珍稀濒危植物夏蜡梅总生物碱含量分析

对不同海拔高度、不同居群的夏蜡梅营养器官总生物碱含量进行测定,并分析了与环境因子之间的相关性。结果表明:①不同海拔高度夏蜡梅不同营养器官均含有生物碱,总生物碱含量以叶片最高,其余器官的含量均较低,叶片的总生物碱含量均显著高于其它营养器官,而其它营养器官之间差异均不显著。②阳坡的夏蜡梅叶片总生物碱含量显著高于阴坡,其余器官在阴、阳坡之间的含量差异不显著。③7个居群夏蜡梅叶片总生物碱含量存在较大差异,变化范围在1.468 1%~2.557 6%之间,平均为2.158 0%。④通径分析显示,土壤氮含量对夏蜡梅叶片总生物碱含量起正相关作用,土壤磷含量起负相关作用。而有机质、海拔、土壤pH值均可以间接通过土壤氮含量对叶片总生物碱含量起正相关作用。     

苦豆草生物碱对柳蓝叶甲的拒食作用

研究苦豆草生物碱对柳蓝叶甲取食的影响.结果表明:苦豆草生物碱总碱及其单体对柳蓝叶甲具有较强的拒食作用,且随着浓度的升高拒食作用增强.在选择性取食条件下,随着总碱处理浓度的升高,试虫对处理叶的取食量迅速下降;而对未处理叶的取食量没有显著的差异,但随着处理浓度的升高,总取食量明显下降.在供试的6种生物碱单体中,苦豆碱和槐胺碱对柳蓝叶甲的拒食活性较强.其中处理浓度为5 mg·mL-1时,在选择性取食条件下,苦豆碱的拒食率高达99.4%,而在非选择性取食条件下,则以槐胺碱的拒食活性较强,达91.7%.     

Inhibitory effects of alkaloids from Sophora alopecuroids on feeding, development and reproduction of Clostera anastomosis

Alkaloids from Sophora alopecuroids were bioassayed with Clostera anastomosis for their antifeedant and growth inhibitory effects. The antifeedant rate in choice test reached 62%–86% at the dose 2.5 mg/mL, while in non-choice bioassay the rate was only 20%–29%. In choice bioassay, the antifeedant rate increased with larval instars of C. anastomosis and did not in non-choice experiment. The alkaloids also imposed a strong influence on the growth of C. anastomosis larvae, i.e., after feeding on the leaves treated with alkaloid, the larvae lost their weight, weight gain, and relative growth rate (RGR) significantly when compared with the controls. In the second day after treatment with the dose at 10 mg/mL of the alkaloid, the RGR reduced by 39.8%, and the food intake and the feces weight were respectively 57.7% and 57.4% of the controls. The approximate digestibility (AD) increased significantly, and the efficiency in converting digested food (ECD), and the efficiency in converting ingested food (ECI) decreased greatly after feeding the treated leaves. Moreover, the eggs laid per female were also inhibited by this alkaloid. The significance and prospect of the alkaloids in controlling forest insect pests were also discussed. __________ Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2005, 41(4) [译自: 林业科学, 2005, 41(4)]     

Bioactivity guided isolation of antipsychotic constituents from the leaves of Rauwolfia tetraphylla L

