Effect of chito-oligosaccharide on growth performance, intestinal barrier function, intestinal morphology and cecal microflora in weaned pigs

A total of 180 weanling pigs (21 ± 3 d of age; 5.98 ± 0.04 kg) were used to investigate the effect of chito-oligosaccharide (COS) on growth performance, intestinal barrier function, intestinal morphology, and cecal microflora. Based on initial BW, gender and litter, the pigs were given 5 treatments during a 14-d feeding experiment, including a basal diet (control), 3 diets with COS supplementation (200, 400, or 600 mg/kg), and a diet with colistin sulfate (CSE) supplementation (20 mg/kg). Six randomly selected pigs from each treatment were used to collect serum, duodenal, jejunal, ileal, and cecal samples on d 7 and 14 postweaning. From d 1 to 7 postweaning, pigs fed COS or CSE had greater ADG and ADFI compared with the control pigs. From d 1 to 14, diets with either 400 or 600 mg/kg COS, or 20 mg/kg CSE increased (P < 0.05) ADG and G:F compared with the control diet. No significant differences were observed in ADG, ADFI, and G:F between the pigs fed COS and CSE. Pigs fed either 400 or 600 mg/kg COS, or 20 mg/kg CSE had less (P < 0.05) diamine oxidase (DAO) in the serum, but greater concentration of (P < 0.05) DAO in jejunal mucosa, than the control pigs on d 7 postweaning. Treatments did not affect villous height and crypt depth of the duodenum, jejunum, or ileum. Pigs fed COS at 400 mg/kg had greater (P < 0.05) concentration of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli in the cecum than pigs fed the control diet and CSE diet on d 7 postweaning. Supplementation of COS or CSE decreased (P < 0.05) the population of cecal Staphylococcus aureus compared with the control diet on d 7 postweaning. The number of cecal Bifidobacteria in pigs fed 600 mg/kg COS was greater (P < 0.05) than that of pigs fed the control diet or CSE diet on d 14 postweaning. No significant differences were observed in Escherichia coli counts in the cecum among treatments. The present results indicate that dietary supplementation of COS at 400 or 600 mg/kg promotes growth performance and improves gut barrier function, increases the population of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli, and decreases S. aureus in the cecum of weanling pigs.     

抗菌肽对断奶仔猪生长性能、养分消化率、肠道微生物含量及绒毛结构的影响

文章旨在研究日粮添加不同水平抗菌肽替代抗生素对断奶仔猪生长性能、养分消化率、肠道微生物含量及绒毛结构的影响。试验选择平均体重为(5.76±0.02)kg的21 d断奶的杜×长×大仔猪672头,根据个体大小随机分为4组,每组4个重复,每个重复42头。试验分为1～14 d和15～28 d两个阶段,对照组饲喂基础日粮+60 mg/kg盐霉素,抗菌肽组饲喂基础日粮+0、50或100 mg/kg抗菌肽。试验进行28 d。对照组较抗菌肽组显著提高了断奶仔猪28 d体重(P <0.05),1～14 d和1～28 d日增重(P <0.05),1～14 d、15～28 d、1～28 d采食量,显著降低了1～28 d料重比(P <0.05)。随着日粮抗菌肽添加水平的升高,28 d体重、1～14 d、15～28 d及1～28 d日增重显著升高(P <0.05)。对照组较抗菌肽组显著提高了断奶仔猪14和28 d干物质、14 d粗蛋白质表观消化系数(P <0.05)。对照组较抗菌肽组显著降低了14和28 d粪中大肠杆菌含量(P <0.05),且总厌氧菌、梭菌和大肠杆菌含量随抗菌肽添加水平的升高而显著降低(P <0.05);与抗菌肽组相比,对照组显著降低了回肠总厌氧菌含量(P <0.05)。饲喂对照组日粮的断奶仔猪较抗菌肽组显著降低了空肠隐窝深度(P <0.05),显著提高了空肠绒毛高度与隐窝深度的比值(P <0.05)。根据试验结果推断,日粮添加抗菌肽可以作为抗生素替代品,具有提高断奶仔猪生长性能、干物质和粗蛋白质的表观消化率、绒毛形态及降低粪中有害菌含量的作用。     

