噬菌体对断奶仔猪生长性能、肠道内容物pH、挥发性脂肪酸含量和二糖酶活性的影响

本研究旨在探讨噬菌体对断奶仔猪生长性能、肠道内容物pH、挥发性脂肪酸含量和二糖酶活性的影响。试验采用单因素试验设计,选用120头遗传背景相似、健康状况良好、胎次接近、初始体重为(7.35±0.03)kg的25日龄断奶仔猪,随机分为4个组,每组5个重复,每个重复6头仔猪。4组仔猪分别饲喂对照饲粮[添加50 mg/kg奎烯酮(有效含量25 mg/kg)和75 mg/kg金霉素(有效含量11.25 mg/kg)]及添加200、400和600 mg/kg噬菌体的饲粮。试验21 d后,屠宰取样,测定肠道内容物pH、挥发性脂肪酸含量及二糖酶活性。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,饲粮中添加400、600 mg/kg噬菌体可显著提高仔猪全期增重(P<0.05),随着饲粮中噬菌体添加量的提高,仔猪全期增重呈显著线性和二次曲线变化(P=0.001和P=0.003)。而且400、600 mg/kg噬菌体组仔猪腹泻指数也显著低于对照组与200 mg/kg噬菌体组(P<0.05),随着饲粮中噬菌体添加量的提高,仔猪腹泻指数呈显著线性和二次曲线变化(P=0.024和P=0.015)。2)与对照组相比,饲粮中添加400 mg/kg噬菌体能够显著降低仔猪回肠pH(P<0.05)。3)与对照组相比,饲粮中添加400和600 mg/kg噬菌体显著提高了盲肠中乙酸、丁酸和总酸的含量(P<0.05),且随着饲粮中噬菌体添加量的提高,盲肠乙酸、丁酸和总酸含量呈显著线性和二次曲线变化(P<0.01和P<0.01,P=0.017和P=0.014,P<0.01和P<0.01);600 mg/kg噬菌体组盲肠中戊酸含量显著高于对照组和200、400 mg/kg噬菌体组(P<0.05),且丙酸含量显著高于200 mg/kg噬菌体组(P<0.05)。相比较于对照组,饲粮中添加400和600 mg/kg噬菌体显著提高了仔猪结肠中乙酸和总酸含量(P<0.05),随着饲粮中噬菌体添加量的提高,结肠乙酸含量呈显著先升高后降低的二次曲线变化(P=0.008)。而400 mg/kg噬菌体组仔猪结肠丁酸含量显著高于200和600 mg/kg噬菌体组(P<0.05)。4)与对照组相比,400 mg/kg噬菌体组仔猪十二指肠黏膜蔗糖酶和乳糖酶活性显著增加(P<0.05),十二指肠黏膜乳糖酶活性呈显著先升高后降低的二次曲线变化(P=0.029),空肠黏膜麦芽糖酶活性显著升高(P<0.05)。由此可见,饲粮中添加噬菌体可提高仔猪的生长性能,降低腹泻指数,同时降低仔猪肠道内容物pH,提高肠道挥发性脂肪酸含量和二糖酶活性,改善仔猪肠道的消化吸收功能。     

2种中药成分对肉鸡生产性能、营养物质消化利用率、肠道消化酶活性和肠道菌群的影响

本试验旨在探讨日粮中分别添加山楂叶总黄酮、何首乌二苯乙烯苷及二者同时添加对肉鸡生产性能、营养物质消化利用率、肠道消化酶活性和肠道菌群的影响,为二者在肉鸡体内的应用提供理论依据。选用1日龄AA肉鸡128只(公),随机分为4组,即空白对照组(饲喂玉米－豆粕型基础日粮)、试验Ⅰ组(在基础日粮中添加300 mg/kg山楂叶总黄酮)、试验Ⅱ组(在基础日粮中添加150 mg/kg何首乌二苯乙烯苷)和试验Ⅲ组(在基础日粮中添加300 mg/kg山楂叶总黄酮和150 mg/kg何首乌二苯乙烯苷),每组4个重复,每个重复8只。结果表明:①在整个试验期,试验Ⅲ组的平均日增重显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),料重比显著低于对照组(P＜0.05);②试验Ⅲ组的粗蛋白质、钙、总磷的消化利用率显著高于对照组和试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组(P＜0.05),粗脂肪的消化利用率极显著低于对照组和试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组(P＜0.01);③试验Ⅲ组的胰蛋白酶活性极显著高于对照组和试验Ⅱ组(P＜0.01),脂肪酶活性极显著低于对照组(P＜0.01),淀粉酶活性极显著高于对照组和试验Ⅰ组(P＜0.01);④试验Ⅲ组的回肠和盲肠大肠杆菌数显著低于对照组和试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组(P＜0.05);回肠乳酸杆菌数显著高于对照组(P＜0.05);盲肠乳酸杆菌数显著高于对照组和试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组(P＜0.05)。因此,日粮中单独或同时添加山楂叶总黄酮和何首乌二苯乙烯苷具有提高肉仔鸡生产性能和营养物质的消化利用率,增强肠道胰蛋白酶、淀粉酶活性,降低脂肪酶活性,刺激肠道有益菌生长,降低有害菌增殖等作用,但以二者同时添加效果最好。     

