小麦“N553×扬麦13”RIL群体小穗密度、株高及赤霉病抗性QTL分析

为了发掘新的抗赤霉病基因,以抗赤霉病新种质N553与扬麦13构建的包含184个家系的重组自交系(RILs)为材料,利用217对在双亲间具有多态性的分子标记构建遗传连锁图谱,利用该图谱对小穗密度、株高及赤霉病抗性进行QTL检测,并分析了小穗密度及株高与赤霉病抗性的相关性。结果表明,本研究共检测到5个赤霉病抗性相关QTL,其中1个效应较大的QTL位于2D染色体上,位于标记wmc18-cfd233之间,可解释8.17%~11.42%的表型变异;在3B染色体短臂上检测到1个QTL,位于标记barc102-gwm533之间,可解释5.33%~42.96%的表型变异。QFhb.jaas-2DS与QFhb.jaas-3BS聚合可显著增强小麦赤霉病抗性。另外3个QTL贡献率小于10%,分别位于染色体2B、3B、4A上。检测到与小穗密度相关的QTL有1个,位于3B染色体上,可解释5.36%~6.08%的表型变异。检测到与株高相关的QTL有5个,分别位于染色体4A、7A、5B、6B上,可解释5.2%~8.93%的表型变异。小穗密度与赤霉病抗性呈正相关,株高与抗扩展抗性无相关性,与抗侵染抗性呈负相关。结合以上QTL检测及相关性分析结果可知,QFhb.jaas-3BL可能不是赤霉病抗性位点。因此,包括QFhb.jaas-3BL在内的贡献率小于10%且仅在单一环境下检测到的3个赤霉病抗性相关QTL需进一步进行多年多点试验。     

黄淮麦区71个小麦品种的赤霉病抗性与基因型分析

为筛选出黄淮麦区抗赤霉病优异品种（系）,以黄淮麦区71个主栽小麦品种（系）为材料,于2016-2017和2017-2018两年度采用单花滴注接种的方法,以苏麦3号、郑麦9023、淮麦22和济麦22分别作为抗、中抗、中感和感赤霉病对照品种,在赤霉病重发病区扬州对供试品种（系）进行赤霉病抗性鉴定,同时利用与抗赤霉病基因位点 Fhb1、 Fhb2、 Fhb4、 Fhb5和 QFhs.crc-2DL紧密连锁的分子标记进行基因型分析。结果显示,西农511等5个品种（系）的赤霉病抗性均达到中抗水平,淮麦30等17个品种（系）表现为中感,其他49个品种（系）表现为感病。对照品种苏麦3号同时携带 Fhb1、 Fhb2基因和 QFhs.crc-2DL位点;淮麦40和徐麦DH9可能同时携带 Fhb1基因和 QFhs.crc-2DL位点;太麦198可能携带有 Fhb4基因;明麦16、皖麦32可能携带有 QFhs.crc-2DL位点。有17个赤霉病抗性较好的品种（系）均不携带本研究所检测的抗病基因/QTL。     

矮秆基因在中国不同麦区小麦品种中的分布及其对赤霉病抗性的影响

为研究矮秆基因在中国不同麦区的分布,以及株高和小穗密度与赤霉病抗性的相关性,本研究通过分析3个矮秆基因 Rht1、 Rht2和 Rht8在211份不同麦区小麦自然群体中的分布,并结合其在不同环境下株高、小穗密度以及赤霉病抗性的调查数据,分析矮秆基因 Rht1、 Rht2和 Rht8对赤霉病抗性的影响。结果表明：（1）不同麦区矮秆基因的分布频率差异较大, Rht1主要分布在长江中下游麦区, Rht2和 Rht8主要分布在黄淮麦区;（2）与野生型品种相比,携带 Rht1、 Rht2和 Rht8的小麦品种,株高均显著或极显著降低;（3）携带 Rht2和 Rht8的小麦品种,赤霉病抗性均极显著低于野生型品种,而携带 Rht1的小麦品种,赤霉病抗性则极显著高于野生型品种;（4）携带 Rht2和 Rht8的小麦品种,小穗密度显著大于野生型品种,而携带 Rht1的小麦品种,小穗密度则显著降低。因此,不同矮秆基因对小穗密度性状的遗传差异可能是导致小麦赤霉病抗性和不同麦区矮秆基因选择利用差异的部分原因。     