Growth performance,nutrient digestibility,and fecal microbial composition of weaned pigs fed multi-enzyme supplemented diets

A study determined the effects of supplementing corn-based diets for weaned pigs with multi-enzymes on growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients, fecal score, and fecal microbial composition. A total of 132 pigs (initial body weight = 7.23 kg) that had been weaned at 21 d of age and fed a drug-free nursery diet for 7 d were housed in 33 pens of 4 barrows or gilts, blocked by body weight and gender, and fed 3 experimental diets at 11 pens per diet. The diets were corn-based diet without or with multi-enzyme A or B. Multi-enzyme A supplied 4,000 U of xylanase, 150 U of β-glucanase, 3,500 U of protease, and 1,500 U of amylase per kilogram of diet. Multi-enzyme B was the same as multi-enzyme A except that it supplied amylase at 150 U/kg, and that its source of amylase was different from that of multi-enzyme A. All diets contained phytase at 1,000 U/kg. The diets were fed for 35 d in 2 phases; phase 1 for the first 14 d and phase 2 for the last 21 d of the trial. Fecal score was determined daily during the first 7 d of the trial. Fecal samples were collected from rectum of 1 pig per pen on days 2, 7, 14, and 35 of the trial for determining bacterial composition. Also, fresh fecal samples were collected from each pen on days 41 and 42 to determine ATTD of nutrients. Multi-enzyme B increased (P < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) for phases 1 and 2. For the overall study period, multi-enzyme B increased (P < 0.05) ADG from 262 to 313 g, and average daily feed intake (ADFI) from 419 to 504 g. Multi-enzyme A increased (P < 0.05) overall ADG from 262 to 290 g, but did not affect ADFI. Multi-enzyme A or B did not affect ATTD of gross energy, but increased (P < 0.05) the ATTD of ether extract from 30% to 36% or 37%, respectively. Multi-enzyme A did not affect fecal score; however, multi-enzyme B tended to decrease (P = 0.09) fecal score, implying that it tended to decrease diarrhea. Firmicutes were the most abundant phylum of fecal bacteria (its relative abundance ranged from 58% to 72%). Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria were the 2nd and 3rd most abundant phyla of fecal bacteria. Neither multi-enzyme affected fecal bacterial composition. In conclusion, the addition of multi-enzyme A or B to phytase-supplemented corn-based diet for weaned pigs can improve their growth performance and fat digestibility. However, multi-enzyme B was more effective than multi-enzyme A in terms of improving the growth performance of weaned pigs fed corn-based diet.     

黄芪多糖(APS)对断奶仔猪生长性能、血液生理生化指标及菌群多样性的影响

通过对断奶仔猪生长性能及血液生理生化指标的测定筛选出黄芪多糖(APS)的最适添加量,同时分析最适宜添加量的APS组对盲肠菌群多样性的影响。将40头(杜×长×大)28日龄断奶仔猪根据初始体质量相近原则分为5组,每组8头,Ⅰ组为对照组,饲喂基础日粮,Ⅱ组添加150mg/kg金霉素,Ⅲ~Ⅴ组分别添加200,400,800mg/kg APS,试验期28d。测定断奶仔猪生长性能,血液生理生化指标及盲肠的菌群多样性。在整个试验期,与对照组相比,日粮中添加200mg/kg APS使肉料比显著升高(P0.05);添加200mg/kg APS提高了血清中总蛋白、白蛋白、谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶和碱性磷酸酶的含量,降低了血清尿素氮和葡萄糖的含量(P0.05);日粮中添加抗生素和APS均能显著提高血液中淋巴细胞数和血小板数(P0.05),除添加200mg/kg APS的试验组外,其余各组均可显著提高血液中白细胞和红细胞数量(P0.05),添加200mg/kg APS后盲肠菌群丰富度高且优势条带明显。     

