Establishment of Agrobacterium tumefaciens-Mediated Transformation System for Rice Sheath Blight Pathogen Rhizoctonia solani AG-1IA

To construct the T-DNA insertional mutagenesis transformation system for rice sheath blight pathogen Rhizoctonia solani AG-1 IA,the virulent isolate GD118 of this pathogen was selected as an initial isolate for transformation.The conditions for transformation of isolate GD118 were optimized in five aspects,i.e.pre-induction time,co-culture time,acetosyringone(AS) concentration at the co-culture phase,co-culture temperature and pH value of induction solid medium(ISM) at the co-culture phase.Finally,a system ...     

Three Genes Related to Trehalose Metabolism Affect Sclerotial Development of Rhizoctonia solani AG-1 IA,Causal Agent of Rice Sheath Blight

Trehalose metabolism is related to the sclerotial development of Rhizoctonia solani AG-1 IA, the causal agent of rice sheath blight (RSB). Here, we further elucidated the functions of three genes Rstre, Rstps1 and Rstpp that encode three key enzymes trehalase (TRE), alpha, alpha-trehalose- phosphate synthase (TPS1) and trehalose 6-phosphate phosphatase (TPP) in the sclerotial development of R. solani AG-1 IA. Due to the lack of a stable genetic transformation system for R. solani, the heterologous expression of these three genes in Pichia pastoris GS115 was performed. The results showed that reactive oxygen species (ROS) contents and enzyme activities in R. solani decreased significantly in the treatments of the fermentation broths of Rstps1 and Rstpp transformants, and that in the treatment of the fermentation broth of Rstre transformant visibly increased. Furthermore, the fermentation broths of the transformants of all the three genes were added to potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium for the cultivation of R. solani, as a result, the dry weight of sclerotia in each PDA plate containing the fermentation broths of Rstps1 and Rstpp transformants significantly increased compared with the control, and that of Rstre transformant obviously decreased. Finally, 178 proteins were found to interact with RSTPS1, and 16 of them were associated with ROS. Taken together, the findings suggest that all these three genes related to trehalose metabolism play important roles in the sclerotial development of R. solani AG-1 IA, and can be used as new targets for the development of novel high-efficiency fungicides for the controlling of RSB.     

四川玉米纹枯病菌致病性研究

从四川不同生态区采集玉米纹枯病穴Rhizoctoniaspp.雪症状的玉米叶鞘,经分离、鉴定,选取16个立枯丝核菌穴Rhizoctoniasolani雪AG1-IA的菌株和2个玉蜀黍丝核菌穴Rhizoctoniazeae雪菌株作为供试菌。在玉米成株期用PDA菌丝圆片定位接种于玉米叶鞘内侧,测定供试菌株在玉米植株上的垂直扩展情况穴病斑高度、日均扩展速度雪,区分病菌的致病性。还研究了AG1-IA不同致病性菌株体外产纤维素酶和果胶酶活性与致病性的关系。结果表明:分属于两个种的18个供试菌株均能侵染玉米,在潜育期上没有差异;病斑高度和病斑日均扩展速度能很好反映出菌株间致病性的差异,R.solaniAG1-IA菌株间的致病性有明显差异,R.zeae菌的致病性显著低于R.solaniAG1-IA菌株,体外产果胶酶和纤维素酶的活性大小与致病性有关联。     

海南南繁区水稻纹枯病菌的遗传多样性与致病力分化

【目的】为明确南繁区水稻纹枯病菌(RhizoctoniasolaniAG-1IA)的遗传分化及遗传多样性与致病力的关系,【方法】采用AFLP分子标记技术和离体叶片接种法对南繁核心区(三亚、乐东、陵水)和非核心区(琼中、屯昌和定安)共60株水稻纹枯病菌的遗传多样性、遗传结构和致病力分化进行了测定,并分析了遗传多样性与致病力之间的关系。【结果】聚类分析结果表明,核心区菌株的遗传多样性相对更高;群体遗传结构分析表明,核心区群体的多态性位点百分率(PPL)、Nei基因多样性指数(H)、Shannon信息指数(I)和基因流(N_m)分别为82.24%、0.1932、0.3062和2.5627,高于非核心区群体的67.49%、0.1535、0.2447和0.9365;而核心区群体的基因分化系数(G_st)为0.1633,低于非核心区群体的0.3481。【结论】核心区菌株的遗传变异程度比非核心区菌株高;核心区不同群体间存在较多的基因交流,而非核心区菌体间的基因交流较少,但遗传变异均主要来自于群体内;总体而言,核心区菌株的遗传分化程度更高。菌株的致病力及其与菌株遗传多样性的相关性分析表明,核心区菌株以中等致病型为主,而非核心区菌株则以中、强致病型为主,但与菌株的AFLP谱系之间的相关均未达显著水平。     