小麦新品系的赤霉病抗性及分子标记分析

为有效降低赤霉病对我国黄淮麦区小麦生产的影响，培育抗赤霉病小麦新品种，以自主创制的13个抗赤霉病稳定的小麦新品系为材料，利用赤霉病菌地表接种和单花滴注法接种鉴定、分子标记检测等技术，鉴定其抗病性、主要农艺性状及赤霉病抗性相关的遗传基础。结果表明：（1）品系Xn12-2和Xn13-2对赤霉病表现为抗，平均病小穗率为11.5%和13.4%，严重度为1.9；其余11个品系表现中抗，平均病小穗率均小于30%，严重度均小于3.0，其中4个品系（Xn12-2、Xn10-2、Xn12-3和Xn12-7）兼抗条锈病；（2）参试新品系的越冬抗寒性较好，株高较矮（67~82 cm），穗较长（9.6~11.3 cm），千粒重高（39.2~50.2 g）；（3）11个品系携带有苏麦3号的Fhb1基因，部分品系兼具苏麦3号的Fhb2、Fhb5或QFhs.crc-2DL位点的优异等位变异。综上所述，参试部分品系不仅具有良好的赤霉病和条锈病抗性，其主要农艺性状基本满足黄淮南部麦区的主要育种目标要求，可作为小麦抗赤霉病改良的材料。     

中国春背景下长穗偃麦草抗赤霉病相关基因的染色体定位

长穗偃麦草具有良好的赤霉病抗性,是小麦赤霉病抗性改良的重要种质资源。为了深入研究长穗偃麦草的赤霉病抗性并对其抗性相关基因进行染色体定位,连续两年两地于开花期通过单花滴注法对中国春-长穗偃麦草二体附加系、置换系等31份材料进行穗部接种,21d后调查发病情况;同时调查了各材料的自然发病情况。结果表明,长穗偃麦草的赤霉病抗性主效基因定位于1E和7E染色体,其中7E染色体的短臂具有良好的赤霉病抗性,2E和4E染色体具有微效抗性基因,而3E、5E和6E可能存在易感基因。     

Connection between primary Fusarium inoculum on gramineous weeds, crop residues and soil samples and the final population on wheat ears in Flanders, Belgium

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a devastating wheat disease and is influenced by weather conditions and agronomic factors. Since FHB is a mostly monocyclic disease, the quantity of primary inoculum is a key factor influencing its incidence. To investigate the connection between the primary Fusarium inoculum and the final population on wheat ears, naturally occurring populations of Fusarium avenaceum, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium poae and Microdochium nivale were studied at eight locations in Flanders, Belgium during the growing seasons of 2008-2009 and 2009-2010. To determine the composition of the primary inoculums in November, weeds, wheat and maize residues as well as soil samples were examined. At the end of the growing season, in July, the population on wheat ears was determined. In both growing seasons, the population was characterized by a large complexity and a differential composition at each location and for each type of sample. Nevertheless, some clear correspondences were observed: F. culmorum was a predominant species in crop residues and in soil samples in November, while the population on wheat ears in July consisted mainly of F. graminearum and F. poae, with only a lower frequency of F. culmorum, indicating that soil is not an important source of primary inoculum. The presence of M. nivale was restricted to weeds, crop residues and soil samples in November, and was nearly absent in July at the majority of locations. Finally, our results also indicate that the Fusarium population in July is more complex than the population at the beginning of the season in November. The information of the primary inoculum and the composition of the FHB population at the end of the growing season is important to predict FHB incidence and to implement control strategies for FHB.     