Rearing conditions affected responses of weaned pigs to organic acids showing a positive effect on digestibility,microflora and immunity

Three experiments were conducted to assess the response of weaned pigs to organic acid SF3, which contains 34% calcium formate, 16% calcium lactate, 7% citric acid and 13% medium chain fatty acids. Dietary treatments had no effect on growth performance of piglets (21‐day weaning) fed the commercial prestart diet for 1 week before receiving the experimental diets supplemented with SF3 at 0, 3 or 5 g/kg diet (Exp. 1), whereas diarrhea frequency averaged across a week was decreased by SF3 supplementation (5 g/kg diet) in piglets fed the experimental diets immediately after weaning (Exp. 2). In Exp. 3, piglets (28‐day weaning) were fed the control (containing pure colistin sulfate and enramycin, respectively, at 20 mg/kg diet) for 1 week and then were fed the control or SF3‐supplemented (5 g/kg diet) diet for 2 weeks. The SF3‐fed piglets had greater apparent ileal digestibility of calcium and dry matter, while also demonstrating greater overall gross energy, up‐regulated jejunal expression of sodium‐glucose cotransporter‐1 and transforming growth factor‐β, down‐regulated jejunal expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, higher ileal Lactobacillus, with lower total bacteria content, lower plasma TNF‐α but higher IgG levels than the control‐fed piglets. Collectively, SF3 consumption improved diarrhea resistance of weaned pigs by improving nutrient digestibility, piglet immunity and intestinal bacteria profile. © 2016 Japanese Society of Animal Science     

Nutrient digestibility of extruded canola meal in ileal-cannulated growing pigs and effects of its feeding on diet nutrient digestibility and growth performance in weaned pigs

Canola meal (CM) contains less crude protein (CP) and more fiber and anti-nutritional factors such as glucosinolates than soybean meal (SBM) and consequently has a lower nutrient digestibility. Therefore, processing strategies that may increase the feeding value of CM warrant study. In two experiments, the effects of extrusion of Brassica napus CM on apparent (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA), apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE) in growing pigs, and growth performance and diet digestibility in weaned pigs were assessed. Solvent-extracted CM was extruded using a single-screw extruder at three screw speeds: 250 (CM-250), 350 (CM-350), or 450 (CM-450) rpm. In exp. 1, in a double 4 × 4 Latin square, eight ileal-cannulated barrows (initial body weight [BW], 68.1 kg) were fed corn starch-based diets containing 50% CM or extruded CM. The CM sample contained 43.2% CP, 33.2% total dietary fiber (TDF), and 8.9 µmol of total glucosinolates/g on a dry matter (DM) basis. Extrusion increased (P < 0.05) the AID of CP, reduced (P < 0.05) apparent hindgut fermentation of CP, and decreased (P < 0.05) predicted net energy (NE) value of diets. Extrusion increased diet AID and CM SID of most indispensable AA by 3.1 to 5.3%-units. In exp. 2, 200 weaned pigs (initial BW, 8.3 kg) were fed diets containing 20% SBM, CM, or extruded CM starting 2 wk postweaning for 3 wk. The CM sample contained 42.7% CP, 28.3% TDF, and 5.3 µmol total glucosinolates/g DM. Wheat-based diets provided 2.3 Mcal NE/kg and 5.1 g SID Lys/Mcal NE. Dietary inclusion of extruded CM replacing SBM decreased (P < 0.05) diet ATTD of DM, GE and CP, and DE value. Average daily feed intake, average daily gain (ADG), and gain:feed (G:F) of pigs did not differ between extruded CM and SBM diets and were not affected by extrusion, but increasing extruder screw speed linearly increased (P < 0.05) ADG for day 1 to 7 and G:F for the entire trial. In conclusion, extrusion increased diet AID and CM SID of AA but not DE and predicted NE values of CM. However, increasing extruder speed did not further increase the SID of most of the AA of CM in growing pigs. Dietary inclusion of 20% CM or extruded CM did not affect the growth performance in weaned pigs.     

