Copper,Zinc and Molybdenum in Livers of Norwegian Cattle At Slaughter

The concentrations of copper, zinc and molybdenum were measured in samples of cattle liver from 10 slaughter-houses in Norway. A total of 335 samples were analysed. A clear accumulation of copper with age was found, the average copper level in the younger animals (≦ 3 years, n = 194) being 30 µg Cu/g liver wet weight, and in the older ones (> 3 years, n = 141) 59 µg Gu/g. The range in the copper values found was considerable, though significant differences between some of the districts were recorded. Copper concentrations were classified as low (≦10 µg Gu/g) in 9.6 % of the samples. Zinc showed no accumulation with age, nor were there any differences in zinc levels found in animals from different districts, the average level being 32 µg Zn/g liver wet weight. The picture was the same for molybdenum, no differences between age groups or districts being found. The average level was 1.0 µg Mo/g liver. There was no significant correlation between levels of copper, zinc or molybdenum.The supply of copper and zinc to cattle in Norway seems close to sufficient, but copper- and zinc-fortified mineral supplementation of cattle feed is still to be recommended. There seems to be no need for molybdenum supplementation in cattle.     

The Concentrations of Copper,Zinc and Molyrdenum in Swine Liver and the Relationship to the Distrirution of Solurle Copper- and Zinc-Rinding Proteins

The concentrations of copper, zinc and molybdenum were measured in liver samples from 21 normal slaughter pigs (average age about 6 months) and in 36 sows (average age about 2 years). The following mean values were found: Slaughter pigs: 15 ± 8 µg Cu/g, 45 ± 7 μg Zm/g and 1.0 ± 0.2 μg Mo/g wet weight; sows: 46 ± 70 μg Cu/g, 70 ± 26 μg Zn/g and 1.3 ± 0.3 μg Mo/g wet weight. The concentrations of all 3 elements were significantly higher in the sows than in the young pigs. There was no correlation between the concentrations of copper, zinc or molybdenum. The recorded copper levels in the slaughter pigs were in accordance with the levels of non-supplemented pigs given in the literature. The soluble hepatic copper- and zinc-binding proteins were separated into 3 different fractions by gel filtration. With increasing copper and zinc levels in the liver, a higher relative amount of these elements were found in the low molecular weight fraction.     

外源硒对绵羊孕期体内硒、铜、锌的影响

比较研究在相同的饲养管理条件下,孕期补硒对不同品种绵羊血清中硒（Se）、铜（Cu）、锌（Zn）含量的影响。以处于怀孕期的85只蒙古羊、道赛特羊和萨福克羊为研究对象,通过荧光分光光度法测定Se含量、原子吸收法测定Cu、Zn含量。结果显示,补Se各品种羊从怀孕3个月起血清Se含量显著高于未补硒同品种羊（P＜0.05）,补Se与未补Se同品种羊血清Zn含量在各期差异不显著（P＞0.05）,补Se与未补Se蒙古羊血清Cu含量各期差异不显著（P＞0.05）。结果表明,Se与Cu、Zn不具有颉颃作用,说明补Se对母体维持正常妊娠和增强抗病性功能具有重要作用。     

Fractionation of Soluble Molybdenum-Binding Proteins from Liver,Kidney, Plasma and Erythrocytes from Sheep Supplemented with Molybdenum

Five ewes were given a daily dose of 1.4 mg Mo/kg body weight as ammonium molybdate for 21 to 55 days. Plasma molybdenum concentrations increased considerably following the dosage, but no systematic changes were seen in the plasma copper concentrations. About 80 % of the molybdenum present in blood was found in plasma. With gel filtration it was shown that practically all of the molybdenum present in plasma and red cell haemolyzates was found in a fraction with molecular weight less than 1,500. Soluble proteins from liver and kidney cortex were separated into one high molecular weight fraction with molecular weight above 200,000 and a non-protein fraction with molecular weight less than 1,500. Significant correlations were found between the amounts of molybdenum present in the high molecular weight fraction and the molybdenum concentrations in liver and kidney.     