小麦茎基腐病病原假禾谷镰刀菌与赤霉病之间的关系

近年来,黄淮地区小麦茎基腐病发生严重,假禾谷镰刀菌是黄淮地区小麦茎基腐病的优势病原菌,同时也可引起小麦赤霉病。为明确假禾谷镰刀菌与小麦赤霉病的关系,本研究从山东省商河县小麦茎基腐病重病田块分别采集苗期和成熟期小麦病株,通过分离鉴定发现,苗期小麦茎基腐病的优势病原菌为假禾谷镰刀菌,且致病性试验结果显示,假禾谷镰刀菌在人工接种条件下能够引起严重的小麦赤霉病;此外,在小麦苗期田间的玉米秸秆上能够观察到尚未成熟的子囊壳,对子囊壳进行真菌分离鉴定,发现其包含禾谷镰刀菌和假禾谷镰刀菌形成的子囊壳。在小麦成熟期,从小麦赤霉病病穗中也分离到了假禾谷镰刀菌。这是山东省首次报道假禾谷镰刀菌引起的小麦赤霉病。综上,在小麦茎基部和穗部均能分离到假禾谷镰刀菌,且假禾谷镰刀菌在人工接种条件下能够引起严重的小麦赤霉病。结合当前黄淮地区小麦茎基腐病严重发生以及普遍秸秆还田的现状,推测假禾谷镰刀菌可能会助推小麦赤霉病的发生流行。     

地方小麦品种贵协3号赤霉病抗性QTL的定位与效应鉴定

为明确抗填料霉病地方小麦品种贵协3号的赤霉病抗性遗传基础,利用感赤霉病品种绵麦96-5及其构建的含有196个株系的双单倍体(doubled haploid,DH)群体为材料,于2018和2019年分别在江苏南京和四川绵阳对赤霉病严重度进行调查,并利用55K DArT基因芯片技术构建的遗传图谱进行QTL定位。结果表明,所构建的遗传图谱覆盖小麦全基因组,图谱全长15 195.8 cM,平均图距10.6 cM。利用复合区间作图法共检测到3个抗赤霉病QTL（QTL-FHB.GX-2B、QTL-FHB.GX-5B和QTL-FHB.GX-7A）,分布在2B、5B和7A染色体上,抗性等位基因均来自于抗病亲本贵协3号,可解释1.2%~1.5%的表型变异,说明贵协3号的赤霉病抗性是多个微效基因/QTLs的累加效应。     

2022年河南省小麦茎基腐病和赤霉病病原种群分离鉴定

近年来,茎基腐病和赤霉病在中国黄淮麦区发生严重,对小麦产量及品质造成较大影响。各地报道小麦茎基腐病和赤霉病病原菌种类有所差异。为明确当前中国小麦主产区河南小麦茎基腐病和赤霉病病原菌种类变化情况,本研究对2022年采自河南省安阳、漯河、周口、南阳等8个不同生态区的小麦茎基腐病病株和赤霉病病穗进行了分离纯化,分别得到257和88株分离物。形态学及分子生物学鉴定结果表明,小麦茎基腐病样品分离物中,假禾谷镰孢菌(Fusarium pseudograminearum)231株,占比89.88%;禾谷镰孢菌(F.graminearum)23株,占比8.95%。赤霉病样品的分离物中,禾谷镰孢菌76株,占比86.36%;假禾谷镰孢菌10株,占比11.36%。2022年河南省所有采样地区的茎基腐病的优势病原菌均为假禾谷镰孢菌,赤霉病的优势病原菌仍为禾谷镰孢菌,但赤霉病样品分离物中假禾谷镰孢菌的占比有所增长,特别是在安阳、平顶山和漯河市的赤霉病样品中假禾谷镰孢菌的分离频率达到了10%以上。     

黄淮麦区小麦抗赤霉病新种质的创制和筛选

为了创制和筛选黄淮麦区小麦抗赤霉病新种质,以济麦22为受体,采用分子标记辅助选择与连续回交相结合的方法,将小麦赤霉病抗源苏麦3号抗病主效QTL导入黄淮麦区小麦品种济麦22;对黄淮麦区育成的564份品种（系）采用单花滴注方法进行连续3年赤霉病抗性鉴定和筛选。结果创制含苏麦3号抗赤霉病主效QTL的材料18份,其中4份农艺性状与济麦22相仿,赤霉病抗性明显提高;通过筛选获得赤霉病抗性水平达中感以上的材料18份,分子标记和 Fhb1基因鉴定结果表明,其中9份材料不含有 Fhb1基因,其抗赤霉病主效基因可能与苏麦3号不同。这些创制和筛选获得的抗赤霉病种质材料将为提高黄淮麦区小麦赤霉病抗性提供有益帮助。     