羧基化壳寡糖络合碘（CCOS-I）对水稻纹枯病菌的抑制作用及机理初讨

为明确羧基化壳寡糖络合碘（CCOS-I）对水稻纹枯病的防治作用,以 20%井冈霉素可湿性粉剂为对照药剂,测定 CCOS-I 对水稻纹枯病菌的室内抑菌效果和田间防效,以及对超氧化物歧化酶（superoxidedismutase,SOD）、叶片过氧化物酶（peroridase,POD）、多酚氧化酶（polyphenol oxidase,PPO）、苯丙氨酸解氨酶（phenylalanine ammonia-lyase,PAL）和 β-1,3-葡聚糖酶（β-1,3-glucanase）等相关防御酶活性的影响。结果表明：羧基化壳寡糖络合碘对该病菌抑制效果明显,经室内毒力测定,其 EC50 值 12.22 mg/L,明显高于对照药剂 20%井冈霉素粉剂。田间药效试验结果表明,在水稻第 3 次用药后 14 d,100 g/hm2 的羧基化壳寡糖络合碘防效达到 80.66%,与井冈霉素有效剂量 150 g/hm2 的效果相当,优于同剂量井冈霉素处理。CCOS-I 在试验剂量范围内对水稻纹枯病有很好的防治作用,且对水稻生长无任何药害现在发生,可以诱导水稻相关防御酶活性提高,适用于水稻纹枯病的防治,具有一定的开发推广价值。     

Efficacy of Bacillus subtilis MBI 600 Against Sheath Blight Caused by Rhizoctonia solani and on Growth and Yield of Rice

Rice sheath blight disease(ShB),caused by Rhizoctonia solani,gives rise to significant grain yield losses.The present study evaluated the efficacy of Integral?,the commercial liquid formulation of Bacillus subtilis strain MBI 600,against rice ShB and for plant growth promotion.In greenhouse studies,four log concentrations of Integral(from 2.2×106 to 2.2×109 cfu/mL) were used as seed treatment(ST).After 25 d,seedlings were dipped(SD) into Integral prior to transplanting.At 30 d after transplanting(DAT),leaf sheaths were inoculated with immature sclerotia of the pathogen.At 45 DAT,a foliar spray(FS) with Integral was applied to some treatments.The fungicide control was 50% carbendazim at 1.0 g/L,and a nontreated control was also included.Overall,there were 10 treatments,each with five replications.ShB severity was rated at 52 DAT,and seedling height and number of tillers per plant were rated at 60 DAT.In 2009,two field trials evaluated Integral at 2.2×108 and 2.2×109 cfu/mL.Integral was applied as ST,and seedlings were produced in a nursery bed.After 32 d,seedlings were treated with Integral as SD and transplanted into 10 m2 blocks.Foliar sprays were given at 45 and 60 DAT.There were seven treatments,each with eight replications arranged as a factorial randomized complete block design.At 20 DAT,the plots were broadcast inoculated with R.solani produced on rice grains.Seedling height before transplanting,ShB severity at 90 DAT,and grain yield at harvest were recorded.Integral at 2.2×109 cfu/mL provided significant increase of seedling heights over other treatments under greenhouse conditions.The Integral treatments of ST + SD + FS at 2.2×109 cfu/mL significantly suppressed ShB over other treatments.In field studies,Integral provided significant increase of seedling height in nursery,and number of tillers per plant,compared with the control.ShB severity was significantly suppressed with higher concentrations of Integral compared to lower concentrations.Grain yield were the highest at an Integral concentration of 2.2×109 cfu/mL.Overall,Integral significantly reduced ShB severity,enhanced seedling growth,number of tillers per plant and grain yield as ST + SD + FS at the concentration of 2.2×109 cfu/mL under the conditions evaluated.     