Chronic Copper Poisoning in Sheep: Structural Changes in Erythrocytes and Organs

Four cases of experimental copper poisoning in sheep were examined. Light microscopical and ultrastructural alterations of erythrocytes were observed a few hours before a significant haemolysis was evident. Heinz body formation in otherwise unchanged red cells was the first morphological alteration observed. The Heinz bodies were predominantly membrane-attached. During the haemolytic crisis severe erythrocytic distortion, structural membrane alteration and Heinz body-containing ghost cells were observed. Erythrophagocytosis was mainly located to the RE cells of the spleen. Intrafollicular necroses were found in all histological sections from the spleen. Pathological changes in liver and kidney were comparable to those of earlier reports, comprising hepatocellular and renal tubular necrosis.     

高钼条件下日粮添加赖氨酸铜对绵羊铜代谢及粗饲料消化能力的影响

选用4只安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的杂一代羯羊,采用拉丁方设计,研究4种铜添加水平(0,6,12和18 mg/kg)和4种硫添加水平(0%,0.05%,0.10%和0.15%)在高钼(12.55 mg/kg)条件下对绵羊铜代谢及粗料消化能力的影响。结果表明:铜的添加可以显著地(P<0.05)提高血浆和三氯乙酸(TCA)溶解铜浓度;TCA溶解铜浓度随硫水平的提高极显著(P<0.01)降低,TCA不溶性铜极显著(P<0.01)提高。综合上述结果,赖氨酸铜是绵羊理想的有机饲料铜源。     

蛋氨酸铜对猪血清铜锌含量及粪铜锌排泄量的影响

为了研究饲粮中添加蛋氨酸铜与硫酸铜对生长猪生长性能、养分消化率、血清铜锌含量及粪铜锌排泄量的影响。选择体重为17．17±2．34kg（P〉0．05）的二元杂交（长×大）生长阉公猪30头进行试验,试猪按完全随机区组设计,依体重和窝别随机分为5个处理,每个处理3个重复,每个重复2头猪,分别饲喂10、150、250mg／kg蛋氨酸铜和150、250mg／kg硫酸铜,试验期30d。结果表明：饲喂蛋氨酸铜组ADG、F／G及表观养分消化率具有明显的优势;血清铜含量随饲粮铜水平的提高而发生显著变化,而高铜组组间血清锌差异不显著;蛋氨酸组粪铜排泄量比硫酸铜组粪铜排泄量显著降低。说明：添加中等水平的有机蛋氨酸铜吸收利用率比高剂量硫酸铜高,且可减少粪铜、锌的排泄。     

Concentration of Selenium in Liver in Relation to Copper Level in Normal and Copper-Poisoned Sheep

Copper absorption, liver accumulation and development of copper toxicosis in sheep are influenced by a variety of other elements, in particular molybdenum, sulphur and zinc (Underwood 1977). In a previous study on liver concentrations of copper, molybdenum and zinc in normal and copper-poisoned sheep, no direct correlation was found between the concentrations of the three metals, but molybdenum was significantly lower in the livers from sheep dead from chronic copper poisoning than in normal animals (Frøslie & Norheim 1976).     

Histochemigal Detection of Copper in the Liver from Sheep Chronically Poisoned by Copper

Continued ingestion of copper in excess of the nutritional requirement leads in all animals to its passive accumulation within the tissues, especially the liver. Up to certain levels varying greatly with the species high concentrations of copper in the liver appear to impose no physiological hardship on the animal. Above these levels there may occur a catastrophic liberation of a high proportion of the copper into the blood stream resulting in extensive hemolysis and jaundice usually followed by death. Sheep are more prone to the hemolytic crisis of chronic copper poisoning than other animal species. The hemolytic crisis of chronic copper poisoning is associated with centrolobular necrosis of the liver. The copper concentration in the liver is usually 300 p.p.m. or more (wet tissue) compared with about 50 p.p.m. in normal sheep (Simesen & Møller 1969).     

