15%氟啶胺包衣悬浮剂防治油菜根肿病研究

为防治油菜重要病害根肿病,研制15%氟啶胺包衣悬浮剂,以甘蓝型油菜品种中双9号为材料的试验结果表明:按包衣比[包衣剂质量(g)∶种子质量(g)]≥1∶50包衣油菜种子,15%氟啶胺包衣剂对种子发芽率、成苗率及油菜苗高、根长和鲜重没有显著影响。用包衣比1∶200、1∶100、1∶50和1∶25包衣的种子,盆栽试验中根肿病的防治效果为43.7%、46.4%、83.5%和92.5%;田间小区试验防治效果分别为22.2%、53.6%、44.5%和54.5%。初步结果说明,可用15%氟啶胺的包衣悬浮剂按包衣比1∶100~1∶50处理种子防治油菜根肿病。     

Identification of sources of resistance to damping-off and early root/hypocotyl damage from Rhizoctonia solani in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Rhizoctonia solani causes economically important root and hypocotyl diseases in common bean throughout the world. Root health is a vital factor in plant development and root diseases would negatively influence water and nutrient uptake as well as cause direct stand reduction and root rot damage to the crop. An efficient common bean screening method to evaluate damping-off and early root/hypocotyl damage from R. solani was developed and used to identify dry bean lines with levels of resistance to this disease. Two sets of 163 and 111 lines previously evaluated for drought tolerance in Nebraska and Puerto Rico were evaluated for damping-off resistance and early root/hypocotyl damage under greenhouse conditions. Disease severity on plants was identified based on above-ground symptoms, seedling survival and root lesions using a rating scale of 1 (resistant) to 9 (susceptible). In the first set of lines representing commonly grown dry bean cultivars, germplasm and sources of damping-off resistance, the Rhizoctonia mean rating ranged from 1.7 to 3.9; Phaseolus vulgaris lines PI 310668 and PI 533249 had the highest damping-off resistance. In the second set of the best lines from a drought tolerance shuttle breeding program the Rhizoctonia mean rating was between 2.6 and 5.7. The availability of drought tolerant dry bean lines allowed the testing of the hypothesis that there was a correlation between selecting for drought tolerance and R. solani damping-off resistance. No correlation between mean disease rating and drought tolerance was found, but adapted dry bean lines such as NE14-08-176 released as SB-DT1, and NE14-08-225 were identified with moderate damping-off resistance and drought tolerance. Lines with both traits and other attributes will facilitate development of resistant bean cultivars to manage damping-off caused by R. solani.     

Race distribution and distribution of sensitivities to mefenoxam among isolates of Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae in Guizhou province of China

Black shank, caused by the hemibiotrophic oomycete Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae, is a major disease of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) in southwest China. Mefenoxam is one of the most commonly used fungicides for its management. A survey was conducted to determine the level of mefenoxam sensitivity in the pathogen population in Guizhou province and to determine the race distribution of selected isolates. In 2012, 179 isolates of P. parasitica were screened for sensitivity to mefenoxam on lima bean agar. Zero percent of the isolates was classified as resistant, 41.9% as intermediately resistant, and 58.1% as sensitive. Race was determined for 32 isolates from 12 tobacco districts using five discriminative cultivars: NC-1071, Fla 301, L8, Xiaohuangjing 1025 and K-326. Twenty seven isolates were race 1 and five were race 0. Race 1 was present in all regions sampled and presents a major concern for the use of tobacco cultivars in Guizhou province in the future. Based on the results of our survey, we conclude that a combination of practices that includes partial resistance, cultural controls, and fungicides will be needed for long term management of tobacco black shank in Guizhou province of China.     

壮苗早发技术对烤烟农艺性状与经济性状的影响

为解决烤烟漂浮育苗移栽后还苗慢的问题,研究了育苗后期进行沙培与浇施生根剂对烤烟烟苗素质、农艺性状与经济性状的影响。结果表明：采用育苗后期沙培,且移栽时浇施生根剂,有利于烟苗素质和产质量的提高,终采期提早了2d。     

Rooting systems of oilseed and pulse crops I: Temporal growth patterns across the plant developmental periods