高糖饲料对黄颡鱼生长、糖脂代谢及肠道代谢物的影响

为研究高糖饲料对黄颡鱼生长、糖脂代谢及肠道代谢物的影响,试验选用初始体重为(4.13±0.11)g的黄颡鱼180尾,随机分为2组,每组设3个重复,每个重复30尾,分别投喂基础饲料(糖水平23.25%)和高糖饲料(糖水平31.11%)两组等氮等能饲料(粗蛋白质水平36.5%,能量水平13.4 kJ/g),进行56 d的养殖试验。结果表明:(1)与对照组相比,高糖组黄颡鱼增重率和特定生长率分别降低了22.93%和11.44%(P<0.05);(2)与对照组相比,高糖组黄颡鱼血清谷草转氨酶的活性提高了45.20%(P<0.05);(3)与对照组相比,肠道代谢物葡萄糖、多糖、组胺、尸胺和腐胺含量分别提高了119.64%、60.33%、188.82%、848.23%和526.97%(P<0.05)。综上所述,长期摄入高糖饲料抑制了黄颡鱼生长,降低了饲料利用,导致机体糖脂代谢紊乱,增加了肠道代谢物糖水平及组胺、尸胺和腐胺含量,提示长期摄食高糖饲料会导致黄颡鱼肝肠损伤。     

饲粮蛋白质及赖氨酸水平对早期断奶仔猪胃肠道消化酶活性、大肠蛋白质腐败作用和腹泻的影响

试验采用早期断奶仔猪（２５±３日龄，平均体重６．７８ｋｇ），用简单的玉米 豆粕 鱼粉型日粮饲喂，研究了不同蛋白质水平（１８％，２０％）和赖氨酸水平（１．０％，１．３％和１．６％）对仔猪胃肠道内容物消化酶活力、结肠蛋白质腐败作用和腹泻的影响。试验结果表明：日粮蛋白质水平较高时（２０％），仔猪腹泻率提高，这与大肠腐败作用无关；高蛋白质水平导致了大肠细菌活动的加强和小肠液淀粉酶活力的下降；不同赖氨酸水平对以上观测指标无影响。     

日粮中添加大豆黄酮对大鼠抗热应激能力的影响

日粮中添加大豆黄酮,研究其对大鼠抗热应激能力的影响。结果显示,添加大豆黄酮组大鼠平均增重稍有提高,料重比略有下降,表明大豆黄酮在一定程度上促进了大鼠生长。与正常对照组相比,热应激组大鼠血清GSH-Px活性极显著下降(P<0.01),血清葡萄糖含量显著上升(P<0.05);血清丙二醛(MDA)、尿素氮有所升高,IL-2水平有所降低,但差异均不显著。与热应激组相比,大豆黄酮热应激组血清MDA、尿素氮含量极显著下降(P<0.01);GSH-Px活性、IL-2水平有所升高,但差异均不显著。3组间胰岛素水平均无显著差异。结果提示,大豆黄酮一定程度上可增强大鼠抗热应激能力。     

Effects of dietary chitosan on fat deposition and lipase activity in digesta in broiler chickens