锌、铜对实验性钼中毒绵羊肝脏、肾脏中钼含量的影响

小尾寒羊20只,随机分为5组,分别口服钼、铜和锌(mg/kg),Ⅰ组30mg/kg钼、Ⅱ组30mg/kg钼+15mg/kg铜、Ⅲ组30mg/kg钼+15mg/kg锌、Ⅳ组30mg/kg钼+15mg/kg铜+15mg/kg锌,Ⅴ组去离子水。试验90d期满,采取肝脏和肾脏,硫酸-高氯酸消化,原子吸收法测定钼、锌、铜含量,结果显示,Ⅰ组肝脏钼含量与第Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组差异极显著(P<0.01),Ⅱ、Ⅲ组与Ⅳ、Ⅴ组差异极显著(P<0.01);Ⅳ组肝脏铜含量与Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ组差异极显著(P<0.01),与Ⅱ组差异显著(P<0.05),Ⅱ组肝铜含量与Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ组差异极显著(P<0.01);组间肝脏锌含量均差异极显著(P<0.01)。Ⅰ、Ⅲ组肾钼含量显著高于Ⅱ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组(P<0.01);Ⅱ与Ⅳ、Ⅴ组差异极显著(P<0.01);肾铜含量Ⅲ组与Ⅰ组差异极显著(P<0.01);Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组与Ⅰ、Ⅴ组差异极显著(P<0.01);各组肾脏锌含量差异均极显著(P<0.01)。结果表明,30mg的钼可使肝脏钼含量显著增加(P<0.01),锌、铜含量降低。锌对肝脏钼有很好的颉抗作用,铜、锌有效地降低了钼在组织中的蓄积。     

Copper, zinc and molybdenum in goat liver.

The concentrations of copper, zinc and molybdenum were measured in the liver of goats from western and south-eastern Norway. The mean copper concentrations in the liver of goats from these two districts were 23±19 µg Cu/g and 59±31 µg Cu/g wet weight, respectively. As for zinc and molybdenum, no difference was found between the two groups of animals. No correlations were detected between copper and zinc, zinc and molybdenum, or copper and molybdenum. The copper levels in Norwegian goat liver are considerably lower than in sheep liver, and the ranges are significantly more narrow. The concentrations of molybdenum in goat liver are at the same levels as in sheep and swine, while the levels of zinc are somewhat lower.     

Erythrocyte Lipid Peroxides and Blood Zinc and Copper Concentrations in Acute Undifferentiated Diarrhoea in Calves

Undifferentiated acute calf diarrhoea is a major concern for the dairy industry and its aetiopathogenesis remains diverse. The present study aimed to examine the role of oxidative stress through estimation of erythrocyte lipid peroxide levels and blood zinc and copper concentrations using natural cases of diarrhoea in calves aged 15–30 days old. The calves were kept under identical managemental conditions and were provided with pooled whole colostrum during the first three days and thereafter with only whole milk until they were 1 month old. Diarrhoeic (n = 11) and normal calves (n = 11) of the same age group (15–30 days old) were randomly selected from an organized dairy farm for the study. The mean blood zinc concentration (50.01±2.45 μmol/L vs 66.06±3.06 μmol/L) was significantly (p < 0.05) lower and copper concentration was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in diarrhoeic calves (12.90±0.31 μmol/L vs. 9.44±0.16 μmol/L) than in the healthy calves. The erythrocyte lipid peroxides level was higher (p < 0.05) in diarrhoeic calves (6.88±0.23 nmol malondialdehyde (MDA) per mg of haemoglobin (Hb)) than healthy calves (6.27±0.07 nmol MDA per mg Hb). From the results of the study it is concluded that oxidative stress and antioxidant minerals (zinc and copper) might play important roles in the aetiopathogenesis of bovine calf diarrhoea.     