Oilseed and pulse crops have been increasingly used to diversify cereal-based cropping systems in semiarid environments, but little is known about the root characteristics of these broadleaf crops. This study was to characterize the temporal growth patterns of the roots of selected oilseed and pulse crops, and determine the response of root growth patterns to water availability in semiarid environments. Canola (Brassica napus L.), flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), mustard (Brassica juncea L.), chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), field pea (Pisum sativum L.), lentil (Lens culinaris), and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were tested under high- (rainfall + irrigation) and low- (rainfall only) water availability conditions in southwest Saskatchewan, in 2006 and 2007. Crops were hand-planted in lysimeters of 15 cm in diameter and 100 cm in length that were installed in the field prior to seeding. Roots were sampled at the crop stages of seedling, early-flower, late-flower, late-pod, and physiological maturity. On average, root length density, surface area, diameter, and the number of tips at the seedling stage were, respectively, 41, 25, 14, and 110% greater in the drier 2007 than the corresponding values in 2006. Root growth in all crops progressed rapidly from seedling, reached a maximum at late-flower or late-pod stages, and then declined to maturity; this pattern was consistent under both high- and low-water conditions. At the late-flower stage, root growth was most sensitive to water availability, and the magnitude of the response differed between crop species. Increased water availability increased canola root length density by 70%, root surface area by 67%, and root tips by 79% compared with canola grown under low-water conditions. Water availability had a marginal influence on the root growth of flax and mustard, and had no effect on pulse crops. Wheat and two Brassica oilseeds had greater root length density, surface area and root tips throughout the entire growth period than flax and three pulses, while pulse crops had thicker roots with larger diameters than the other species. Sampling roots at the late-flower stage will allow researchers to capture best information on root morphology in oilseed and pulse crops. The different root morphological characteristics of oilseeds, pulses, and wheat may serve as a science basis upon which diversified cropping systems are developed for semiarid environments.     

Ecology ofParatrichodorus allius and its relationship to the corky ring-spot disease of potato in the Pacific Northwest

Paratrichodorus allius, a vector of the tobacco rattle virus which causes the corky ringspot disease (CRS) in potato, was identified in soil samples from Oregon and Washington. Two populations from potato fields in Pasco, WA and Umatilla, OR reproduced successfully on alfalfa, wheat, and corn which are commonly rotated with potato, and most weeds associated with this crop in the Pacific Northwest. Greenhouse studies showed thatP. allius was sensitive to low soil moisture, and increased 10 and 100 fold on Samsun NN tobacco in soil above field capacity compared to 1/2 and 1/3 field capacity, respectively. Population dynamic studies for 1996 and 1997 on a potato-wheat cropping sequence showed thatP. allius declined after the winter wheat cover crop was disked in the spring of 1996, and remained low on potato at the 0–90 cm soil profile, with no evidence of downward migration. In 1997,P. allius declined early in the season on wheat, and remained low until June–July when it peaked before declining again. In soil columns,P. allius placed 30 cm below a confined tobacco root system was able to reach and transmit tobacco rattle virus. The nematodes below 30 cm transmitted the virus only when plant roots were allowed to grow to that depth.     

Activities of azoxystrobin and difenoconazole against Alternaria alternata and their control efficacy

Tobacco brown spot caused by Alteraria alternata is a devastating disease of tobacco worldwide. In this study, we reported the effects of a strobilurin fungicide azoxystrobin and a sterol inhibitor difenoconazole on mycelial growth, spore germination, and control of brown spot. Both mycelial growth and spore germination bioassay results showed that sensitivity of A. alternata to difenoconazole was significantly lower than that to azoxystrobin. Azoxystrobin and the compound of azoxystrobin plus difenoconazole provided excellent control efficacy on tobacco brown spot in field. Disease control efficacies for three sprays of azoxystrobin at doses of 0.094, 0.19 and 0.28 Kg a.i./ha, of azoxystrobin plus difenoconazole at 0.15, 0.22 and 0.29 Kg a.i./ha, and of difenoconazole at 0.12 Kg a.i./ha were between 86.00% and 89.67%, between 86.14% and 89.23%, and between 55.14 and 58.41%, respectively. No phytotoxic symptoms were observed for the fungicides in field. These fungicides could potentially be used for brown spot control in tobacco.     

