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1.
Evaluation of the advantage of marine protected areas over the reduction of the fishing mortality coefficient 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
ABSTRACT: In the present study, we compared the advantage of marine protected areas (MPA) to the reduction of the fishing mortality coefficient ( F ). We accomplished this by comparing the yield per recruitment (YPR) and spawner biomass per recruitment (SPR) under two controls. This was accomplished using a mathematical model. We used the following five measures as comparisons: (i) the condition of the fishery where the increase in YPR is possible; (ii) the increase in YPR or SPR obtained by allocating half the fishing ground as an MPA and by reducing F by half; (iii) the maximum YPR obtainable when the fishing mortality coefficient or the proportion of MPA in the fishing ground is completely controlled; (iv) the proportion of the MPA and the reduction ratio of F required for attaining 30% SPR; and (v) the YPR obtainable while maintaining 30% SPR. Our results show that the MPA has a minor disadvantage in terms of the first measure. The MPA is advantageous in increasing SPR in the second measure, with a low migration rate of fish. The MPA is also advantageous in increasing YPR in the second measure, with some intermediate migration. The MPA is disadvantageous in the third measure. The MPA is advantageous in the fourth measure, with a low migration rate. The MPA is disadvantageous in the fifth measure. 相似文献
2.
Lauren Wenzel Gonzalo Cid Ben Haskell Athline Clark Kalani Quiocho William Kiene Billy Causey Nathalie Ward 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2019,29(Z2):152-161
- The world's oceans are often perceived as barriers that separate countries. To counter these divisions and improve protection of ocean resources, marine protected area (MPA) managers have formed alliances that bridge jurisdictional boundaries to share strategies and resources with other protected areas.
- The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of National Marine Sanctuaries has embraced this sister site approach to connect MPA management based on ecological and cultural links. Designed to strengthen the management of ecologically and culturally connected areas, these relationships between protected areas serve as catalysts for effective stewardship of the ocean's biological resources and show the important benefits of transnational cooperation.
- This paper summarizes the lessons from over a decade of sister site partnerships, including case studies from Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary and four sites in the Caribbean working together to protect a shared population of humpback whales; the Gulf of Mexico Sister Site Network being developed by the USA, Mexico, and Cuba; Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument and Rapa Nui in Chile; and broader collaboration among MPAs in the USA and Chile on the Pacific coast.
3.
1. Development of environmental protected areas has been driven ‘more by opportunity than design, scenery rather than science’ (Hackman A. 1993. Preface. A protected areas gap analysis methodology: planning for the conservation of biodiversity. World Wildlife Fund Canada Discussion Paper; i–ii). If marine environments are to be protected from the adverse effects of human activities, then identification of types of marine habitats and delineation of their boundaries in a consistent classification is required. Without such a classification system, the extent and significance of representative or distinctive habitats cannot be recognized. Such recognition is a fundamental prerequisite to the determination of location and size of marine areas to be protected. 2. A hierarchical classification has been developed based on enduring/recurrent geophysical (oceanographic and physiographic) features of the marine environment, which identifies habitat types that reflect changes in biological composition. Important oceanographic features include temperature, stratification and exposure; physiographic features include bottom relief and substrate type. 3. Classifications based only on biological data are generally prohibited at larger scales, due to lack of information. Therefore, we are generally obliged to classify habitat types as surrogates for community types. The data necessary for this classification are available from mapped sources and from remote sensing. It is believed they can be used to identify representative and distinctive marine habitats supporting different communities, and will provide an ecological framework for marine conservation planning at the national level. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
4.
- The people of the Pacific have long relied on the ocean for sustenance, commerce and cultural identity, which resulted in a sophisticated understanding of the marine environment and its conservation.
- The global declines in ocean health require new and innovative approaches to conserving marine ecosystems. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) have been shown to be a highly effective means of conserving biodiversity and managing fisheries, while also restoring and preserving overall ecosystem function.
- Traditional ecological knowledge held by many island peoples in the Pacific is critical to the development, design and implementation of contemporary MPAs.
- Chile's offshore islands are among the few oceanic archipelagos along the west coast of South America. These islands have cultural and ecological connections to the broader insular Pacific, yet our scientific understanding of them is extremely limited.
- Chile has created several large-scale MPAs around their offshore archipelagos. By protecting these unique ecosystems, Chile has established itself as a global leader in marine conservation.
- Effective management and a better understanding of social–ecological interactions are currently the biggest challenges facing MPAs in the Pacific Islands.