钼和铜对雏鸡肾脏抗氧化能力的影响

为研究饲料中不同剂量钼和铜对雏鸡肾的影响,试验用2日龄海兰褐壳蛋公雏鸡80只,随机平均分为Ⅰ空白对照组、Ⅱ(Cu 800 mg/kg,Mo 400 mg/kg)、Ⅲ(Cu 800 mg/kg,200 mg/kg)、Ⅳ(Cu 800mg/kg,100mg/kg)组。试验60d,每15d每组随机处死5只测定肾脏总超氧化物岐化酶(T-SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、黄嘌呤氧化酶(XOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)含量。结果表明,试验组T-SOD第15天最高,随后呈下降趋势(P0.05);POD、GSH-Px和XOD随时间延长呈上升趋势(P0.05),Ⅲ组GSHPx第30天时最高,最后回归正常,Ⅱ组XOD第30天最高,Ⅲ组POD随时间延长先下降后上升(P0.05),第45天时最高,Ⅳ组POD随时间延长先下降后上升再下降(P0.05)。说明日粮中以2∶1的比例关系添加Cu 800mg/kg、Mo 400mg/kg,随时间的延长可提高肾脏抗氧化能力。     

Studies on Haemoglobin Polymorphism of Two Breeds of Iranian Sheep and Its Relationship to Concentrations of Iron,Copper, Haemoglobin,Haematocrit and RBC number

After electrophoresis on cellulose acetate, two haemoglobin phenotypes were detected in Baloochi and Kordi breeds: AA and AB phenotypes. AA was commonest in two breeds. The incidence of type AB haemoglobin in Baloochi and Kordi breeds was 26.5% (9/34) and 9.5% (2/21), respectively. BB phenotype was not seen in Baloochi and Kordi breeds. In sheep with AB phenotype, haemoglobin B was dominant. The mean +/- SD of the two kinds of haemoglobin in sheep with AB phenotype were haemoglobin B percentage 60.5% +/- 9.04%, haemoglobin B absolute 73.84 +/- 5.44 g/L, haemoglobin A percentage 39.5% +/- 9.04%, haemoglobin A absolute 32.88 +/- 2.89 g/L. There were no significant differences for total haemoglobin, haematocrit, red blood cell (RBC) number, iron and copper levels between breed, sex and age groups and also between sheep with AA phenotype and AB phenotype. Pearson's method showed significant correlations for total haemoglobin with packed cell volume (PCV), RBC number, copper concentration and RBC number with PCV, copper level and PCV with copper amount and copper concentration with iron level (p<0.05). In the Kordi breed, significant correlations were seen for total haemoglobin with PCV, RBC number, copper concentration and PCV with RBC number and RBC number with copper level and copper concentration with iron amount (p<0.05). In the Baloochi breed, significant correlations were detected for total haemoglobin with PCV, RBC number and PCV with RBC number (p<0.05).     

日粮不同锌水平对断奶仔猪血清及组织铜、锌沉积的影响

试验选用21日龄"杜×长×大"三元杂交的断奶仔猪40头,按体重和公、母各半原则随机分成Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ组,每组10头猪,分别在基础日粮中添加氧化锌,使试验Ⅰ~Ⅳ组中锌的含量分别达到100、1000、2000和3000 mg/kg,预试期7 d,正试期42 d。结果表明,3000 mg/kg锌日粮均能提高断奶仔猪血清锌水平(P<0.05),使血清锌含量显著上升(P<0.05),降低血清铜水平(P>0.05);3000 mg/kg锌日粮使肝脏、肾脏和十二指肠中锌含量极显著升高(P<0.01),各组间脾脏、淋巴结中锌含量差异均不显著(P>0.05),3000 mg/kg锌日粮会降低脾脏、淋巴结、十二指肠和肾脏中铜含量(P>0.05),提高肝脏中铜含量(P<0.01)。提示,3000 mg/kg锌日粮能增加断奶应激仔猪体内锌水平,降低部分组织中铜含量。     

日粮不同铜、钼水平对辽宁绒山羊机体抗氧化性能的影响

试验选用性别一致、年龄、体重相近的36只健康辽宁绒山羊,研究日粮中添加不同水平的铜(01、9mg/kgDM和38 mg/kg DM)和钼(0、5 mg/kg DM)对绒山羊机体抗氧化性能的影响。结果表明:日粮添加铜可显著增强绒山羊机体抗氧化性能,显著提高血铜浓度、铜蓝蛋白、铜-锌-SOD及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性(P0.01),显著降低丙二醛含量(P0.01),但添加铜19 mg/kg DM和38 mg/kg DM差异不显著(P0.05)。日粮添加钼5 mg/kgDM显著提高谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性(P0.01),对其他指标无影响(P0.05)。铜钼对上述指标无显著互作效应(P0.05),但在铜蓝蛋白、铜-锌-SOD和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶上存在互作趋势。     