This study was undertaken to ascertain the antipsychotic properties of Rauwolfia tetraphylla L. leaves and to isolate and characterize the antipsychotic constituents. Among the MeOH extract and some alkaloidal fractions at different pHs, the alkaloidal CHCl(3) fraction at pH-9 (2C) showed the highest antipsychotic activity against dopaminergic (DA-D(2)) and serotonergic (5-HT(2A)) receptors in-vitro and amphetamine induced hyperactive mouse model in-vivo. The activity guided isolation of CHCl(3) fraction (2C) afforded six indole alkaloids: 10-methoxytetrahydroalstonine (1), isoreserpiline (2), an isomeric mixture of 11-demethoxyreserpiline (3) and 10-demethoxyreserpiline (4), α-yohimbine (5) and reserpiline (6). Given orally, alkaloids 3-6 showed significant antipsychotic activity in a dose dependent manner. None of the extract, alkaloidal fractions or alkaloids showed any extra pyramidal symptoms at the tested doses. It was also observed that MeOH extract was behaving similar to other clinically used novel atypical antipsychotics in having 5-HT(2A) occupancy greater than the DA-D(2) receptor at the tested doses. Further toxicity and safety evaluation studies of MeOH extracts of R. tetraphylla leaves at different doses (10, 100, 300 and 2000 mg/kg) on female Swiss albino mice showed that MeOH extract is non toxic. The isolated alkaloids, 3-6 could serve as a promising lead structure for drug development of treating psychotic conditions in human.     

Insecticide and antifeedant activity of different plant parts of Melia azedarach on Xanthogaleruca luteola

In laboratory choice and no-choice bioassays, treatment of elm leaves with extracts obtained from unripe fruits and green or senescent leaves of Melia azedarach at 1-10% concentration significantly deterred feeding by adults of the elm leaf beetle, Xanthogaleruca luteola. Also, in no-choice tests, adults fed on leaves treated with 2, 5 or 10% extract showed a dramatic increase in mortality rates. Extracts from the different plant structures were similarly active, and starvation as a consequence of their strong antifeedant activity could play a significant role in the high mortality values observed.     

Physiological and biochemical responses to low non-freezing temperature of two Eucalyptus globulus clones differing in drought resistance

We have compared the metabolic responses of leaves and roots of two Eucalyptus globulus L. clones CN5 and ST51 that differ in their sensitivity to water deficits (ST51 is more drought sensitive), with regard to the effect of chilling (10/5 °C, day/night). We studied changes in growth, osmotic potential and osmotically active compounds, soluble proteins, leaf pigments, and membrane lipid composition. Our data showed that both clones have the ability to acclimatize to chilling temperatures. As a result of 10 days of acclimation, an increase of soluble sugars in leaves of treated plants of both clones was observed that disappeared later on. Differences between clones were observed in the photosynthetic pigments and soluble protein content which were more stable in CN5 under chilling. It also was apparent that CN5 presented a less negative predawn water potential (ψ_pd) and a higher leaf turgor than ST51 throughout the chilling treatment. In the case of the CN5, increased total lipids (TEA) and concomitant increase of linolenic acid (C18:3) in leaves after acclimatization may be related to a better clone performance under chilling temperatures. Moreover, a higher constitutive investment in roots in the case of CN5 as compared to ST51 may benefit new root regeneration under low temperatures favoring growth after cold Mediterranean winter.     

Alkaloid variations in Catharanthus roseus seedlings treated by different temperatures in short term and long term

A study was conducted to investigate the effects of high temperature on variations of alkaloid metabolism in C. roseus seedlings in Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University, Heilongiang, China. 60-day-old C. roseus seedlings with 3-4 pairs of leaves were incubated in chambers with temperature of 30℃ and 40℃for short-term heat shock experiment and 20℃, 25℃ and 35℃ for long-term experiment. The contents of vindoline, catharanthine, vinblastine and vincristine in C. roseus leaves and root were checked at different temperatures in short term （1-6 h） and long term （1-16 d）. Results showed that under short-term heat shock, the contents of vindoline, catharanthine and vinblastine in leaves of the seedlings were higher at 40℃ than at 30℃, but after 6 h treatment, the contents of vindoline and catharanthine under the two temperatures came to the same level. Catharanthine was exclusively distributed in C. roseus roots and its content was increased by 40% after two hours incubation at 40℃, while increased slowly at 30℃ incubation and reached the highest value at 6 h. In the Long-term experiment, concentrations of monomeric alkaloids catharanthine and vindoline were higher at 20℃ than at 25℃ and had a sharp increase under the condition of 35℃. While for dimeric alkaloid, it showed that the higher the temperature, the earlier the peak value of vinblastine content appears. Vincristine had a continuous enhancement and attained 0.027 mg.g^-1 at 16th day under 35℃ condition which was higher than those in the other conditions. It was concluded that high temperature could promote the accumulation of different alkaloids in C. roseus and the accumulation characteristic is highly related to treatment time.     