5.
- This paper describes how a series of papers published in Aquatic Conservation have had a clear impact on the conservation process run at Rapa Nui by the Chilean Government and the Rapanui community.
- Exploratory expeditions set the scientific basis for the creation of Rapa Nui Multiple Use Marine Protected Area.
- Past conservation initiatives lacked proper participative processes and were strongly resisted by the local communities.
- Science transfer through capacity building was key for a local transformation towards embracing marine conservation objectives.
- Publications showed the importance of participation, a good balance between political will and a local wish for protection of the sea, and the incorporation of a local worldview, for a successful conservation process.
- Strong differences between the socio‐ecological systems in mainland Chile and that in Rapa Nui were recognized and helped to build a new conservation strategy for Rapa Nui between the Chilean Government and Rapanui community.
- International experience exchanges also helped to develop the conservation process in Rapa Nui, and recent ecological studies will help future Marine Protected Area implementation.
6.
Gaya Gnanalingam Daniel W. Pritchard Derek K. Richards Peri Subritzky Brendan Flack Christopher D. Hepburn 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2021,31(9):2320-2333
- Spatially discrete stocks that vary in life history traits on a reef-to-reef scale present a challenge for fisheries managers. Nationally or regionally applied one-size-fits-all approaches to management fail to account for this variability, and when coupled with fishing pressure this can result in serial depletion and localized extinction.
- Where mechanisms for local management exist, as they do in New Zealand via customary protection areas (Taiāpure Local Fisheries, Mātaitai Reserves), managers have the opportunity to trial tools on scales relevant to the stocks managed. This study assesses the effect of bag limits and a rāhui (temporary closure) in managing the spatially discrete, and culturally important, blackfoot abalone (Haliotis iris, pāua) in the East Otago Taiāpure, in southern New Zealand.
- Using surveys spanning 8 years and 26 sites, the rāhui was found to have had mixed results: halting the decline in pāua density at 0 m but not 0.5 m depths. The rāhui did, however, result in an increase in the percentage of individuals above the minimum legal size at both depths.
- Where bag limits alone had been applied, pāua densities and the percentage of legal-sized individuals continued to decline over the 8-year period, with the loss of large individuals, translating into a decline in estimated egg production.
- Growth estimates from mark–recapture and surveys of juvenile abundance at sites inside and outside the rāhui highlight the fine-scale variability in pāua life history even within this local area. This suggests there may be biological impediments to pāua management using bag limits alone.
- Though pāua restoration efforts have had mixed results to date, this study highlights the potential for legally empowered local managers and communities to respond to fisheries declines in their own local area in an action-driven, adaptable, and timely way.
7.
- A high percentage of marine animals produce bioactive compounds that may play a leading role in the discovery of future compounds and drugs of marine origin. However, commercial fishing and other human activities leading to sea warming and pollution may affect these marine animals, even putting them in danger of extinction.
- To date, no comprehensive studies have evaluated the conservation status of Mediterranean species with bioactive potential, which is crucial to better understanding of how these species cope with the impacts of human activity.
- The study reviewed the bioactive potential and vulnerability of 833 fish and macro-invertebrate species inhabiting the marine protected area of Cap de Creus and surrounding areas. The most active taxa found were Porifera (49 out of 59 species; 83.0%) and Tunicata (17 out of 27 species; 63.0%). The most vulnerable species were Chondrichthyes (eight out of nine species) and Porifera (nine out of 12 species), which together account for over 75% of species classified as such.
- Results emphasize the need to introduce specific management measures that protect vulnerable species with bioactive potential as this is a valuable component of marine ecosystems, as well as a potential source of molecules with pharmacological properties beneficial for human health.
- Marine protected areas can contribute to preserving marine species of medical interest and achieving their sustainable use in the marine biotechnology industry.
8.
- 1. Conservation efforts have traditionally been directed to ‘flagship’ species (whales, seals, migratory birds, etc.) that capture public attention. Often these flagship species occupy distinctive habitats. Distinctive habitats appear to be distinguished because of anomalous physical structures and unique oceanographic processes occurring within them, whereas representative habitats are not notable in this way. Distinctive habitats are found in areas of various physical anomalies described primarily by temperature, chlorophyll and topography.
- 2. Several different kinds of distinctive habitats can be defined by their anomalous physical structures and oceanographic and biological processes. Species diversity may be either higher or lower in distinctive than in representative habitats. Distinctive habitats predominantly belong to a class of environments called ‘ergoclines’, and are typically associated with elevated resources at some ‘trophic level’.
