenic acid (from 0·62 to 0·70 g g^?1) from early to late season. A second study compared fatty acid concentrations in stay‐green and normal herbage that was wilted for up to 48 h. There was a loss of 0·2–0·3 g g^?1 fatty acids during 48 h of wilting and a small reduction in the rate of loss of α‐linolenic acid in stay‐green perennial ryegrass compared with normal herbage (0·223 vs. 0·290 g g^?1 lost after 48 h). Stay‐green and normal perennial ryegrasses were offered to grazing lambs in a third study. Higher concentrations of trans‐vaccenic acid and conjugated linoleic acid in plasma from lambs offered less mature grass in the pre‐experimental period than during the experiment are considered to reflect a greater supply of precursor (linoleic acid). There were higher concentrations of conjugated linoleic (0·0070 vs. 0·0039 g l^?1) and linoleic (0·092 vs. 0·070 g l^?1) acids, without an increase in trans‐vaccenic acid, in plasma from lambs grazing stay‐green perennial ryegrass than normal perennial ryegrass. This suggests that the stay‐green trait affected the rate of degradation of fatty acids in the rumen. These results demonstrate the potential for obtaining proportionately large differences in fatty acid profiles of ruminant products by altering grassland management.     

Role of Belowground Parts of Green Manure Legumes,Crotalaria spectabilis and Sesbania rostrata,in N Uptake by the Succeeding Tendergreen Mustard Plant

Using symbiotically N₂-fixing legumes as green manures is a way to supply N from the atmosphere to cropping ecosystems. Usually whole plants of the green manure are incorporated into soil; hence, the belowground parts as well as the aboveground parts would contribute to N transfer to succeeding crops. However, little is known about the contribution of the belowground parts alone. We assessed N transfer from belowground parts compared to whole plants of two legumes, Crotalaria spectabilis and Sesbania rostrata. Each of the legumes was grown approximately for 3 months in a 1/2000a Wagner pot filled with soil media, and then the roots alone (R) or shoot and root (S + R) were harvested and incorporated in the pots. Tendergreen mustard (Brassica rapa) as the succeeding crop was grown for 66 days in these pots without additional fertilizer. Although the amount of N in green manure in S + R pots was approximately 4-fold higher than that in R pots, differences in N uptake by tendergreen mustard between the S + R and R pots were smaller (1.7-fold for C. spectabilis and 2.3-fold for S. rostrata). This means that N recovery rate by tendergreen mustard was significantly higher in R than in S + R pots with either green manures. Differences in C/N ratio of the green manures could not likely explain the higher N recovery rate in R pots. Bioassay of the aqueous extracts from the green manure with lettuce seedlings suggested that growth inhibitory effects might be responsible for the lower recovery rate in S + R treatment.     

‘紫嫣’和‘紫娟’茶树花青素及主要生化成分季节性的变化

以紫色茶树品种’紫嫣’和’紫娟’为材料,以绿色品种’福鼎大白茶’为对照,探究不同季节紫色茶树新梢花青素及主要生化成分含量的变化。结果表明:春、夏、秋季’紫嫣’和’紫娟’花青素总量变化均表现为先升高再降低的趋势,且夏季含量最高,分别为129.83 mg/100 g和109.73 mg/100 g,花青素各组分的季节性变化规律与花青素总量基本一致。’紫嫣’和’紫娟’水浸出物、氨基酸和咖啡碱含量在春季最高,茶多酚含量在夏季最高,且不同季节间差异显著。与’福鼎大白茶’相比,’紫嫣’和’紫娟’中茶多酚、儿茶素和花青素含量较高。’紫嫣’和’紫娟’氨基酸组分中,茶氨酸占总量比例最高,分别为52.13%和59.13%;儿茶素组分中,表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(EGCG)含量最高,且酯型儿茶素含量显著高于简单儿茶素。综合结果显示,’紫嫣’和’紫娟’春梢具有适制绿茶、夏梢适制红茶的物质基础。     

黄化变异茶树石门黄叶理化分析及茶氨酸相关基因表达研究

黄化变异是茶树较为常见的叶色变异现象,黄化茶树的特征性化学成分含量会发生较大变化,其中氨基酸含量显著增加,研究此现象形成的原因有助于揭示叶色与氨基酸代谢的相关性.本研究以石门地区自然黄化变异茶树为材料,对其全黄、全绿和黄绿叶片进行叶绿体超微结构分析和主要生化成分检测,采用实时荧光定量PCR方法检测茶氨酸生物合成相关基因...     