1. The effect of dietary chitosan on fat deposition and lipase activity in the small intestinal contents was investigated in broiler chickens fed an adequate or high metabolisable energy (ME) diet. 2. Male broiler chickens at 14 d old were fed on the adequate or high ME diet supplemented with 0 or 50 g/kg chitosan, which has a low viscosity, for 3 weeks. 3. Dietary chitosan did not affect food intake, body weight gain or food efficiency in either dietary ME groups. 4. Dietary chitosan reduced the excessive abdominal fat deposition induced by the high ME diet. 5. Dietary chitosan increased the weight of intestinal contents irrespective of dietary ME concentration. 6. Dietary chitosan decreased the lipase activity per g of small intestinal contents. 7. These results suggest that dietary chitosan with low viscosity decreases lipase activity and fat absorption in the small intestine, consequently resulting in a reduction of fat deposition in broiler chickens. 8. It was concluded that dietary chitosan with low viscosity can decrease body fat deposition without reducing food intake and body weight gain in broiler chickens.     

白藜芦醇对氧化应激仔猪回肠黏膜形态、抗氧化能力、紧密连接蛋白及炎性因子mRNA表达的影响

本试验旨在研究白藜芦醇(Res)对氧化应激仔猪肠道黏膜结构、抗氧化能力、紧密连接蛋白及炎性因子mRNA表达的影响。选择健康状况良好、胎次相近的28日龄三元杂交(杜×长×大)断奶仔猪30头,随机分为5组,对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组在基础饲粮中分别添加0、10、30、90 mg/kg Res,每组6个重复,每个重复1头仔猪。于试验第15天清晨给试验组[敌草快(Diquat)组、Diquat+10 mg/kg Res组、Diquat+30 mg/kg Res组、Diquat+90 mg/kg Res组]仔猪按照10 mg/kg BW的剂量腹腔注射Diquat建立氧化应激模型,对照组只注射相同剂量灭菌生理盐水为参照。试验期21 d。结果表明:与对照组相比,Diquat组绒毛高度和绒毛高度/隐窝深度(V/C)显著降低(P<0.05),隐窝深度显著升高(P<0.05);肠黏膜丙二醛(MDA)含量显著升高(P<0.05),谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著降低(P<0.05);肠黏膜白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和白细胞介素-6(IL-6)含量显著升高(P<0.05),而肠黏膜白细胞介素-10(IL-10)含量显著降低(P<0.05);肠黏膜闭锁小带蛋白-1(ZO-1)、闭锁蛋白(Occludin)和跨膜蛋白(Claudin)的mRNA相对表达量均显著降低(P<0.05)。与Diquat组相比,Diquat+30 mg/kg Res组和Diquat+90 mg/kg Res组回肠绒毛高度和V/C显著提高(P<0.05);肠黏膜MDA含量显著下降(P<0.05),GSH-Px和SOD活性显著提高(P<0.05),其中以Diquat+90 mg/kg Res组效果最为显著;肠黏膜ZO-1、Occludin和Claudin的mRNA相对表达量均显著提高(P<0.05),且不同Res剂量组间无显著差异(P>0.05);肠黏膜IL-1β、TNF-α和IL-6含量显著降低(P<0.05),同时IL-10含量显著提高(P<0.05)。综上所述,Res可以提高氧化应激仔猪回肠抗氧化酶活性,改善回肠黏膜形态结构,同时抑制肠道炎症的发生,维持肠道健康。     

Microbial activity in the gut of piglets: I. Effect of prebiotic and probiotic supplementation

Four groups of six 21 days-old piglets were used to evaluate the effect of a prebiotic or probiotic on the intestinal fermentative activity. In each group, piglets received one of the following diets: basal diet (C); basal diet supplemented with xylo-oligosaccharide (C-XOS); basal diet supplemented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae (C-SC); and basal diet supplemented with xylo-oligosaccharide and S. cerevisiae (C-XOS + SC).

The short chain fatty acids in the colon of piglets were decreased with the inclusion of S. cerevisiae in the diet (P < 0.01). The xylanolytic activity was higher (P < 0.05) in the small intestine of piglets fed C-XOS + SC diet, but no significant differences were found in the caecum and colon. In the caecum contents, the cellulolytic activity was increased (P < 0.05) by the C-XOS and C-SC diets, but remained similar when the diet was supplemented with the two additives combined.     