蛋白与能量对断奶仔猪生长性能及消化率的影响

仔猪早期断奶是国内外集约化养猪生产中普遍关注的先进技术。它能提高母猪的繁殖率，减少疾病由母体向仔猪的传播，并能提高生长期的生产性能和胴体品质，目前国外养猪业发达国家已开始推广应用14日龄超早期断奶技术。但仔猪早期断奶时受心理、环境及营养应激影响，常表现为食欲差、消化功能紊     

Effects of essential oil supplementation of a low‐energy diet on performance,intestinal morphology and microflora,immune properties and antioxidant activities in weaned pigs

A total of 144 weaned piglets were used to evaluate the effects of essential oil (EO) supplementation of a low‐energy diet on performance, apparent nutrient digestibility, small intestinal morphology, intestinal microflora, immune properties and antioxidant activities in weaned pigs. Pigs received a low‐energy diet (negative control, NC, digestible energy = 3250 kcal/kg), NC plus 0.025% EO or a positive control diet (PC, digestible energy = 3400 kcal/kg) for 28 days. Growth performance was similar between the EO group and PC group. However, EO supplementation increased (P < 0.05) average daily gain and the apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and energy compared with pigs fed the NC diet. Greater (P < 0.05) villus height and lower (P < 0.05) counts of Escherichia coli and total anaerobes in the rectum in the EO group were observed compared with NC or PC groups. Pigs fed EO diet had higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of albumin, immunoglobulin A (IgA), IgG and total antioxidant capacity and lower fecal score than pigs fed the PC and NC diets. Above all, this study indicates that supplementation of EO to a low‐energy pig diet has beneficial results and obtains similar performance compared with normal energy (PC) diet.     

益生素和低聚木糖对断奶仔猪生产性能、消化酶活性、血液指标和肠道微生物的影响

选用(21±2)日龄体质量为(6.83±0.9)kg的PIC断奶仔猪240头,随机分为4个处理,正对照组(positive diet,PD)含有较多的鱼粉和乳清粉;负对照纽(negative diet,ND)舍有较少的鱼粉和乳清粉,较多的豆粕;负对照+0.035%益生素(negative diet+probiotics,ND+P);负对照+0.002%低聚木糖(negative diet+xylo-oligosaccharide,ND+X).饲喂至65日龄屠宰.结果显示,在断奶仔猪日粮中乳清粉和鱼粉从5.50%降低到2.50%,豆粕从22.50%增加到26.50%可导致仔猪消化道酶活性、血糖和血清总蛋白水平、盲肠乳酸杆菌数量降低(P<0.05),血清尿素氮、盲肠大肠杆菌数量、仔猪腹泻指数扣料重比增加(P<0.05).添加益生素和低聚木糖可以提高仔猪消化道蛋白质、脂肪和淀粉消化酶活性(P<0.05),降低料重比(P<0.05);提高血糖,降低血清尿素氮水平(P<0.05),改善蛋白质平衡和能量代谢;提高盲肠乳酸杆菌数量,减少大肠杆菌数量(P<0.05),降低仔猪的腹泻指数(P<0.05).添加益生素和低聚木糖与否,均不影响日增重和采食量(P>0.05).益生素和低聚木糖可以改善断奶仔猪的消化功能、后消化道有益菌群、饲料转化效率,防治仔猪腹泻.     