Nutrient Content of Four Edible Wild Plants from West Africa

Non-cereal plant foods in the Western Sahel of Africa contribute significantly to the diets of local residents, especially during periods of grain shortages. In this paper, we analyze four such plant foods including diyan kwakwa (nut of coconut palm, Cocos nucifera L.), muricin giginya (young shoot of Borassus aethiopum), tsamiya biri (fruit of the tree, Tamarindus indica), and yari (a mixture of lichens, mainly Rimelia reticulate) that grows on ebony trees (Diospyros mespiliformis). They were analyzed for their content of amino acids, fatty acids, and minerals. Although diyan kwakwa contained the highest protein content (27.1%), its protein quality fell below the WHO standard in 3 of 8 essential amino acid categories. Yari and muricin giginya contained moderate levels of good quality protein. Only diyan kwakwa contained calorically significant amount of total fatty acid (24.7%); however, none of the plants contained useful amounts of the essential fatty acids, linoleic acid, or α-linolenic acid. All four plants contained useful amounts of zinc (> 12 μg/g dry weight), while yari contained the most calcium (14.7 mg/g dry weight) and iron (1.41 mg/g), and diyan kwakwa the most copper. All the four plant foods contained lesser amounts of magnesium, molybdenum, or selenium. These data indicate that the four plants contain useful amounts of various essential nutrients that could supplement the diets of populations inhabiting the Western Sahel.     

过量表达拟南芥GPX3基因提高玉米苗期抗旱性研究

通过农杆菌介导法将拟南芥抗旱基因AtGPX3导入玉米自交系郑58中,用PCR和RT-PCR法对转化玉米进行检测,在水分胁迫下对T₁代转基因玉米和非转基因玉米进行抗旱性分析。结果表明,共得到56株转化苗,检测获得9个株系的30株T₀代转基因阳性植株,抗性植株阳性率为53.6%。RT-PCR检测表明,T₁代有6个株系为稳定遗传阳性株系,并且AtGPX3基因在转基因玉米中表达量大幅度提高。耐旱性分析表明,非胁迫条件下,非转基因和转基因株系中游离脯氨酸（Pro）和丙二醛（MDA）的含量基本无显著差异。在干旱胁迫条件下,转基因玉米叶片的Pro含量高于非转基因玉米,比非转基因株系提高了46.2%;MDA含量低于非转基因玉米,比非转基因玉米下降了34%。通过导入AtGPX3基因,可以提高玉米苗期的耐旱性。     

不同类型果蔗品种资源氨基酸等营养成分分析

将34份果蔗资源依蔗茎颜色分类研究氨基酸等具保健功能在内的主要营养成分。结果表明,3种类型果蔗纤维份含量为7.52%~9.88%,蔗糖分为12.95%~14.55%,出汁率为70.05%~72.23%;其中紫色果蔗纤维分较低,单茎重较重,蔗糖分适中,品质性状良好。三类果蔗的氨基酸总量为349.963~455.965 mg/hg,必需氨基酸含量占总量的16.153%~18.536%,紫色果蔗氨基酸总量最高,且其药效氨基酸分别比黄绿果蔗、绿色果蔗高12.8%、20.8%,γ-氨基丁酸亦分别比黄绿果蔗、绿色果蔗高9.94%、5.49%,精氨酸含量比黄绿果蔗、绿色果蔗高4.01%、6.05%。3种类型果蔗铁含量相当,而紫色果蔗钙含量最高,黄绿果蔗锌含量最高。     

杀青方式对夏季绿茶化学成分及滋味品质的影响

杀青是绿茶加工的关键工序,对绿茶品质的形成具有重要作用。为探究杀青方式对夏季绿茶化学成分及滋味品质的影响,采用超高效液相色谱-四级杆-飞行时间质谱(UPLC-Q-TOF/MS)对微波杀青、滚筒杀青、蒸汽杀青3种杀青方式加工后的夏季绿茶进行化学成分分析,同时,分别采用咖啡碱、表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯和谷氨酸钠为标准苦味、涩味和鲜味物质对3种杀青方式加工的夏季绿茶进行滋味强度分析。液质联用分析结果表明,蒸汽杀青、滚筒杀青、微波杀青对夏季绿茶中的儿茶素、黄酮糖苷、原花青素、聚酯型儿茶素、氨基酸、酚酸和有机酸等化学成分含量具有明显的影响。滋味等效量化结果表明,杀青方式可以较明显地改变夏季绿茶的滋味,不同杀青方式加工绿茶的苦味强度为:滚筒杀青蒸汽杀青微波杀青;涩味强度为:蒸汽杀青滚筒杀青微波杀青;鲜味强度3种杀青方式间无统计学显著差异。     