The Applicability of Agar-Diffusion Test in Measuring Deoxyribonucleases in Pig Intestinal Content

The suitability of an agar-diffusion test (ADT) using toluidine blue deoxyribonucleic acid agar (TDA) for measuring DNase activity in pig intestinal contents was investigated. The ADT was compared with a spectrophotometrical method. Distinct metachromatic zones around wells in the DNA-containing agar, into which the intestinal content was applied, indicated DNase activity. The DNase activity was determined semiquantitatively by making serial twofold dilutions of the intestinal content. The spectrophotometrical method was optimal at pH 7.2. The ADT proved to be most sensitive at pH 5.6. The ability of the 2 methods employed to measure low concentrations of DNases was equal. However, the ADT was considered more suitable than the spectrophotometrical method because ADT measured reduced amounts of enzyme. DNase activity was demonstrated throughout the small intestine and in the large intestine. By the zymogram technique, at least 3 different DNases could be demonstrated in the lower parts of the small intestine, 1 of which could be of extrapancreatic origin.     

凝结芽孢杆菌BC-HYI改善脂多糖损伤蛋雏鸡肠道作用的研究

本试验旨在探究凝结芽孢杆菌BC-HYI调节脂多糖(LPS)损伤蛋雏鸡肠道作用。选取1日龄京红蛋雏鸡180只,随机分为5组,每组6个重复,每个重复6只,重复之间体重接近。空白对照组(CON组)和模型组(LPS组)饲喂基础饲粮,连续灌服生理盐水;3个益生菌组饲喂基础饲粮,同时分别连续灌服低、中、高剂量的凝结芽孢杆菌BC-HYI (浓度分别为106、107、108CFU/mL),连续灌服28 d,28 d后灌服LPS,灌服浓度为2 mg/kg,灌服剂量为200μL/只,试验周期为6 h,分别记为LOW+LPS、MID+LPS、HIGH+LPS组。6 h后采血,剖检、收集蛋雏鸡十二指肠、空肠、回肠肠道组织及空肠黏膜。结果表明：与空白对照组相比,LPS灌服后,蛋雏鸡十二指肠、空肠、回肠的绒隐比以及空肠黏膜黏液蛋白2(MUC2)、闭合蛋白(Occludin)和闭锁小带蛋白-1(ZO-1)mRNA相对表达量显著降低(P<0.05),血清二胺氧化酶(DAO)活性及D-乳酸(D-Lac)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)含量,空肠黏膜分泌型免疫球蛋白A(SIgA)和白细胞介素-10(IL-10)的含...     

Effect of Olive Leaves or Marigold Petal Extract on Oxidative Stress,Gut Fermentative Activity,and Mucosa Morphology in Broiler Chickens Fed a Diet Rich in n-3 Polyunsaturated Fats

An experiment in broilers was conducted to investigate the effect of olive (Olea europea) leaves and marigold (Calendula officinalis) petal extract supplementation on oxidative stress, characteristics of intestinal contents, and on the morphology of the small intestine. Oxidative stress was induced by a n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids rich diet. 1-day-old male broiler chickens, Ross 308, were housed in a deep litter system. After the first 21 days, animals were randomly divided into three groups of 16 animals in two replicates and fed, until slaughter on day 39, a diet that contained 7% linseed oil. Control diet (Cont) remained unsupplemented, while both experimental diets were supplemented with olive leaves (OliveEx) or marigold petal (MarigEx) extracts. Oxidative stress was evaluated in blood and liver by measuring markers of lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde (MDA), isoprostanes), rate of DNA damage in lymphocytes and in blood (comet assay, 8-hydroxy-2′deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG)), and activity of antioxidant and liver enzymes in blood. In different parts of the intestine, levels of short chain fatty acids (SCFA), and viscosity of intestinal contents were measured, and the health of the gastrointestinal tract was assessed using histological measurements. OliveEx significantly (p<0.05) decreased the MDA and 8-OHdG concentration in plasma, and the level of ethanoic acid in small intestinal contents and total SCFA in caecum, indicating improved oxidative status and increased microbial activity in the intestine. MarigEx significantly (p<0.05) decreased the rate of lymphocyte DNA damage and the crypt depth in duodenum, indicating potentially beneficial effects on the immune system and the health of the small intestine. In conclusion, dietary OliveEx and MarigEx supplementation improved some markers of oxidative stress and intestinal health. However, positive effects could be more pronounced in more unfavorable environmental conditions or in cases of diseases, but further studies are needed.     