- 3. These elevated resources may be either the product of true production (i.e. they are generated (in situ), or they are the product of physical accumulation due to circulation mechanisms. These processes lie at the heart of the ecology of distinctive habitats, and are fundamental to maintenance of ecosystem health, ecological integrity, distributions, abundances and recruitment of species, patterns of animal migrations, and potential or actual fisheries yields.
- 4. Conservation strategies need to examine the relationships between distinctive and representative habitats and species diversity. A strategy, leading from studies on flagship or other focal species, could have several advantages. It should rejuvenate the inherent appeal and significance of ‘species’ approaches to marine conservation, provide a rationale for human interest and a new foundation for examination of marine ecological interactions. It would also require a novel synthesis of relationships between ‘species’ and ‘spaces’ approaches to marine conservation by asking how we can take the best advantage of both approaches, rather than seeing them as in conflict.
9.
- Scuba (self ‐ contained underwater breathing apparatus) diving can act as an incentive ‐ based conservation mechanism and protect reefs by funding conservation and replacing more consumptive uses. However, diving must be sustainable.
- One challenge to sustainability is changing reef conditions and diving clientele over time. This paper examines these changes with respect to diving on the Andaman coast of Thailand using a Wildlife Tourism Model.
- In 2012 a questionnaire was administered to 591 scuba divers and compared with 506 questionnaires collected in 2000. Findings include:
- the 2012 industry has a higher proportion of low and medium specialization visitors that have lower expectations and lower overall satisfaction, yet remain willing to return;
- the average per capita economic contribution of divers to the local economy and to dive companies declined by more than 30% by 2012;
- Andaman coast diving continued to grow in 2012, dominated by mass ‐ market tourism that had diversified into several niches;
- the results verify the use of the Wildlife Tourism Model as a tool to understand industry sustainability, and suggest further development of the model to capture the extension into specific, niche markets.
- Changes to diver characteristics in 2012 restrict the ability of diving to fund conservation, provide alternative livelihoods, support environmental choices by operators, and control dive pressure exerted on reefs.
- Results suggest the operationalization of Limits of Acceptable Change by both managers and dive operators to grow the conservation value of diving.
- The results of this study suggest that the Wildlife Tourism Model can be used to inform management choices in emerging dive destinations. For instance, creating spatial zones that target the tourist composition most appropriate to meet the conservation goals of each reef system.
10.
Da Chen Alysia Garmulewicz Caroline Merner Cassandra Elphinstone Conor Leggott Heather Dewar 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2019,29(Z2):223-232
- A holistic approach to stakeholder participation is emerging where youth are increasingly being recognized as core stakeholders in community‐based conservation efforts.
- A growing number of youth‐focused marine conservation initiatives and representation at international marine conservation conventions demonstrate that youth are taking an active role in marine conservation worldwide.
- This paper surveys current best practices in youth engagement in marine protected areas (MPAs) in Canada, across 10 different engagement strategies. These are: facilitate learning through experiential education; include studies of MPAs in academic and community programmes; utilize multimedia opportunities, including social media, film, website, and apps; provide meaningful volunteer opportunities; deliver professional development sessions for youth initiative building; create youth councils to assist organizations in an advisory role; hire youth for employment in internships, co‐ops and junior positions within organizations; showcase young people as Youth Ambassadors of MPAs; share opportunities through effective outreach and promotion; and, integrate under‐represented perspectives in MPAs.
- Recommendations are drawn from the case studies within each engagement strategy. Collectively, they offer insight into the variety of ways the international community can support, highlight and advance youth participation in MPAs.
11.
Alan M. Friedlander 《Aquarium Sciences and Conservation》2001,3(1-3):135-150
Extensive and unregulated harvest of marine ornamental fishes can lead to localized depletion of target species and habitat degradation from inappropriate collecting techniques. One potential solution to these problems is the creation of marine reserves where fishing is prohibited. Marine reserves have been shown to increase fish abundance and protect ecosystems from habitat destruction associated with fishing. If protective areas are to be effective, they must include the diversity of habitats necessary to accommodate the wide range of fish species that are of interest to the marine ornamental fish trade.Fish assemblages with high diversity and abundance are often associated with habitats of high structural complexity. A relationship between fish size and reef complexity suggests the importance of shelter as a refuge for certain fishes in avoiding predation. Many species tend to aggregate to spawn in structurally complex habitats to reduce their risk of predation. Closing of spawning areas during aggregation periods has been shown to be a highly effective management strategy for these species. The limited home ranges and high degree of habitat specificity associated with many marine ornamental fishes should make marine reserves a highly effective strategy for managing these resources. 相似文献
12.