Amino acid composition, available lysine content and in vitro protein digestibility of selected tropical crop seeds

As the search for alternative sources of food to alleviate hunger continues, this study was undertaken to determine nitrogen and amino acid content, chemical score, protein digestibility corrected amino acid score, available lysine and in vitro digestibility of 8 lesser known, wild tropical seeds, gathered in Nigeria. Results were contrasted with a tropical soybean variety (Glycine max, TGX 1660-15F). The investigated seeds wereMillettia thonningii, Gliricidia sepium, Lonchocarpus sericeus, Albizia zygia, Daneillia ogea andAfzelia bella from the family of Leguminosae,Diospyros mespiliformis (Ebenaceae) andEntandrophragma angolense (Meliaceae). The crude protein content, based on nitrogen determination, was found to be lower in the wild seeds compared to soybean, which was partly due to the relatively high content of non-protein nitrogen. With reference to amino acid requirement and digestibility in most seed samples, lysine, followed by sulphur amino acids and threonine, were the limiting amino acids. It was concluded, that these less familiar wild seed plants may be used as valuable food or feed complements. However, further investigation is necessary to elucidate potential toxic and antinutritional factors.     

HPLC检测分析速溶绿茶游离氨基酸

本文采用AccQ .Tag衍生方法经HPLC检测分析茶叶的游离氨基酸 ,结果表明 ,该方法能够较好地分离氨基酸组分 ,色谱图形较好。在绿茶原料中检测出 16种游离氨基酸 ,其中茶氨酸的含量最高 ,占氨基酸总量的 5 6 0 3 %,其次是谷氨酸、天冬氨酸、丝氨酸和蛋氨酸等。在速溶绿茶中同样检测出 16种相同的游离氨基酸 ,但氨基酸总量及各氨基酸组分的相对含量发生了不同程度的变化     

Aromatic plants as a source of important phytochemicals: Vitamins, sugars and fatty acids in Cistus ladanifer, Cupressus lusitanica and Eucalyptus gunnii leaves

The phytochemical composition of three aromatic plants (Cistus ladanifer L., Cupressus lusitanica Mill. and Eucalyptus gunnii Hook. f) was evaluated, in order to valorize them as sources of nutraceuticals. Samples were analysed for ascorbic acid by spectrophotometric assay, tocopherols by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to a fluorescence detector, sugars by HPLC coupled to a refraction index detector (RID), and fatty acids by gas-chromatography (GC) coupled to a flame ionization detector (FID). The analysed plants contain very useful compounds such as vitamins (ascorbic acid and tocopherols), reducing sugars (glucose and fructose) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (linoleic, α-linoleic and eicosadienoic acids). Their vitamins and sugars could be useful in diseases related to oxidative stress, in dermatological applications or in cosmetics. The polyunsaturated fatty acids, including omega-3 and omega-6 families, detected in the plants constitute another important class of phytochemicals due to their generalized beneficial health effects.     

Nutritional and antinutritional components of Canavalia spp. seeds from the west coast sand dunes of India

Seeds of two coastal sand dune wild legumes, Canavalia cathartica and Canavalia maritima from the west coast of India were analyzed for their nutritional and antinutritional properties. The seeds contained 35.5 and 34.1% crude protein, 52.8 and 50.5% crude carbohydrates, 1.3 and 1.7% crude lipids and 3.1 and 3.5% ash content, respectively. Among the minerals, potassium was the highest followed by phosphorus. Globulins and albumins constituted the major seed proteins of both plants. Most of the essential amino acids were at adequate levels. Although the crude lipids were below 2%, the unsaturated fatty acids were high. Seeds did not contain tannins and trypsin inhibitors. The levels of total phenolics were low, but showed high hemagglutination activity. The nutritional properties of these seeds have been compared with other Canavalia spp. and wild unconventional or tribal legumes. Overall, the study results suggest that the seeds of C. cathartica and C. maritima possess potential nutritive value particularly higher protein, essential amino acids and low levels of antinutritional factors. These wild legumes are adapted to low nutrient, high saline and drought conditions of the coastal sand dunes; their conservation and domestication are warranted as potential alternative sources of protein.     