播期、芽长和覆土厚度对马铃薯黑痣病的规避效应及产量的影响

为了研究芽长、播期和覆土厚度对土传病害黑痣病的规避效应及对马铃薯产量的影响,本试验对栽培技术中的芽长、播期和覆土厚度3个重要因素,采用3因素5水平二次通用旋转组合设计,建立数学模型,优选适合马铃薯的高产防病栽培措施。芽长、播期和覆土厚度3因素对马铃薯产量效应依次为覆土厚度〉芽长〉播期,对马铃薯黑痣病病情指数影响效应依次为覆土厚度〉播期〉芽长。获得马铃薯产量大于3000 kg/667 m2、黑痣病病情指数低于45%的优化施肥方案为：播期5月2-4日,芽长0.54-0.68 cm,覆土厚度15-17 cm。本研究为建立马铃薯可行性栽培技术体系提供了科学依据。     

Effect ofErwinia carotovora subsp.atroseptica alone and withAlternaria solani orVerticillium dahliae on disease development and yield of potatoes in Israel

Summary Tubers of 17 cultivars were inoculated withErwinia carotovora subsp.atroseptica (ECA) and planted in 1986 and 1987 in the Negev in randomised plots in three blocks where eitherVerticillium dahliae orAlternaria solani were present or where both were absent. ECA reduced the yield in the control block and exacerbated the yield losses in the disease blocks, but the intensity of symptom expression did not always accord with the extent of yield loss. ECA had a greater effect on plants infected withA. solani than on those withV. dahliae. It was possible to categorise the cultivars as resistant, intermediate or susceptible with respect to ECA and early blight, but resistance toV. dahliae could not be differentiated from foliage maturity.     

Effect of plant density on toxigenic fungal infection and mycotoxin contamination of maize kernels

Field experiments were set up from 2001 to 2004 in North West Italy to determine the effects of plant density on the susceptibility of medium and medium-late maturity maize hybrids to ear rot and to mycotoxin contamination in natural infection conditions. The ears were rated for the incidence and severity of disease symptoms at harvest and the harvested kernels were analysed for mycotoxin fumonisin B₁, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, aflatoxin B₁ and ochratoxin A.     

密氮互作对灌区胡麻籽粒产量及品质的影响

为明确适用于灌区胡麻高产优质生产的密度和氮肥施用量,以内亚9号为材料,于2017和2018年连续两年进行田间试验,分析播种密度与氮对胡麻籽粒木酚素及脂肪酸组分含量及其产量的影响.播种密度分别为3.0×106、6.0×106和9.0×106粒每公顷,现蕾前结合灌水进行的氮肥追施量分别为每公顷0、16、32和48 kg氮....     

鹿茸补骨片对去卵巢骨质疏松症大鼠骨密度及子宫湿重的影响

目的研究鹿茸补骨片对去卵巢骨质疏松症大鼠骨密度含量及子宫湿重影响。方法将大鼠设置分组,经口灌胃不同配伍的受试物,厂家推荐鹿茸补骨片成人每日摄入量为0.03g/kg·bw,以推荐剂量的5、10、30倍(0.15、0.30、0.90g/kg)给药,记录并观察鹿茸补骨片对大鼠体重、子宫湿重、股骨长度、股骨中心骨密度、股骨远心端骨密度、骨钙含量的影响。结果与阴性对照组比较,鹿茸补骨片能明显增加去卵巢骨质疏松症大鼠子宫湿重,并且能够增加骨钙含量及骨密度含量。结论鹿茸补骨片具有增强骨密度的作用。     

单粒精播密度对花生冠层结构及产量的影响

为探明密度对单粒精播花生群体冠层结构及产量的影响,大田条件下,以花育22为供试花生品种,设置 每穴单粒和双粒2种播种方式,9万穴/hm2（D1）、12万穴/hm2（D2）和15万穴/hm2（D3）3个种植密度,研究了密度对花 生冠层透光率、冠层叶面积系数、叶片干重及农艺性状的影响。结果表明,随密度的增加,冠层中下部的透光率降 低,单粒播冠层透光率大于双粒播。D1密度下,花生冠层中上部的叶面积系数、叶片干重单粒播低于双粒播,冠层 中下部高于双粒播,而D2和D3密度条件下,冠层叶面积系数、叶片干重单粒播与双粒播差异不显著。随密度的增 加,花生主茎高、侧枝长和公顷果数显著增加,而单穴果数减少,单粒精播侧枝数多于双粒播。随密度的增加,花生 荚果产量呈先升高后降低的趋势,12万穴/hm2的种植密度荚果产量最高,单粒精播花生产量略高于双粒播。总之, 合理密植是花生高产的重要措施,与双粒穴播相比,单粒精播花生冠层下部透光率和叶面积系数高,侧枝多、饱果 率高,是实现花生高产高效的重要措施。     