Aphid vectors of Papaya ringspot virus and their weed hosts in orchards in the major papaya producing and exporting region of Brazil

Papaya ringspot, one of the most important diseases of papaya, is caused by Papaya ringspot virus type P (PRSV-P), which is transmitted by various aphid species. Objectives of this research were to identify the aphid species and their weed hosts of papaya orchards in the major papaya producing and exporting region of Brazil in northern Espírito Santo State. Aphids were collected from weed hosts, and with Möericke-type traps in papaya orchards of twenty farms in Linhares, Sooretama and Aracruz municipalities of Espírito Santo, Brazil. A total of forty aphid species were collected, of which 22 are new records in the State. Thirty-eight aphid species were identified from traps, including Aphis craccivora Koch, A. gossypii Glover, A. spiraecola Patch, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), and Toxoptera citricidus (Kirkaldy), known vectors of PRSV-P. Cryptomyzus Oestlund (Aphididae) is recorded for the first time in Brazil. Thirteen aphid species associated with 22 weed species of 14 families were collected. Aphis gossypii, which has been reported to be one of the most efficient vectors of PRSV-P, infested the greatest number of weed hosts. Chamaesyce hyssopifolia (L.) Small, Euphorbia hirta L. (Euphorbiaceae), Commelina benghalensis L. (Commelinaceae), Lepidium virginicum L. (Brassicaceae) and Sida sp. (Malvaceae) were the most frequently infested weeds. Commelina benghalensis was infested by the greatest number of aphid species during this study. Integrated management of weed hosts of aphids to reduce aphid populations in papaya orchards may be useful for control of PRSV-P. Based on accurate knowledge of the aphid and weed species present in papaya orchards obtained in this study, integrated pest management efforts may be more efficiently directed toward eliminating the most frequently infested weed species that serve as hosts for aphid vectors of PRSV-P.     

Weed hosts ofParatrichodorus allius and tobacco rattle virus in the Pacific Northwest

The ability of several weed species to serve as hosts for tobacco rattle virus (TKV), the causal agent of corky ringspot disease of potato (CRS), and its nematode vector,Paratrichodorus allius, was investigated in greenhouse studies. ViruliferousP. allius multiplied on 24 out of 37 weed species tested, indicating they were suitable hosts of the vector. However, only 11 of these weeds were infected with TRV, as determined by ELISA. The nonhost status of a given weed species was not changed whether the viruliferous vector population originated from CRS problem fields in WA, OR, or ID. Several weeds served as hosts for the vector and virus including kochia, prickly lettuce, henbit, nightshade species (black, hairy, and cutleaf), common chickweed, and annual sowthistle. Virus-freeP. allius acquired TRV from the three nightshade species, volunteer potato grown from TRV-infected tubers, and prickly lettuce, and subsequently transmitted the virus to ‘Samsun NN’ tobacco indicator plants. Thus, some weeds may play a role in the epidemiology of CRS by perpetuating TRV and its vector in a problem field.     

Alternate crop and weed host plant oviposition preferences by the Mexican rice borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