断奶仔猪饲喂紫花豌豆对日粮中养分的消化率和生长性能的影响

最大程度地在猪粮中用紫花豌豆代替豆粕(Soybean Meal,SBM)对生猪生产非常经济而且显得特别重要,本研究评估了在乳猪饲料中增加紫花豌豆含量替代SBM对日粮中养分的消化率和生长性能的影响。试验选取19日龄断奶后1周的乳猪260头(8.5 kg),阶段1进行2周(1~14 d),然后进行阶段2饲喂3周(15~35 d),并且用以小麦为主粮的每千克含有0,100,200,300和400 g紫花豌豆(Pisum sativum L.,subsp.hortense)的5种颗粒饲料代替含300 g/kg SBM和100 g/kg小麦饲料。两个阶段的饲料分别被设计成含有净能量(Net energy,NE)10.2和9.8 MJ/kg,同时使标准回肠可消化(Standardised Ileal Digestible,SID)赖氨酸含量为1.2和1.0 g/MJ NE。为平衡饲料中的NE,在两个饲喂阶段的日粮中将加拿大菜籽油含量分别从48和27减少到34和12 g/kg,并通过增加氨基酸结晶体平衡氨基酸含量。结果表明,当饲料中紫花豌豆含量增加到400 g/kg时,在阶段1粗蛋白(Crude Protein,CP)和总能量(Gross Energy,GE)的全消化道表观消化率(Apparent Total Tract Digestibility Coefficient,CATTD)分别被线性的降低了7%和2%(P0.001),但是在阶段2中,粗蛋白的CATTD只线性的降低了1%(P0.005)。与此同时,当饲料中紫花豌豆含量增加到400 g/kg时,日粮NE值在阶段1二次递减0.4 MJ/kg(P0.001),并在阶级2线性的减少0.2 MJ/kg(P0.001),但是用于饲料配方的紫花豌豆的NE值对于刚断奶的仔猪被高估了。在1~7 d,增加紫花豌豆的含量并不影响日均采食量(Average Daily Feed Intake,ADFI),但日增重(Average Daily Gain,ADG)和饲料转化效率(G:F)线性的减少了(P0.01);在8~14 d和15~21 d,生长性能并没有受到影响;在22~28 d,增加紫花豌豆的含量使ADFI和ADG二次递增(P0.01),但没有影响G:F;在29~35 d,增加紫花豌豆的含量时,ADFI只是趋向性线性增加(P0.10),但ADG却表现出线性增加(P0.05),同时没有影响G:F。在整个试验过程(1~35 d),增加饲料中紫花豌豆的含量并没有影响ADFI,ADG和G:F。因此得出结论,对于乳猪饲料,在配成等量的NE值和SID氨基酸后,400 g/kg紫花豌豆能够完全替代SBM,并且对断奶后经过7d的适应期的仔猪的生长性能没有不利影响。     

Effects of Armillariella tabescens mycelia on the growth performance and intestinal immune response and microflora of early‐weaned pigs

This study was performed to evaluate effects of Armillariella tabescens (A. tabescens) on the growth performance and intestinal immune response and microflora in early‐weaned pigs when used as feed additive. A. tabescens mycelia were added to basal diets at concentrations of 0%, 0.1%, 0.3% or 0.9% (w/w). A total of 144 commercial cross‐bred piglets were randomly allocated to one of these four diets and fed for 30 days. The growth performance of early‐weaned piglets displayed improvement with diets containing 0.1% and 0.3% dried mycelia powder from A. tabescens. Supplementing with 0.1% or 0.3% A. tabescens mycelia induced a 2.6‐ and three‐fold increase in secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) content in the jejunal mucosa, respectively, but had only a marginal effect on sIgA in the ileal mucosa. Expression of interleukin‐2, interferon‐γ, and tumor necrosis factor‐α in the jejunal mucosa were elevated with A. tabescens mycelia administration. Increased amounts of Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. in the jejunum, and decreased amounts of Escherichia coli in the jejunum and ileum were observed with the administration of A. tabescens‐containing diets. This study demonstrated that A. tabescens had beneficial effects on the growth performance and intestinal microflora of early‐weaned pigs.     

The effect of PHA-lectins and diet composition on performance and intestinal development in weaning piglets

Anti-nutritional factors such as PHA-lectins (phytohaemagglutinin) in piglet diets can compromise piglet's performance and health by gut damage, which is especially important at weaning. Two trials were conducted to investigate the effect of PHA and fermentable carbohydrates on performance, gut morphology, physiology and microbiology in piglets weaned at 26 days.