Effect of plant density on growth and yield of new soybean genotypes grown under early planting condition in southwestern Japan

Soybeans planted in early to mid-June (early) are less affected by rainfall during rainy season than those conventionally planted in early to mid-July in southwestern Japan. Also, narrow row cultivation is expected to increase soybean yield and save labor for inter-tillage and ridging. Field experiments were performed in 2014 and 2015 to test the effect of plant density (high, middle, and low) under early planting condition on growth, yield, and several agronomical traits of Sachiyutaka A1 and three new genotypes (Sakukei 155, Kanto 127 and Shikoku 15). Early planting was performed in mid- to late June, even though rainy season started in early June. Higher plant densities produced 13% greater yield than low plant density through an increase in biomass accumulation, especially at R5. Among yield components, only pods m^?2 was significantly and positively correlated with yield, indicating that an increase in pods m^?2 led to a greater yield with higher plant densities. The yields of Sachiyutaka A1 were relatively stable for two years, but the lodging resistance should be further improved. Shikoku 15 had greater yield potential and lodging resistance, but its resistance to damping-off disease should be improved. Sakukei 155 with medium plant density produced relatively high and stable yield with less lodging. Although the yield of Kanto 127 fluctuated between experimental years, this genotype showed higher yield potential in higher plant densities with less lodging in 2015. Thus, Sakukei 155 and Kanto 127 with high or medium density may be suitable for early planting in this region.     

外源赤霉素对盐胁迫下水稻幼苗生长及生理基础的影响

采用人工气候箱水培试验,研究了外源赤霉素对盐胁迫下水稻幼苗生长的缓释效应。结果表明:外源赤霉素处理可以缓解水稻幼苗受到的盐伤害,提高了水稻幼苗苗高、主胚根长、地上部和地下部干重,其中50 mg/L GA3处理效果最佳。外源赤霉素处理增加了盐胁迫下幼苗叶片可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量,耐盐品种长白9号脯氨酸增幅远大于盐敏感品种越光。外源赤霉素处理显著提高了越光幼苗叶片SOD和POD活性,而长白9号幼苗叶片SOD和POD活性增加效果不明显,甚至低于单盐胁迫水平。外源赤霉素对耐盐性不同水稻品种的缓释效应存在差异。     

Effect of planting density on lodging-related morphology,lodging rate,and yield of tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum)

Increase of planting density has been widely used to increase grain yield in crops. However, it may lead to higher risk of lodging hence causing significant yield loss of the crop. To investigate the effects of planting density on lodging-related morphology, lodging rate (LR), and yield of tartary buckwheat, an experiment was carried out with a split-plot randomized block design at the experimental farm of Chengdu University (Sichuan, China) in the 2012 and 2013 growing seasons. Results showed that plant density significantly affected characteristics of stem and root. In each season, with the increasing of planting density, light transmittance, main root length, number of first lateral root, root volume, internode number, and first internode diameter decreased, the plant height, first internode length, abortion rate and LR increased. Increasing density caused decreased grains number per plant, the dry matter weight and yield displayed an acceleration first and then deceleration. The correlation analysis indicated that the internode number, first internode diameter, number of first lateral roots, and root volume were significantly negatively correlated with LR, but positively correlated with stem breaking strength and lodging resistance index. The LR was significantly positively correlated with plant height and first internode length. In both years, the D2 (9 × 10⁵ plant ha^?1) and D3 (12 × 10⁵ plant ha^?1) yielded more grains than in other treatments, and the effects of density on two cultivars showed the same trend. The results suggested that planting density could alter lodging-related traits, lodging resistance, and yield of tartary buckwheat.     