The Mexican rice borer, Eoreuma loftini (Dyar), is the key pest of sugarcane, Saccharum hybrids, in south Texas, having largely displaced the sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (F.), and it is moving into rice- and sugarcane-growing areas of east Texas and Louisiana. While a number of alternative weed and crop hosts have been reported, the extent to which they might support Mexican rice borer populations is unknown. This study involved choice assays that compared oviposition preference for and larval infestations of five mature graminaceous weed species. Levels of infestation between sugarcane and corn, Zea mays L., crop hosts and between corn and sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, were also assessed. We determined that the average number of larval entry holes in sudangrass stems was ≥2.5-fold more than for any of the other four weed host plants, that corn had ≥5.9-fold more larval entry holes than sorghum and ≥8.2-fold more than sugarcane. Greater oviposition and infestation of one non-crop host over another was not related to numbers of stems per plant, but was associated with the greater stem diameter and abundance of dry leaf tissue found in Sudangrass, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench ssp. drummondi (Nees ex Steud.) de Wet & Harlan, johnsongrass, S. halepense (L.) and barnyardgrass, Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv.; relative to the other weed species in this study. In terms of the crop plants, stalk diameter and quantity of dry leaf tissue were not associated with numbers of eggs or larval entry holes in the choice assays between corn and sorghum, and between sugarcane and corn. While corn has been known as a host of the Mexican rice borer for at least 84 yr, its role in area-wide population dynamics and control efforts has likely been greatly underestimated.     

大麦赤霉病抗性研究进展

赤霉病是世界大麦主产区的重要病害,直接影响籽粒的加工品质和营养品质。本文主要对大麦赤霉病的致病种,大麦赤霉病抗性的遗传及其与农艺性状的相关进行了综述。     

Contamination of soil and transmission of seedborne potato dry rot fungi (Fusarium spp.) to progeny tubers

A survey of selected potato soils in Maine was made to determine the species and populations ofFusarium spp. present.Fusarium solani ‘Coeruleum’ was most often isolated butFusarium roseum ‘Sambucinum’ was not recovered from any soil. Crops or cropping sequences in general showed no direct relationship to observed Fusaria populations or tuber dry rot. Field studies were conducted to determine the effect ofFusarium contaminated seed on soil and daughter tuber contamination. Whole and cut seed were inoculated withFusarium roseum ‘Sambucinum’ and half of each lot treated with thiabendazole (1500 ppm) to controlFusarium seed decay. Soil populations ofF. roseum ‘Sambucinum’ were higher near plants produced from non-treated, cut seed tubers. No increase inFusarium populations was found between plants or near plants produced from whole or thiabendazole treated seed. Daughter tuber contamination was greatest from plants produced from non-treated contaminated cut seed, and lowest from whole or treated seed. Whole non-treated seed produced daughter tubers with contamination equal to treated whole seed. This indicates that the use of whole seed could be a method to reduce daughter tuber contamination and reduce reliance on chemical treatments. Cut seed contaminated withFusarium spp. is an important source of daughter tuber contamination which can result in a high amount of tuber dry rot in storage.     

小麦赤霉病的抗性遗传分析

为给小麦抗赤霉病遗传改良提供参考,利用苏麦3号及5个当地推广小麦品种为亲本,按Griffing双列杂交法Ⅱ配制15个杂交组合,以赤霉病病小穗率为抗性指标,研究了小麦赤霉病抗性的遗传。结果表明,在6个小麦品种中,苏麦3号和扬麦9号赤霉病抗性的一般配合力最好,能极显著地提高杂种后代的赤霉病抗性。小麦赤霉病抗性的遗传符合加性显性模型,同时受加性和显性效应的作用,且加性效应更重要,显性程度为部分显性。控制赤霉病遗传的增效等位基因为显性,增减效等位基因频率在亲本中的分配存在显著差异。苏麦3号具有最多的控制赤霉病抗性遗传的显性基因,而宁麦8号则具有控制赤霉病抗性遗传最多的隐性基因。小麦赤霉病抗性可能受2~3对主效基因的控制,狭义遗传力较高,早代选择有效。论文最后还就小麦抗赤霉病育种进行了探讨。     

麦类作物赤霉病抗性离体筛选的原理与方法

赤霉病（Fusarium head blight）是麦类作物最主要的世界性病害，在湿热的流行年份不仅减产严重，而且受过赤霉病菌毒素污染的籽粒对人类和畜禽有害，严重影响籽粒的品质。目前对赤霉病尚缺乏有效的化学和生物防治技术，最好的防治途径仍然是对抗性或耐性基因型的选育。但在赤霉病抗性选择的各种技术上，还有许多问题有待研究解决。本文以小麦为重点，介绍了赤霉病抗性离体筛选技术体系等方面的研究进展，包括毒素抗性和田间实际抗性的相关性、适宜的毒素筛选浓度、植物组织对毒素的差异反应、菌株与作物品种的互作，并讨论了抗性选择中应注意的有关问题。     