Influences of the Populus deltoids seedlings treated with exogenous methyl jasmonate on the growth and development of Lymantria dispar larvae

Introduction The interplant signal transduction has been hypothesized for many years (Baldwin and Schultz 1983; Rhoades 1983). It has been found that the resistance to insects is induced not only in damaged plants but also in the neighboring undamaged ind…     

20%毒死蜱微胶囊悬浮剂防治松墨天牛成虫药效试验

以8%氯氰菊酯(绿色威雷)微胶囊悬浮剂为对照药剂,测定了20%毒死蜱微胶囊悬浮剂对松墨天牛成虫的防治效果。野外罩笼试验结果表明,药后1 d,毒死蜱500,400,300倍和8%氯氰菊酯300倍处理的松墨天牛成虫校正死亡率分别为60.13%,60.78%,73.63%和60.73%;药后第3天,各处理校正死亡率达83.92%~89.68%,处理之间差异不显著。罩笼试验的持效期可达15 d以上。野外原木材垛上的药效试验结果显示,药后第7天,毒死蜱600,300倍和8%氯氰菊酯300倍处理的防治效果依次为64.68%,63.12%和72.92%,处理间无明显差异。研究结果表明,20%毒死蜱微胶囊悬浮剂对松墨天牛成虫的防治效果与8%氯氰菊酯微胶囊悬浮剂接近,可以作为替代药剂交替使用,以延缓靶标害虫抗药性的产生。     

遮阴处理对华北落叶松幼苗生长的影响

对2年生落叶松幼苗进行不同的遮阴处理,测定华北落叶松叶片内可溶性糖、蛋白质、叶绿素的含量,结果表明：伴随着遮阴程度的增加,可溶性糖与蛋白质含量相应减少。与此同时,为了保护光合作用的正常进行,叶绿素b的含量逐渐增多。华北落叶松幼苗在生长过程中需要充足的光照,但适度的遮阴可促进光合作用的高效进行。     

高温胁迫对黑皮油松主要生理指标的影响

研究高温胁迫对黑皮油松主要生理指标的影响,以不经过处理的叶片为对照组,以不同温度分别处理不同时间的为实验组,测其生理指标。结果显示黑皮油松叶片中的叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素和类胡萝卜素的含量在高温胁迫40 min后都呈下降的趋势。超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）的活性随着高温胁迫时间的延长都呈现出先增加后减小的趋势。高温胁迫确实对黑皮油松的生理指标即色素的含量,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）的活性产生了影响。     

Characteristics of water relations in seedling of Machilus yunnanensis and Cinnamomum camphora under soil drought condition

Introduction Soil drought not only influences agriculture and forestry production, but also brings much trouble for cultivating plants of gardening in the urban. Although the mean annual precipitation of Kunming City, China is 1079 mm, its distribution is…     

Antihyperglycemic and antioxidant activities of total alkaloids from Catharanthus roseus in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

We evaluated the hypoglycemic and antioxidant effects of the total alkaloids of leaves and twigs of Catharanthus roseus Linn.(CTA) in streptozotocin(STZ)-induced diabetic rats. The hypoglycemic effect was measured by blood glucose and plasma insulin level. Oxidative stress was measured in heart, liver and kidney by levels of antioxidant markers, free radical scavengers and lipid peroxides i.e. superoxide dismutase(SOD), catalase(CAT), glutathione(GSH) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances(TBARS). Biochemical parameters, i.e. aspartate aminotransferase(AST), alanine aminotransferase(ALT), alkaline phosphate(ALP) were observed in diabetic control and treated rats. Oral administration of CTA for30 days was followed by a significant(P \ 0.05) decrease in fasting blood glucose and increase in insulin level as compared with untreated diabetic rats. Also it significantly(P \ 0.05) reduced ALT, AST and ALP. The treatment also resulted in significant(P \ 0.05) reductions in GSH,SOD, CAT, and decrease in TBARS in the heart, liver and kidney of diabetic rats. The results suggest that CTA can effectively normalize the impaired antioxidant status in STZ-induced diabetes in a dose-dependent manner.CTA exerted rapid protective effects against lipid peroxidation by scavenging of free radicals and reducing the risk of diabetic complications.     