Examining the impact of shade on above-ground biomass and normalized difference vegetation index of C3 and C4 grass species in North-Western NSW,Australia

Previous investigations have detected a directional trend in the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) of pastures around scattered paddock trees and identified shade from the tree as the most likely causal factor. This study uses a field experiment to quantify the effect of varying levels of shade on the above-ground biomass and NDVI of three grass species native to Australia (Microlaena stipoides, C₃, shade tolerant; Austrodanthonia richardsonii, C₃, prefers full sunlight, and Chloris ventricosa, C₄, prefers full sunlight) in different seasons. The study demonstrates that shade had little influence on the above-ground biomass of C₃ species but significantly reduced biomass in the C₄ species. Until early winter, the NDVI of each species was generally significantly higher in all shaded treatments than in the no-shade treatment. This suggests that shaded plants retained a higher proportion of green biomass and/or changed leaf shape, increased leaf area and chlorophyll content. Regardless, although not proven in this experiment, it is likely shade prolonged the retention of green plant material into mid to late winter. Overall, this experiment explains the directional trends in NDVI around scattered trees found in previous work and suggests that shade from scattered trees prolongs green pasture production in a range of native grass species, without loss of C₃ pasture biomass.     

Changes in Phenolic Compounds in Garlic (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Allium sativum</Emphasis> L.) Owing to the Cultivar and Location of Growth

The contents of total phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and phenolic acids were determined in selected garlic cultivars grown at four locations. The total phenolic content varied from 3.4 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g of dry matter (dm) to 10.8 mg GAE/g of dm with a mean value of 6.5 mg GAE/g of dm. The myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol, and apigenin flavonoids were not detected in any of the samples. Caffeic acid and ferulic acid were the major phenolic acids found with mean values of 2.9 mg/kg of dm and 2.6 mg/kg of dm, respectively. The mean contents of vanillic, p-hydroxybenzoic, and p-coumaric acids were comparable (0.4–0.8 mg/kg of dm), and the level of sinapic acid was negligible (< 0.1 mg/kg of dm). There was a significant effect of location but an insignificant effect of genotype on contents of caffeic, vanillic, p-hydroxybenzoic, and p-coumaric acids. However, genotype but not location affected the contents of total phenolics and ferulic acid. On average, the white garlic cultivars and Chinese garlic cultivars contained higher contents of total phenolics and ferulic acid than the purple garlic cultivars. However, the differences in the total phenolic content between the purple and white garlic cultivars were not significant.     

不同形态氮素营养和水分条件对苗期水稻生长及渗透调节能力的影响

 为比较不同形态氮素营养下籼稻与粳稻对水分胁迫的响应,采用室内营养液培养,通过供应不同形态氮素及100 g/L PEG6000模拟水分胁迫的方法,对4种不同基因型水稻的生长状况及渗透调节能力进行了分析。结果表明：1）与铵态氮营养相比,水分胁迫明显抑制了硝态氮营养籼稻和粳稻的地上部生长,降低了叶片净光合速率,且对粳稻的抑制效果更加显著;2）水分胁迫条件下,铵态氮营养籼稻和粳稻植株内的游离氨基酸和K+可以更有效地积累、转运和穿梭,以致伤流液和韧皮部汁液拥有更强的渗透调节能力;3）铵态氮营养籼稻和粳稻在通过渗透调节降低叶片渗透势的同时,能够提高或维持叶片含水量。由此可见,铵态氮营养下,籼稻和粳稻均可通过渗透调节促使叶片在渗透势下降和维持含水量之间达到合理的平衡,保证叶片在水分胁迫下维持正常的光合速率,提高了水稻的抗旱能力。     

芝麻雄性核不育系氨基酸含量变化初探

在芝麻盛花中期,比较分析芝麻雄性核不育系中不育株与可育株不同发育时期的花蕾和叶片中各种氨基酸的含量差异.同可育株相比,不育株不同时期花蕾中天冬酰胺、脯氨酸、谷氨酸、赖氨酸、亮氨酸的差异较为明显,这些物质代谢的变化可能与芝麻雄性不育有关.不育株叶片中各种氨基酸略有不同,但总量差异不太明显.