分子标记结合表型鉴定选育兼抗赤霉病、白粉病和条锈病弱筋小麦新品种扬麦38

长江中下游麦区是中国弱筋小麦优势产业带,小麦赤霉病、白粉病和条锈病是该麦区主要病害,当前弱筋小麦主导品种综合抗性较弱,影响其生产安全。为培育多抗优质弱筋小麦品种,以高产中筋小麦品种扬麦16为轮回亲本,以兼抗白粉病、条锈病的软质小麦92R137为供体亲本,构建了BC₁群体,利用分子标记在BC₁F₂代基础农艺性状较优良的株行中筛选抗白粉病基因 Pm21、抗条锈病基因 Yr26和软质麦相关基因 Pinb-D1a均纯合的单株,并鉴定BC₁F₆代对赤霉病、白粉病和条锈病的抗性,同时检测籽粒硬度、湿面筋含量、面团形成时间、稳定时间等重要品质指标以及小区产量,最终育成高抗赤霉病、免疫白粉病和高抗条锈病的弱筋小麦新品种扬麦38,于2022年通过国家农作物品种审定委员会审定。     

Influence of maize–wheat rotation systems on Fusarium head blight infection and deoxynivalenol content in wheat under low versus high disease pressure

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is one of the most destructive fungal diseases of small grain cereals resulting in a reduced grain yield and quality. FHB is the result of a complex interaction between weather conditions and agricultural practices including crop rotation, tillage, fungicide application and host resistance. This study deals with the results of field experiments conducted during the growing seasons 2009–2010 until 2011–2012 at Bottelare (Belgium). The experiments were set up to evaluate the influence of maize–wheat rotation on the visual symptoms of FHB and deoxynivalenol (DON) content in winter wheat. Using a randomised complete block design with four replications, we studied the impact of (a) maize variety as previous crop, (b) maize harvest method (grain or silage maize), (c) tillage method and (d) the influence of the wheat variety resistance on the FHB incidence and DON content. The experimental results showed that the susceptibility of the maize varieties for Fusarium and maize harvest method had only a minor effect on the FHB incidence and DON content of the wheat crop during the subsequent growing season. The tillage method and wheat variety resistance were more important; both factors had a significant influence on the FHB incidence and DON content. Furthermore, the quantitative effect of these factors depended on the disease pressure. The DON content reduction obtained by ploughing and by sowing moderately resistant wheat varieties was higher in case the weather conditions favoured FHB development. Furthermore, it was shown that repeated maize–wheat rotation in combination with favourable weather conditions for FHB could result in an accumulation of inoculum, which, for instance, led to DON contents up to 9.90 mg/kg in August 2012.     

Status of weeds as reservoirs of plant parasitic nematodes in banana fields in Martinique

During a survey of the nematodes associated with weeds in banana fields in Martinique, 41 weed species in 37 genera from 20 plant families were collected to extract nematodes from the roots. Results of this survey showed that 24 weed species were hosts of Radopholus similis, 23 were hosts of Helicotylenchus spp., 13 were hosts of Pratylenchus spp., 13 were hosts of Hoplolaimus seinhorsti, 29 were hosts of Meloidogyne spp. and 24 were hosts of Rotylenchulus reniformis. The presence of the burrowing nematode was more consistently found within three families, the Euphorbiaceae, Poaceae and Solanaceae. In some weed species such as Caladium bicolor, Commelina diffusa, Echinochloa colona and Phenax sonneratii, the levels of nematodes recovered were similar to, or greater than the numbers recovered from Musa roots. These results clearly show that certain weeds can be significant reservoirs of plant parasitic nematodes including R. similis in banana fields. This information is crucial in devising appropriate nematode control measures for use with rotation crops or fallow before re-planting banana fields with nematode free planting material.