Homogenate extraction technology of camptothecine and hydroxycamptothecin from Camptotheca acuminata leaves

Camptothecine (CPT) and hydroxycamptothecin (HCPT), two kinds of anti-cancer alkaloids, were extracted from Camptotheca acuminata leaves using homogenate extraction technology under different conditions such as the ratio of material to liquid, ethanol concentration, and homogenate time. The optimum technology parameters for homogenate extraction of CPT and HCPT from C. acuminata leaves were determined as homogenate time at 8 min, ethanol concentration at 55% and the ratio of material to liquid at 1:15 (g:mL). By using the optimized parameters, we obtained 0.639‰ extraction rate for CPT and 0.437‰ for HCPT. The extraction yields of CPT and HCPT extracted by homogenating technology were higher than those by other extractive methods, such as ultrasonic, reflux, shaking in water bath. It is concluded that the homogenate extraction technology was an efficient method for extracting CPT and HCPT from C. acuminata leaves, with characteristics of less extraction time and high yield.     

Needle life span,photosynthetic rate and nutrient concentration of Picea glehnii,P. jezoensis and P. abies planted on serpentine soil in northern Japan

We investigated the adaptation of three spruce species (Picea glehnii Masters, P. jezoensis Carr. and P. abies Karst.) to growth in northern Japan on serpentine soils (characterized by high concentrations of heavy metals and Mg, a low Ca/Mg ratio and low fertility) and fertile brown forest soils. Among species, seedling survival on serpentine soil was highest in P. glehnii. Shoot growth of P. glehnii was similar whether grown on serpentine or brown forest soil, whereas shoot growth of the other species was significantly less on serpentine soil than on brown forest soil. On serpentine soil, needle life span of P. glehnii was at least 3 years longer than that of the other two species. Needle area per shoot of P. glehnii was significantly higher on serpentine soil than on brown forest soil up to a shoot age of 8 years. In all three species, light-saturated photosynthetic rate (Pmax) decreased with needle age independently of soil type. However, on serpentine soil, Pmax in P. glehnii was higher, particularly in older needles, than in the other species. Furthermore, on serpentine soil, needle concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus were higher in P. glehnii than in the other species. We conclude that P. glehnii is better adapted to serpentine soil than P. jezoensis and P. abies at least in part because of its greater needle life span and higher needle nutrient concentrations.     

Antiobesity and lipid lowering effects of Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng leaves extracts and mahanimbine on high fat diet induced obese rats

The dichloromethane (MKD) and ethyl acetate (MKE) extracts of Murraya koenigii leaves significantly reduced the body weight gain, plasma total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) levels significantly when given orally at a dose of 300 mg/kg/day to the high fat diet (HFD) induced obese rats for 2 weeks. The observed antiobesity and antihyperlipidemic activities of these extract are correlated with the carbazole alkaloids present in them. Mahanimbine (1) when given orally (30 mg/kg/day) also significantly lowered the body weight gain as well as plasma TC and TG levels. These findings demonstrate the excellent pharmacological potential of mahanimbine to prevent obesity.     