硫酸化党参多糖对H2O2致RAW264.7细胞损伤和小鼠急性酒精损伤的保护作用

本试验旨在比较党参多糖(CP)与硫酸化党参多糖(SCP)对H₂O₂诱导RAW264.7细胞急性损伤及小鼠急性酒精损伤的保护作用。采用H₂O₂诱导RAW264.7细胞急性损伤,检测不同浓度CP与SCP对RAW264.7细胞生长、吞噬功能及IL-2、IL-4、IL-10和IFN-γ水平的影响。随后体内建立小鼠急性酒精损伤模型,将90只4周龄雄性昆明小鼠随机均分为9组：正常对照组(B)、模型对照组(MO)、维生素C对照组(VC)、3个剂量的CP(CPL、CPM、CPH)与SCP(SCPL、SCPM、SCPH)组。检测各组对急性酒精损伤小鼠生长情况、血液生理指标、脏器指数、血清IL-2、IL-4、IL-10及IFN-γ水平的影响。结果显示,H₂O₂诱导RAW264.7细胞急性损伤后,与MO组相比,CP和SCP组细胞贴壁数量增加,细胞密度增大,37 ℃作用30、60、90 min后均能显著提高细胞吞噬能力(P < 0.05),且SCP各组促进细胞增殖及吞噬作用优于CP各组。CP和SCP均能显著促进细胞分泌IL-2、IFN-γ(P < 0.05),抑制IL-4的分泌(P < 0.05),SCP各组对IL-4的抑制作用优于CP,其中SCPL组对IL-4的抑制效果最佳。小鼠急性酒精损伤模型中,与MO组相比,CP和SCP能显著改善小鼠血液生理指标(P < 0.05),使血液中WBC和HGB恢复至正常水平,其中SCPL组效果最佳。CP和SCP还能改善小鼠血生化指标,显著提高血清中TC、LDH含量(P < 0.05),降低TG含量(P < 0.05)。CP和SCP组较MO组小鼠血清中IL-2、IFN-γ水平显著升高(P < 0.05),IL-4水平显著降低(P < 0.05),其中SCP各组对IL-4的抑制作用最佳。综上所述,SCP可显著提高H₂O₂诱导RAW264.7细胞急性损伤后细胞吞噬能力,促进细胞分泌IL-2、IFN-γ水平,抑制IL-4分泌;改善酒精诱导的急性损伤小鼠的血液生理指标、血清生化指标和免疫因子,具有一定的保护作用,且SCP在一定条件下效果优于CP。     

Effects of age and diet on the development of the pancreas and the synthesis and secretion of pancreatic enzymes in the young pig

Effects of age and diet composition on amylase, trypsin and chymotrypsin activities in the pancreas and intestinal contents, pancreas weights and body weights were determined from birth to 56 d. A total of 120 pigs, five to seven pigs/litter from 18 litters, were slaughtered at birth, 14, 27, 29, 31, 42 and 56 d. Litters were allotted to dietary treatments (corn-soy, A; corn-soy + 20% dried whey, B; corn-soy + 5% lard, C) and offered these diets as creep feed at 14 d. All pigs were weaned at 28 d, placed in elevated nursery pens and fed their respective diets. Total activities of amylase, trypsin and chymotrypsin in the pancreas and small intestine increased (P less than .05) with age. Both trypsin and amylase activities, measured per kilogram body weight or gram pancreas weight, were low at 29 d in the intestine and increased to 56 d. Pigs on diet B had the highest level of trypsin and chymotrypsin in the intestinal contents (P less than .05). Trypsin activity in the pancreas (units/kg body weight) was lowest (P less than .05) for pigs on diet B and highest (P less than .05) for those on diet C (units/g pancreas and units/kg body weight). Amylase activity (units/kg body weight) was lower (P less than .05) in the pancreas for pigs on diet B than for those on diets A and C. Pigs on diet A had lower (P less than .01) intestinal amylase activities than those on diets B and C. Enzyme activities in the intestinal contents and pancreas were low following weaning. In the pancreas, activities decreased at 31 d.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