We studied dietary PHA as a model to standardize gut damage and its effect on intestinal morphology and microbiology in piglets until 2 weeks post weaning. In general, significant lower values were observed on day 7 compared to day 14 post weaning (d7 vs. d14: 358 vs. 442 μm villus height; 42.1 vs. 108.7 U/g protein sucrase-isomaltase), indicating gut maturation. We observed very few changes between day of weaning to day 7 post weaning, lactobacilli counts being most affected (8.9, 6.9, 7.4 cfu/g for d0, d7, d14). Apart from these marked time effects the effect of PHA was negligible and thus a less suitable model to standardize gut damage in this setup.

Furthermore we studied the effect of PHA in combination with rapid or slow fermentable carbohydrates (CHO) on performance and physiological parameters. We observed a dramatic effect on performance (ADG g/d: 245 no PHA + low CHO, 111 PHA + low CHO, 132 PHA + rapid CHO, 105 PHA + slow CHO), which was less clearly reflected in the physiological parameters.     

Growth performance,nutrient digestibility,and fecal microflora in weanling pigs fed live yeast

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of live yeast supplementation on nursery pig performance, nutrient digestibility, and fecal microflora and to determine whether live yeast could replace antibiotics and growth-promoting concentrations of Zn and Cu in nursery pigs. In Exp. 1, 156 pigs were weaned at 17 d of age (BW = 5.9 kg) and allotted to a 2 x 2 factorial randomized complete block design (six or seven pigs per pen with six pens per treatment). Factors consisted of 1) dietary supplementation with oat products (oat flour and steam-rolled oats; 0 or 27.7%) and 2) yeast supplementation at 0 or 1.6 x 10(7) cfu of Saccharomyces cerevisiae SC47/g of feed. In Exp. 2, 96 pigs were weaned at 17 d of age and allotted to a 2 x 2 factorial randomized complete block design (four pigs per pen with six pens per treatment) with factors of 1) diet type (positive control containing growth-promoting concentrations of Zn, Cu, and antibiotics or negative control) and 2) live yeast supplementation (0 or 2.4 x 10(7) cfu of Saccharomyces cerevisiae SC47/g of feed). The inclusion of oat products in Exp. 1 decreased (P < 0.10) overall ADG and final BW. Yeast supplementation did not affect growth performance of pigs in Exp. 1 (P = 0.65); however, ADG in Exp. 2 was 10.6% greater (P < 0.01) and ADFI was increased by 9.4% (P < 0.10) in pigs supplemented with yeast in the positive control diet. Addition of Zn, Cu, and antibiotics to the diet improved gain:feed ratio during the prestarter period (P < 0.02) and overall (P = 0.10). In Exp. 1, inclusion of oat products increased (P < 0.01) total bacteria in feces when measured on d 10. Fecal lactobacilli measured on d 28 were reduced (P < 0.05) in pigs fed diets with oat products and yeast (interaction, P < 0.05). In Exp. 2, yeast supplementation decreased (P < 0.05) total bacteria and lactobacilli. Dietary yeast resulted in a greater (P < 0.05) yeast count in feces of pigs during the starter phase of Exp. 1. Yeast decreased (P < 0.10) the digestibility of DM, fat, and GE in the prestarter phase and DM, fat, P, and GE in the starter phase, whereas oat products increased the digestibility of DM, CP, fat, and GE (P < 0.05) in the prestarter phase. Results indicate that live yeast supplementation had a positive effect on nursery pig performance when diets contained growth-promoting antimicrobials. Nonetheless, the response was variable, and the conditions under which a response might be expected need to be further defined.     