Erin K. Loury Shaara M. Ainsley Shannon D. Bower Ratana Chuenpagdee Tracy Farrell Amanda G. Guthrie Sokrith Heng Zau Lunn Abdullah Al Mamun Rodrigo Oyanedel Steve Rocliffe Suvaluck Satumanatpan Steven J. Cooke 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2018,28(2):485-500
- Marine protected areas (MPAs) and freshwater protected areas (FPAs), collectively aquatic protected areas (APAs), share many commonalities in their design, establishment, and management, suggesting great potential for sharing lessons learned. However, surprisingly little has been exchanged to date, and both realms of inquiry and practice have progressed mostly independent of each other.
- This paper builds on a session held at the 7th World Fisheries Congress in Busan, South Korea, in May 2016, which explored crossover lessons between marine and freshwater realms, and included case studies of four MPAs and five FPAs (or clusters of FPAs) from nine countries.
- This review uses the case studies to explore similarities, differences, and transferrable lessons between MPAs and FPAs under five themes: (1) ecological system; (2) establishment approaches; (3) effectiveness monitoring; (4) sustaining APAs; and (5) challenges and external threats.
- Ecological differences between marine and freshwater environments may necessitate different approaches for collecting species and habitat data to inform APA design, establishment and monitoring, but once collected, similar spatial ecological tools can be applied in both realms. In contrast, many similarities exist in the human dimension of both MPA and FPA establishment and management, highlighting clear opportunities for exchanging lessons related to stakeholder engagement and support, and for using similar socio‐economic and governance assessment methods to address data gaps in both realms.
- Regions that implement MPAs and FPAs could work together to address shared challenges, such as developing mechanisms for diversified and sustained funding, and employing integrated coastal/watershed management to address system‐level threats. Collaboration across realms could facilitate conservation of diadromous species in both marine and freshwater habitats.
- Continued exchange and increased collaboration would benefit both realms, and may be facilitated by defining shared terminology, holding cross‐disciplinary conferences or sessions, publishing inclusive papers, and proposing joint projects.
13.
- The acceptance of reserves as a useful management strategy relies on evidence of their effectiveness in preserving stocks of harvested species and conserving biodiversity. A history of ad hoc decisions in terrestrial and marine protected area planning has meant that many of these areas are contributing inefficiently to conservation goals. The conservation value of existing protected areas should be assessed when planning the placement of additional areas in a reserve network.
- This study tested (1) the effectiveness of protection for intertidal molluscs of a marine reserve (Bouddi Marine Extension, NSW, Australia) established in 1971, and (2) the contribution of the protected area to the conservation of regional species, assemblages, and habitats.
- The shell length and population density of one harvested (Cellana tramoserica), and three non‐harvested species (Bembicium nanum, Morula marginalba, Nerita atramentosa) of intertidal molluscs were examined in the protected area and two reference locations over two seasons.
- The heavily collected limpet C. tramoserica was significantly larger in the protected area and was the only species to exhibit a significant difference. No species significantly differed in population density between the protected area and reference locations.
- Temporally replicated surveys of macro‐molluscs at 21 locations over 75 km of coastline identified that the existing protected area included 50% of species, two of five assemblage types and 19 of 20 intertidal rocky shore habitats surveyed in the study region. Reservation of a further three rocky reefs would protect a large proportion of species (71%), a representative of each assemblage and all habitat types.
- Despite originally being selected in the absence of information on regional biodiversity, the protected area is today an effective starting point for expansion to a regional network of intertidal protected areas.
14.
- 1. Mapping of seabed habitats is increasingly being used to identify the distribution and structure of marine ecosystems and as surrogate measures of biodiversity for marine protected area (MPA) planning. In this study, the distribution of seabed habitats to the 3 nmi limit around the Kent Group of islands, south‐eastern Australia were mapped using video ground‐truthed single‐beam acoustics at the mesoscale level (10 m to 1 km) as part of an MPA planning process.
- 2. Six distinct seabed habitat types (continuous reef, patchy reef, sand, hard sand, sparse sponge, and seagrass) were identified based primarily on visual differences in the first and second echo and a further four (low, medium and high profile reef, and sand hills) on variations in seabed profile identified in the echogram. Extensive acoustic and video transects allowed an estimate of the broad‐scale spatial distribution of seabed habitats defined at several hierarchical levels and provided information on the cover of the dominant benthic species or assemblages.