黄羽肉仔鸡脂肪酶的发育规律及小麦SNSP对其活性的影响

取1日龄105羽黄羽肉鸡随机分成3组 ,每组35羽。以玉米—豆粕日粮为对照 ,小麦—豆粕、玉米—豆粕—小麦可溶性非淀粉多糖(SNSP)提取物日粮为试验组。分别测定1 ,4 ,7 ,10 ,14 ,18及21日龄肉仔鸡胰脏和小肠内容物中脂肪酶的活性 ,以观察肉仔鸡脂肪酶发育的规律和小麦SNSP对其活性的影响。结果表明 :(1)肉仔鸡胰脏脂肪酶的活性在2周龄内逐渐增加 ,在第3周略有下降 ,在3周末达到最高值。小肠内容物脂肪酶活性变化不大。(2)除18日龄小麦SNSP提取物组外 ,小麦日粮和玉米—豆粕—小麦SNSP提取物日粮能分别降低所有日龄黄羽肉仔鸡胰脏脂肪酶的活性(P<0.05)。两组日粮也分别降低了4～10日龄肉仔鸡小肠内容物的脂肪酶活性(P<0.05)。体外研究表明 ,小麦SNSP对脂肪酶的活性有明显的抑制作用(P<0.05)。     

发酵香菇渣对断奶仔猪生长性能、结肠挥发性脂肪酸含量及微生物结构的影响

为研究发酵香菇渣（fermented shiitake residues,FSR）对断奶仔猪生产性能、十二指肠消化酶活性、空肠紧密连接蛋白相关基因表达、结肠挥发性脂肪酸及结肠微生物区系的影响,本研究选用100头健康的壹号土猪断奶仔猪（小耳花猪×杜洛克猪,公母各50头）,随机分为2组,每组5个重复,每个重复10头猪,进行饲养试验。对照组饲喂基础饲粮（NC组）,试验组饲喂基础饲粮+5%发酵香菇渣。试验期33 d。饲养试验结束时,从每个组中选择6头仔猪（公母各半）进行屠宰取样。检测指标包括生长性能、十二指肠黏膜消化酶活性、空肠紧密连接蛋白mRNA相对表达量、结肠挥发性脂肪酸含量和肠道微生物结构。结果显示,与对照组相比,试验组显著提高了断奶仔猪的末重和平均日增重（P<0.05）,显著降低了料重比（P<0.05）;显著提高了十二指肠黏膜胰蛋白酶和β-淀粉酶活性（P<0.05）;显著提高了结肠挥发性脂肪酸丙酸、丁酸、异丁酸和异戊酸水平（P<0.05）;显著增加了结肠纤维杆菌门（Fibrobacteres）和链球菌属（Streptococcus）的相对丰度（P<0.01;P<0.05）,对空肠紧密连接蛋白1（TJP1）和紧密连接蛋白2（TJP2）基因mRNA的表达无显著影响（P>0.05）。综上所述,饲粮中添加5%发酵香菇渣可提高断奶仔猪肠道消化酶活性,增加结肠挥发性脂肪酸含量,调节肠道微生物区系组成,有利于提高断奶仔猪的生长性能。     

人参多糖对冬毛期雄性水貂生产性能、血清生化指标和肠道形态结构的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加人参多糖对冬毛期雄性水貂生产性能、血清生化指标和肠道形态结构的影响。选择120日龄、健康的当年生短毛黑水貂(雄性)40只,随机分成4组,每组10个重复,每个重复1只。Ⅰ组(对照组)饲喂基础饲粮,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加10、50和100mg/kg(干物质基础)人参多糖的试验饲粮。试验期77d,其中预试期7d,正试期70d。结果表明:饲粮中添加不同水平人参多糖对冬毛期雄性水貂平均日增重、平均日采食量和料重比无显著影响(P0.05)。皮长随着人参多糖添加水平的提高而增大,Ⅳ组显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.05);针毛长度在Ⅳ组达到最大值,显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.05);绒毛高度表现为Ⅲ和Ⅳ组差异不显著(P0.05),但二者均显著高于Ⅰ和Ⅱ组(P0.05)。饲粮中添加不同水平的人参多糖对冬毛期雄性水貂血清中蛋白质(如总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白和尿素含量)和脂肪代谢相关指标(如总胆固醇和甘油三酯含量)的影响不显著(P0.05),但总蛋白含量随着人参多糖添加水平的提高有升高的趋势。Ⅲ组血清中丙氨酸氨基转氨酶活性显著高于Ⅰ和Ⅱ组(P0.05),与Ⅳ组差异不显著(P0.05);Ⅳ组血清中天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶活性显著高于Ⅰ和Ⅱ组(P0.05),与Ⅲ组差异不显著(P0.05);血清中碱性磷酸酶活性在各组间均差异不显著(P0.05)。Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组血清白细胞介素-6和肿瘤坏死因子-α含量均显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.05),Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组间差异不显著(P0.05)。饲粮中添加人参多糖极显著增加了冬毛期雄性水貂空肠的绒毛高度以及绒毛高度/隐窝深度(P0.01)。综上所述,饲粮中添加50~100 mg/kg人参多糖可改善冬毛期雄性水貂的肠道形态结构,有利于提高营养物质的消化吸收,同时可提高血清中白细胞介素-6和肿瘤坏死因子-α含量,有利于增强机体免疫能力。     