Effects of sodium humate and glutamine combined supplementation on growth performance,diarrhea incidence,blood parameters,and intestinal microflora of weaned calves

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of sodium humate (HNa) and glutamine (Gln) alone or combined supplementation on growth performance, diarrhea incidence, blood parameters, and intestinal microflora of weaned Holstein calves. In a 14-day experiment, 40 calves at 51 ± 3 days of age were randomly allocated to four treatment groups: (1) NC (basal diet), (2) NC + 5% HNa, (3) NC + 1% Gln, and (4) NC + 5% HNa + 1% Gln. Calves combined supplementation with HNa and Gln had a higher (P < .05) ADG, serum concentration of glucose (GLU), IgA, and IgG but lower fecal scores, diarrhea incidence, serum concentration of TNF-α, and IL-10 compared with NC group (P < .05). Compared with NC group, HNa + Gln group showed higher (P < .05) serum GSH and T-AOC activities but lower (P < .05) concentration of MDA and D-lac. Furthermore, the abundances of Prevotella ruminicola, Bifidobacterium, and Lactobacillus in rectal digesta were increased (P < .05), but the Escherichia coli was significantly decreased. In conclusion, combined supplementation with HNa and Gln can effectively improve the immune status, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal microflora of the weaned calves while reducing diarrhea incidence.     

甘露寡糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道菌群的影响

选用28日龄断奶仔猪90头，随机分为5组，每组3个重复，每个重复6头仔猪，分别施以5种不同日粮，自由采食和饮水。第一组为对照组，第2、3、4、5组在基础日粮中分别添加0.6%-0.05%甘露寡糖（商品名为奥奇素，Bio-MOS）、0.2%甘露寡粮、0.1%甘露寡糖、0.05%甘露寡糖＋3mg/kg黄霉素的试验组。以测定甘露寡糖对仔猪生产性能和肠道菌群浓度的影响。试验结果表明：（1）添加奥奇素组的平均日增重（ADG）均高于对照组、腹泻率显著低于对照组，而平均日采食量（ADFI）低于对照组（4组除外）和饲料转化效率（F／G）高于对照组，但差异不显著。各试验组之间的ADG、腹泻率、ADFI和F／G差异不显著，但以0.1%的甘露寡糖组相对综合效果最好。（2）各试验组肠道大肠杆菌的浓度极显著低于对照组。第2组和第3组其结肠、盲肠和直肠中双歧杆菌得到增殖。第4组的结肠和直肠中双歧杆菌浓度显著高于对照组，但盲肠中的双歧杆菌的增殖效果不明显。各组肠道中乳酸杆菌的浓度与对照组相比差异不显著。     

乳酸菌液体发酵饲料对育肥猪养分表观消化率、粪样菌群、血液生化指标和生产性能的影响

试验旨在研究乳酸菌液体发酵饲料对育肥猪养分表观消化率、粪样菌群、血液生化指标和生产性能的影响。选择200头体重60 kg左右的三元杂交猪,随机分为4组,每组5个重复,每个重复10头猪。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组饲喂添加10%、30%、50%的乳酸菌液体发酵饲料替代基础日粮中相应比例的全价配合饲料。结果表明,在育肥猪的饲料中添加乳酸菌液体发酵饲料,粗蛋白质、粗纤维、粗脂肪、钙、总磷、氮的养分表观消化率显著提高(P<0.05);鲜粪中大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的数量显著降低,乳酸菌的数量显著增加(P<0.05);显著提高了血液中总蛋白、白蛋白、免疫球蛋白A、免疫球蛋白G、葡萄糖的含量(P<0.05),显著降低了血液中尿素氮的含量(P<0.05),总胆固醇、三酰甘油、免疫球蛋白M无显著影响;平均日增重和平均日采食量明显增加(P<0.05),料肉比显示添加10%乳酸菌液体发酵饲料饲料报酬为最佳;显著降低了育肥猪发病率(P<0.05)。     