日粮铜钼水平对辽宁绒山羊瘤胃发酵指标的影响

试验研究日粮铜(Cu)、钼(Mo)添加水平对辽宁绒山羊瘤胃发酵指标的影响。选用18月龄体重相近,装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的辽宁绒山羊羯羊12只,采用完全随机分组试验设计,分成4组,每组3只。试验分为Mo 0处理和Mo5处理,Mo0处理日粮是在基础日粮中不加Mo,Mo5处理日粮是在基础日粮中加Mo(DM)5 mg/kg,每期设4个Cu水平,即0、20、30、40 mg/kg。结果表明:日粮中添加Mo 5 mg/kg显著降低了瘤胃液的pH,而显著提高了氨氮浓度、乙酸和总VFA浓度(P<0.05);日粮中添加不同水平的铜对瘤胃液pH和氨氮浓度影响差异不显著,但显著提高了乙酸、丙酸、总VFA的浓度(P<0.05);铜钼互作对氨氮浓度、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸及总VFA的浓度影响差异显著,对pH影响差异不显著。结果显示,当日粮中添加Mo为5 mg/kg,Cu为20 mg/kg时,有最适宜的瘤胃发酵水平。     

不同锌源对蓝狐生长及肝脏中锌铁含量的影响

为了考察在日粮中添加有机锌和无机锌对于蓝狐生长及肝脏中锌铁含量的影响。选取60日龄断乳蓝狐90只,于2007年8月2日~12月27日进行饲养试验。结果表明:在日粮中添加不同锌源的添加剂对于蓝狐生长及肝脏中锌铁含量的影响是不同的。与无机锌组比较,有机锌低剂量组和有机锌高剂量组在整个试验期的平均日增重分别提高了9.62%和12.67%,而且均差异显著(P<0.05);有机锌低剂量组与有机锌高剂量组之间的差异不显著(P>0.05)。有机锌低剂量组和有机锌高剂量组的肝脏中的锌含量比无机锌组分别提高了4.23%、15.15%,其中有机锌高剂量组极显著高于其他试验组(P<0.01),无机锌组与有机锌低剂量组的差异不显著(P>0.05)。有机锌低剂量组和有机锌高剂量组肝脏中铁的含量虽都比无机锌组略有提高,但差异均不显著(P>0.05)。     

钼对小鼠肝线粒体琥珀酸脱氢酶活性的影响

观察钼对小鼠肝线粒体中琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)活性的影响.将50只小鼠随机分为5组,对照组每天饮用20 mL/kg体重三重蒸馏水,4个试验组每天分别饮用5、10、15、20 mg/kg体重的钼酸铵,持续饮用3周.用测试盒测定肝线粒体琥珀酸脱氢酶活性.4个试验组的SDH活性分别为1.90±0.07、1.63±0.14、0....     

Effect of Organically Complexed Copper,Iron, Manganese,and Zinc on Broiler Performance,Mineral Excretion,and Accumulation in Tissues

Supplementation of trace minerals with a large safety margin in broiler chickens has resulted in a high level of mineral excretion that ends up in the environment. Organically complexed trace minerals (organic minerals) may be able to replace the inorganic trace minerals, because the former appear to have a greater bioavailability. Therefore, a 29-d cage study that included diets with supplemental trace minerals from organic and inorganic sources based on a trace mineral deficient control diet was conducted to examine the possible response of broiler chickens to organic mineral supplements. The results showed that supplementation with 4 mg of Cu and 40 mg each of Fe, Mn, and Zn from organic sources may be sufficient for normal broiler growth to 29 d of age. It is possible to use these lower levels of organic trace minerals in broiler diets to avoid high levels of trace mineral excretion.