Effect of a synbiotic on the intestinal microflora of chickens

The current experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of a synbiotic (Biomin Imbo) on intestinal microflora of Ross broiler chickens. A total of 200 male chickens were randomly divided into 20 groups of 10 birds each, kept in 20 pens (1.5 × 1 m each), and fed for 42 d at different synbiotic levels. Treatments included (1) a basal diet without synbiotics (control), (2) a basal diet with synbiotic levels proposed by the manufacturer, (3) a basal diet with synbiotic levels 25% lower than those proposed by the manufacturer, (4) a basal diet with synbiotic levels 50% higher than those proposed by the manufacturer, and (5) a basal diet with synbiotic levels 25% higher than those proposed by the manufacturer. At the end of the 42-d feeding period, 1 bird was randomly selected from each experimental unit, humanely euthanized, and the cecum was removed to measure the microbial population. The cecal contents were collected in discharge containers for microbial cultures, and counts were conducted after microbial culture. The addition of the synbiotic reduced Escherichia coli and total coliform populations in the intestines of broiler chickens. Conversely, different levels of probiotic increased the numbers of lactobacilli in the intestine of broiler chickens. Concentrations of the synbiotic higher than the recommended levels in the diet increased the lactic acid bacteria population in the gut of broiler chickens.     

Local intestinal immune response to Escherichia Coli heat-labile (LT) enterotoxin: LT antitoxin levels in healthy, diseased and antigen-fed pigs

With purified LT toxin and IgA, specific anti-LT enterotoxin activity was demonstrated in small intestinal contents of 27 pigs. After 60 days of age, rise in intestinal LT antitoxin titer was observed. Feeding LT containing E. coli antigen increased LT antibody levels in the intestinal secretions, but decreased antibody titers in sera. In post-weaning E. coli diarrhea LT antibody levels in intestinal secretions and sera decreased significantly. This phenomenon can be related to the occurrence of the frequently observed post-weaning E. coli diarrhea.     

Effect of taurine on intestinal morphology and utilisation of soy oil in chickens

1. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of taurine on intestinal morphology and utilisation of dietary fatty acids in chicken. One-day-old broilers chickens were fed with a maize- and soybean-based diet containing soy oil, and supplemented with taurine at either 0 or 0·5 g/kg. 2. Result showed that the total bile acid in blood and lipase activity in the small intestine were elevated in 3-week-old broilers given the taurine-supplemented diet. No differences were observed for total serum bile acid and lipase activity between the groups of 6-week-old broilers. 3. The development of the jejunum villus and ileum villus was inhibited, and the weight of jejunum and the relative height of intestinal mucosa were decreased in the chickens fed the taurine-supplemented diet. 4. The rate of diet fatty acid utilisation was not different between the groups of 3- and 6-week-old chickens. 5. Our results showed that dietary supplementation with taurine had no beneficial effect on intestinal morphology or utilisation of a soy oil diet in chickens.     

Deoxyribonuclease inhibitory activity in pig intestinal contents

The inhibitory effect of pig intestinal contents on some microbial DNases and bovine pancreas DNase was examined employing an agar diffusion test. The molecular weight of 1 inhibitor as well as the electrophoretic patterns of the inhibitors were determined.DNases from Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Clostridium perfringens and bovine pancreas were inhibited by intestinal contents. DNases from Clostridium septicum, Serratia marcescens, Proteus mirabilis, Aeromonas hydropnila and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were not inhibited. The concentrations of the inhibitory substances were considerably higher in contents from the small intestine than from the large intestine.Using electrophoretic procedures on intestinal contents, 3 different fractions showing DNase inhibition were demonstrated. The molecular weight of one of the inhibitors was estimated to be about 30000.