低蛋白和杂粕日粮对生长猪生产性能、养分消化、血液指标和猪舍氨气的影响

用50 kg左右的DLY生长猪196头,分4个处理(标准豆粕日粮、标准8%杂粕日粮及其相应低蛋白日粮),各处理日粮按NRC1998标准配制,可消化赖氨酸、苏氨酸、蛋+胱氨酸、色氨酸和异亮氨酸达到理想蛋白氨基酸比例和水平,研究低蛋白和杂粕日粮对猪生产性能、养分消化、血液指标和猪舍氨气的影响。结果表明,150~80 kg阶段标准豆粕和8%杂粕日粮粗蛋白质降低3个百分点,对猪的生产性能没有显著影响(P0.05);2蛋白质降低3个百分点显著降低日粮蛋白质表观消化率(P0.05);豆粕日粮赖氨酸、苏氨酸、蛋氨酸、缬氨酸等必需氨基酸表观消化率没有降低,杂粕日粮所有氨基酸表观消化率都显著降低(P0.05);对纤维、脂肪、灰分、钙和磷表观消化率也有不同程度影响;3低蛋白质日粮显著降低猪血浆尿素氮水平(P0.05);4低蛋白日粮能显著降低猪舍有害气体氨气浓度(P0.05)。     

The effect of dicyandiamide on rumen and blood metabolites,diet digestibility and urinary excretion

The excretion of urine by dairy cows provides a source of nitrogen (N) to pasture. Excess N from urine patches can be lost through nitrate (NO₃⁻) leaching and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions. Dicyandiamide (DCD) inhibits nitrification in the soil and is usually applied to the pasture by blanket spreading the entire field. This study assessed the potential of pulse-dosing cows with DCD so that the DCD will be excreted in the urine and deposited directly onto the urine patches. The objective of this study was to measure the recovery of DCD in urine and faeces and to assess the effects of DCD on rumen and blood metabolites and diet digestibility. Eight non-lactating Holstein–Friesian dairy cows fitted with rumen cannulae were assigned to two treatments in a Latin square design over two periods. The two treatments used were (1) control (CON) consisting of 500 ml distilled water and (2) DCD consisting of 0.1 g DCD per kg liveweight (LW) suspended in 500 ml distilled water. Both treatments were pulse-dosed into the rumen daily for 6 days with half the volume dosed in the morning and the remainder in the afternoon. The administration of DCD into the rumen had no effect on rumen and blood metabolites, and diet digestibility when compared to the control treatment, as all were not significantly different from the control treatment and were within the normal biological range. During 6 days of dosing with DCD the average recovery of the dosed DCD in urine was 82.3%, with a further 2.1% recovered in the faeces. No DCD was recovered in the urine and faeces 10 days following the cessation of dosing. These results could provide the basis for a novel mitigation strategy to reduce NO₃⁻ leaching and N₂O emissions from urine patches in grazed grassland.     

山楂提取物对断奶仔猪生长性能、免疫功能、抗氧化能力及肠道微生物的影响研究

为探讨不同添加量山楂提取物(CF)对断奶仔猪生长性能、免疫功能、抗氧化能力和肠道微生物的影响,试验选择体重为(8.85±0.73)kg左右、健康状况良好的28日龄"杜×长×大"断奶仔猪30头,按体重相近的原则随机分为5组,每组6个重复,每个重复1头仔猪.对照组(CON组)饲喂基础日粮,抗生素组(CTC组)是在基础日粮中...     

膨化全脂大豆对仔猪生产性能和养分消化率的影响

根据遗传、性别、体质量等相一致的原则,将30头35日龄断奶的杜洛克仔猪随机分为3组,每组设2个重复,研究膨化全脂大豆对仔猪生产性能和饲粮养分消化率的影响。对照组以玉米豆粕等配制饲粮,试验1组以膨化全脂大豆替代50%的豆粕,试验2组以膨化全脂大豆替代全部豆粕,其他饲粮组成保持不变,进行40d的饲养试验。在试验第20天开始,连续收集粪便3d,测定饲粮养分消化率。结果表明,试验1组日增重比对照组提高了17.6%,差异显著(P<0.05),试验2组比对照组提高了7.4%(P>0.05);试验1组和试验2组饲料利用率分别比对照组提高11.7%和7.6%。试验2组干物质消化率显著高于对照组(P<0.05),蛋白质的消化率3组基本接近,但含有膨化大豆的试验1组和试验2组的粗脂肪和粗灰分的消化率均比对照组有提高趋势。