种植密度对杂种小麦C6-38／Py85-1群体生长和籽粒产量的影响

为确定杂种小麦合理栽培密度,在大田条件下,研究了种植密度对杂种小麦群体生长和籽粒产量的影响。结果表明,在试验密度范围内（150～450株／m^2）,杂种的群体总茎数（PS）、叶面积指数（LAI）、群体干物重（PDW）和光合势（PP）均以低密度处理（150株／m^2）最低。杂种小麦高密度处理（450株／m^2）的PS始终高于中密度处理（300株／m^2）,LAI和PP则在挑旗期前高于中密度处理,之后低于中密度处理;PDW在开花期前高于中密度处理,之后两处理间无显著差异。杂种小麦低密度处理的生长率（CGR）在拔节期前低于中、高密度处理,但在拔节期后,低密度与中密度处理间无显著差异,均高于高密度处理。杂种小麦中、高密度处理各生育时期PS的离中优势（Hm）均为负值,低密度处理冬前期、拔节期、开花期和成熟期分别为11．6％、5．9％、9．8和13．5％。除开花期PDW的Hm中密度和高密度处理间差异不显著外,其余各时期LAI和PDW的Hm均随密度增加而降低。杂种小麦的籽粒产量以中密度处理最高,但与低密度处理间无显著差异,高密度处理最低。产量的Hm随密度增加而降低。生产中采用较低的密度有利于杂种小麦群体生长和产量杂种优势的发挥。     

木霉T2-16发酵产物对杂交水稻种子活力和秧苗素质的影响

应用木霉T2-16菌株在改良后的GPF培养基中发酵培养的产物,对5个杂交水稻组合进行浸种处理.结果表明:该发酵产物能提高种子活力,表现为促进种子的提早萌发、提高种子的活力指数和降低种子的相对电导率.两优培九盆栽试验显示,经木霉T2-16发酵产物浸种处理后,秧苗根系及地上部生物量增加,根系活力增强,幼苗叶片中叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量提高,与抗病性有关的酶活性增强.显示木霉发酵产物在提高杂交水稻种子活力和培育壮苗、提高秧苗抗病性方面具有促进作用.     

氯化钙对花生中黄曲霉毒素B1提取及其快速检测结果的影响

本文以氯化钙为蛋白沉淀剂、黄曲霉毒素B1为靶标,探究了70%甲醇水（V/V）提取液中不同含量氯化钙对花生中黄曲霉毒素提取及其免疫检测结果的影响;采用样品加标回收的方法,研究比较了五种不同含量氯化钙对胶体金免疫层析试纸条和ELISA检测结果的影响。研究结果表明,样品经含1% CaCl2 （m/V）的甲醇水处理后,用胶体金免疫层析试纸条检测时,试纸条T线颜色梯度变化,不同浓度加标回收率等参数均得到明显改善,前处理效果显著;选取20份花生实际样品,经过这种前处理之后,进行胶体金免疫层析试纸条和ELISA检测,同时将其检测结果与免疫亲和层析高效液相色谱法（IAC-HPLC）进行比对,胶体金免疫层析试纸条与IAC-HPLC检测结果符合率为90%,间接竞争ELISA与IAC-HPLC检测结果相关性系数达0.996,表明本研究所改进的样品前处理方法能提高免疫检测准确度,具有很好的应用性。     

密度和氮肥互作对单粒精播花生SPAD值、植株和产量性状的影响

本研究旨在探讨单粒精播花生生理性状和产量性状对密度和氮肥的响应。选择山东省烟台市招远鲁东丘陵地,作物两年三熟。2018和2019年,以出口大花生品种花育22为试验材料进行大田试验,设置了3个种植密度（12万、20万、28万株/hm²,分别表示为D1、D2和D3）和4个施氮量（0、50、115、180 kg/hm²,分别表示为N0、N50、N115、N180）,于不同生育时期调查分析花生SPAD值、植株和产量性状。研究结果表明,种植密度和施氮量均显著影响花生叶绿素含量、干物质量、植株性状和产量性状,且两者互作效应显著。在D2密度条件下,花生荚果产量较D1密度和D3密度分别高24.31%～45.04%和10.57%～15.13%,成熟期叶绿素含量分别高3.70%～27.82%和6.10%～18.94%,成熟期干物质量分别高7.31%～32.34%和10.65%～34.59%,且差异性均达到了显著水平。在D2密度下,施氮量在50～180 kg/hm²范围内,花生荚果产量、叶绿素含量和干物质量均显著高于无氮处理,各施氮处理表现为N115 > N180 > N50 > N0,以施氮量为115 kg/hm²时花生荚果产量最大,较N50和N180处理分别提高了6.83%和3.90%,叶绿素含量、干物质量和植株性状也协同提高。综合考虑生理性状、产量性状等因素,在本试验条件下,单粒精播花生栽培在低密度12万株/hm²下,花生主要产量性状随着施氮量的增加而增加,以种植密度为20万株/hm²,施氮量为115 kg/hm²较为适宜。