- 3. The island group supports a range of consolidated habitats, including rocky reefs of varying profile dominated by the macroalgae Phyllospora comosa and Ecklonia radiata in depths down to around 45 m, adjacent to deeper sponge‐dominated reefs containing encrusting, erect and branching forms. Unconsolidated habitats occurred broadly through the island group, with the offshore region dominated by hard sand (sand with scallop shells and/or shell grit) and sparse sponge‐habitats (sand interspersed with low cover of sponge‐dominated assemblages). The sheltered coves were dominated by sand and seagrass habitats consisting of beds of the seagrasses Halophila australis, Zostera tasmanica and Posidonia australis, with variations in species composition, patchiness and percentage cover evident within and between coves.
- 4. In February 2004 the Kent Group MPA was announced, covering all waters out to the 3 nmi limit containing two areas defined as a Sanctuary Zone (‘no take’) and a Habitat Protection Zone (‘restricted take’). Overall, seabed habitat mapping generated a capability to define the boundary and size of potential MPA zones within the Kent Group of islands and was an essential component of the planning process to improve the likelihood that the MPA was comprehensive, adequate and representative (CAR).
- 5. The need to define habitats at multiple scales within a hierarchical classification scheme that are meaningful in terms of biodiversity and CAR principles and identifiable using mapping techniques is discussed.
15.
Antonios D. Mazaris Despoina Vokou Vasiliki Almpanidou Gail Schofield 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2017,27(4):890-897
- Global biodiversity conservation relies on the efficient operation of protected areas, with revenue often originating from visitors. However, visitors generally select destinations where personal security and safety are guaranteed.
- Information about potential threats (natural hazards or terrorism) for global destinations is mainly released to the public via national safety travel advice and via global reports on disaster and terrorism risk indices.
- This study aimed to evaluate the extent to which different types of national security risks occur in countries that contain marine protected areas (MPAs) globally, towards highlighting the importance of incorporating these security issues into conservation management plans.
- Countries hosting most global marine protected areas (MPAs) have a low to medium risk of natural disasters. However, the analyses demonstrated that about one‐third of MPAs are hosted by countries with lower income economies, which are also shown to have a lower capacity to cope with natural disasters.
- Of interest, countries with high terrorism risk host only a small fraction of global MPAs, with lower income countries being subjected to significantly higher terrorism risk than higher income countries.
- Overall, the results show that the chance of a country with an MPA being subject to a national security risk is generally low. However, countries with a higher risk of violence and natural disaster have lower coping capacities and weaker economies. Thus, MPAs in such countries should incorporate the risk of national security issues into their management schemes, particularly when visitor revenue is incorporated into wildlife protection and the employment of locals.
16.
Patrice Francour Jean‐Georges Harmelin David Pollard Stphane Sartoretto 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2001,11(3):155-188
17.
Altai Pavón-Paneque Enrique Ostalé-Valriberas Juan Sempere-Valverde Francisco Sedano Free Espinosa José Carlos García-Gómez 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2024,34(1):e4042
- Limpets play an important role in structuring the intertidal fringe, one of the most heavily impacted marine habitats. A large number of limpet species are listed as Endangered or Vulnerable, including Patella ferruginea, one of the most endangered marine invertebrates in the Mediterranean Sea.
- Relocation attempts have been made as a conservation tool for reintroductions and population reinforcements for P. ferruginea. Some relocations were mandatory because of port infrastructure repairs in areas where viable populations of this limpet occurred. However, most relocations attempted to date have experienced high mortality rates, leading to the Spanish National Conservation Strategy not recommending this approach for this species.
- In this study, 84 individuals of P. ferruginea were relocated, using artificial portable plates (APPs) installed on the ripraps of the Port of Ceuta (Western Mediterranean Sea). These plates were divided into two groups and relocated: (i) as a translocation to a nearby site with similar environmental conditions to the donor area (procedural control); and (ii) as a reinforcement translocation to a relatively distant location (30 km, Algeciras Bay) (experimental procedure). The mortality of the translocated individuals in the procedural control after 10 weeks was similar (6.6%) to that expected for natural populations, whereas the mortality rate for individuals in the reinforcement translocation was higher (26.6%).
- The APPs have been proven to be a feasible method for translocation, as they result in relatively low mortality by preventing the stress and damage caused by limpet detachment from substrata. The constraints caused by reinforcement translocation to a new environment seem to be the cause of the increased mortality, as the translocated limpets changed their home scar at a much higher rate than the control limpets did.