盐胁迫对尖果沙枣和大果沙枣膜脂过氧化和渗透调节的影响

用0％、0.4％、0.8％、1.2％4种浓度NaCl溶液处理大果沙枣(Elaeagnus moorcroftii)和尖果沙(E.oxycarpa)枣幼苗,盐胁迫7、14、21、35d后分别测定4种处理条件下大果沙枣幼苗和尖果沙枣幼苗叶片中可溶性糖和丙二醛的含量,研究盐胁迫对沙枣膜脂过氧化和渗透调节的影响.结果表明:①0.4％NaCl溶液处理和0.8％NaCl溶液处理的两种沙枣幼苗叶片中MDA浓度前期(尖果沙枣21d内,大果沙枣7d内)增幅较小,但随着胁迫时间的延长,MDA浓度增幅变大,1.2％NaCl溶液处理的两种沙枣幼苗叶片中MDA含量最高;②两种沙枣幼苗0.4％、08％、1.2％三个NaCl溶液处理叶片中可溶性糖含量都高于对照水平.     

美丽针葵耐寒性试验

美丽针葵耐寒试验研究结果表明 :未经低温锻炼的叶片相对电导率在冷冻处理 4～ 6h时急剧增加 ,而经低温锻炼的叶片相对电导率急剧增加时间为 8～ 12h之间 ;在冷冻处理情况下 ,经低温锻炼的美丽针葵叶片丙二醛含量明显低于未经低温锻炼植株 ,而低温保护性物质脯氨酸的含量明显高于未经低温锻炼的叶片 ,显示经低温锻炼的美丽针葵抗寒能力明显好于未经低温锻炼的植株     

模拟酸雨对元宝枫幼苗生理及叶绿素荧光参数的影响

为了探明元宝枫的生理及叶绿素荧光参数对模拟酸雨胁迫的响应特征,以2年生元宝枫幼苗为研究对象,采用pH值分别为5.6、4.0、3.0、2.0的模拟酸雨处理0、15、30d后,分别测定了叶片脯氨酸、丙二醛、质膜透性等生理指标及叶绿素荧光参数。试验结果表明:1)pH值为4.0的酸雨处理初期,元宝枫叶片未出现伤害症状,处理后期叶片上出现了极少量的斑点,而pH值分别为3.0和2.0的酸雨胁迫下元宝枫叶面均出现了明显的伤斑,且随着酸雨胁迫时间的持续,酸害指数不断增大;2)随着酸度的增大,元宝枫叶片的叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)逐渐减少,尤其在pH值分别为3.0和2.0的酸雨处理下叶片的SPAD含量均显著低于对照;3)随着酸度的增大,元宝枫叶片中脯氨酸、丙二醛含量和质膜透性均呈上升趋势,但胁迫时间不同,各处理与对照间的差异显著性也不同;4)随着酸度的增大,元宝枫叶片的PSⅡ原初光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/Fo)、以吸收光能为基础的性能指数(PIabs)、以单位面积为基础的性能指数(PIcs)均逐渐变小。当胁迫时间分别为0和15d时,pH值为4.0的酸雨处理下叶片的Fv/Fm值和PIabs与对照间均无显著差异,在pH值分别为3.0和2.0的酸雨处理下叶片的Fv/Fm值和PIabs均显著低于对照。研究结果表明:轻度酸雨(pH值为4.0)胁迫下,元宝枫植株渗透调节物质、叶绿素含量、叶绿素荧光参数的变化均不大,而其他处理尤其在重度酸雨(pH值为2.0)处理下,元宝枫植株的生长发育受到了严重的影响。     

不同施肥处理对柳窿桉幼林生长的影响

以林木生长所需的3种N、P、K大量元素作为肥料养分组成,设计5种不同施肥处理（含对照）对柳窿桉（Eucalyptus saligna×E.exserta）无性系进行施肥试验。通过对试验林8、21、30个月生时的林木生长调查数据分析,结果表明,施肥可显著促进柳窿桉林木树高、胸径、单株材积的生长,但不同施肥量处理的树高生长没表现出显著差异,而不同施肥量处理间的胸径、单株材积生长差异明显,即施肥量大的处理的胸径、单株材积生长效果要显著优于施肥量小的处理。