18.
- 1. If marine environments are to be systematically protected from the adverse effects of human activities, then identification of the types of marine habitats and the communities they contain, and delineation of their boundaries utilizing a consistent classification is required. Human impacts on defined communities can then be assessed, the ‘health’ of these communities can be monitored, and marine protected areas can be designated as appropriate.
- 2. Schemes to classify habitats at local and regional scales, according to their geophysical properties, may identify different factors as determinants, and/or use them in different sequences in a hierarchical classification. We examined the reasons for these differences in local and regional applications of a global concept, and argue that a common set of factors could be applied in a defined and defensible sequence to produce a common hierarchy of habitat types among geographic regions.
- 3. We show how simple mapping and GIS techniques, based on readily available data, can lead to the identification of representative habitat types over broad geographic regions. We applied a geophysical framework first to the entire Canadian coastline and second to the Scotian Shelf of Atlantic Canada to establish broad scale marine natural regions and ‘seascapes’, respectively. This ecosystem level approach — which defines representative habitat types — is a fundamental prerequisite for many purposes. It can form the basis for further analyses including: definition of community types from habitat — community relationships; evaluation of the potential roles of focal species in marine conservation; evaluation of candidate marine protected areas; definition of unaffected reference areas against which the effects of human activities can be gauged; guidance for water quality monitoring studies; management of marine resources.
19.
Helen Bailey Gemma Clay Elizabeth A. Coates David Lusseau Bridget Senior Paul M. Thompson 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2010,20(2):150-158
- 1. Assessments of anthropogenic impacts on cetaceans are often constrained by limited data on the extent to which these species use particular areas.
- 2. Timing porpoise detectors (T‐PODs) are autonomous data recorders for detecting cetacean echolocation clicks, potentially providing cost‐effective opportunities for monitoring cetacean occurrence.
- 3. The performance of T‐PODs was assessed in three areas off the Scottish east coast, where the relative occurrence of bottlenose dolphins and harbour porpoises was known to differ. Land‐based observations in one area compared visual and acoustic detections of dolphins, while direct hydrophone recordings of dolphin echolocation clicks were compared with T‐POD detections during boat surveys.
- 4. Land‐based surveys recorded 89 groups of dolphins within 900 m of the T‐POD. All groups spending >30 min in the area were detected on the T‐POD, and the probability of detection declined in relation to distance from the recording site.
- 5. The number of dolphin clicks recorded on the independent hydrophone system was significantly related to the number detected by a T‐POD. Between pairs of T‐PODs, there was also significant correlation with the numbers of clicks recorded in each hour, both for channels set to detect bottlenose dolphins and for channels set to detect harbour porpoises.
- 6. Year‐round deployments of paired T‐PODs detected significant geographical variation in detections for both bottlenose dolphins and harbour porpoises. This pattern reflected published data from visual surveys, where dolphins occurred most regularly within the Moray Firth Special Area of Conservation, and porpoises were sighted more regularly in offshore waters.
- 7. T‐PODs do not detect all cetaceans in the area, and care must be taken when interpreting data from mixed species communities. Nevertheless, these results confirm that T‐PODs provide an effective method for monitoring the occurrence of bottlenose dolphins and harbour porpoises, and provide excellent potential for collecting baseline data from poorly studied areas and monitoring long‐term temporal change in key areas of interest. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
20.
Javier Lloret Arnaldo Marín Lzaro Marín‐Guirao M. Francisca Carreo 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2006,16(6):579-591
- 1. As the interest of divers in exploring marine protected areas grows, so does their impact on sensitive marine organisms and communities. This situation has led managers to adopt a variety of measures to manage scuba diving in marine reserves. However, if marine areas need to be managed and protected from the adverse effects of human activities, then the characterization of marine habitats and the communities they contain, along with the potential effects of scuba diving, will need to be evaluated on scientific lines.
- 2. To this end, the use of benthic mapping, together with an evaluation of community vulnerability, constitutes a complementary tool for managing scuba diving, as is demonstrated in the present study.
- 3. The identification and evaluation of the different communities observed in Cabo de Palos‐Islas Hormigas Marine Reserve enables managers to propose different measures for controlling potential diver impact and also for evaluating the effects of these measures, thus reducing the degradation of the benthic organisms and communities, benefiting the local tourism industry and allowing a more sustainable use of the marine reserve resources.