施用土壤酸化剂和调整播期防治膜下滴灌水稻苗期缺铁黄化的效果研究

黄化是石灰性土壤上水稻膜下滴灌常见的营养障碍,显著影响作物生长发育和产量。以水稻品种T-43为试验材料,采用两因素裂区试验研究播期和土壤局部酸化对改善膜下滴灌水稻苗期缺铁黄化的作用。主区设置三种不同的播期,即在土温达到12℃(T1)、15℃(T2)、18℃(T3)时播种;副区为不同的土壤酸化剂:硫酸铵+硝化抑制剂(AS)、磷酸(PP)、柠檬酸(CA)和对照(CK)。结果表明,三种酸化剂处理均显著降低土壤pH值,提高了土壤有效铁含量,其中AS效果最显著。AS、PP和CA处理的苗期水稻叶片中有效铁含量较CK分别提高14.4%、11.3%和9.2%。三种酸化剂提高了水稻苗期根系活力和根系的根长、表面积、根体积,以AS处理效果最好。晚播较早播显著提高了水稻苗期根系活力,增加了水稻根系的根长、表面积、根体积。晚播使水稻苗期叶片活性铁含量提高了11.2%,叶片SPAD值显著增加。酸化剂的施用有助于克服水稻苗期缺铁黄化,以硫酸铵(生理酸性盐)结合硝化抑制剂最佳,适当的推后播期也能有效改善膜下滴灌水稻缺铁黄化。     

Two-year investigations on the integrated control of weeds and root parasites in Virginia bright tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) in central Italy

The current revision of pesticides in the EU, including those for soil disinfection, will necessitate the introduction of alternative integrated methods for the control of weeds and parasites in tobacco production in Italy. The present study compared the effect of some soil fumigants, biocontrol agents, cover crops and mulching for the control of tobacco weeds and root parasites. The results show that the different soil fumigants had an important role in increasing tobacco yield, due to their ability to control weeds and the nematodes Meloidogyne incognita and Meloidogyne javanica. In particular, a typical nematicide like 1,3-dichloropropene did not control only nematodes but also Portulaca oleracea, a common weed in Italian tobacco fields. Fenamiphos, although showed a certain efficacy in controlling root-knot nematodes, did not generally have a satisfactory activity at the dose of 40 g m⁻¹; cover crops like Trifolium squarrosum and Eruca sativa and a commercial formulation composed by the endomycorrhizal fungi Glomus spp., the antagonistic fungi Trichoderma spp. and bacteria including Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Streptomyces (Micosat F, CCS Aosta, Italy), were not able to control root tobacco diseases. The investigations confirmed that a prolonged monoculture causes a reduction of black root rot. Soil fumigation and the use of Good Agricultural Practices (GAP), influencing the inoculum density of Chalara populations, can contribute to the maintenance or to the establishment of particularly unfavourable conditions for the saprophytic growth of the pathogen, leading to a lower development of the disease.     

Aphicidal Activity of an Ageraphorone Extract From Eupatorium adenophorum Against Pseudoregma bambucicola (Homoptera: Aphididae,Takahashi)

The bamboo aphid, Pseudoregma bambucicola, is an important insect pest of bamboo that affects normal bamboo growth and induces sooty molds. The control of P. bambucicola involves the application of chemicals, such as imidacloprid, to which many species are resistant. In this study, we isolate a novel botanical pesticide (9-oxo-10,11-dehydro-ageraphorone) from an Eupatorium adenophorum(Asteraceae: Compositae) petroleum ether extract and test the aphicidal activity of this compound against P. bambucicola in laboratory bioassay and field-based experiments. This ageraphorone compound at a concentration of 2 mg/ml caused 73.33% mortality (corrected mortality [Subtracted the mortality of the negative control]: 70%) of P. bambucicola by laboratory bioassay within 6 h. Even at lower concentrations, this compound caused greater 33% mortality (corrected mortality: 30%) of aphids. Field experiments with naturally infested bamboo plants showed that two applications of 2 mg/ml ageraphorone to infested plants completely cleared infestations within 30 d. These effects were similar to those of the positive control (imidacloprid). These results reveal that 9-oxo-10,11-dehydro-ageraphorone exhibits significant aphicidal activity against bamboo aphids. We suggest that future research be directed at developing this ageraphorone compound from E. adenophorum as an aphicidal agent for biocontrol.     

Nemato-toxic potential of Betel (Piper betle L.) (Piperaceae) leaf

In vitro and in-planta trials were conducted to determine the nemato-toxic potential of aqueous leaf extracts of Betel (Piper betle L.) against the root-knot nematode species, Meloidogyne incognita, at five concentrations, standard extract (S) [1:2 (w/v] and its four dilutions, 20%, 40%, 60%. 80% of S. In the in vitro trials, second-stage juveniles (J₂s) and eggs of M. incognita were directly exposed to the extract while in the in-planta trials, the effect of the extract was evaluated as a root dip treatment using tomato plants. The findings indicated that the extract was lethal to J₂s but also inhibited egg hatch. The seedling dip treatments reduced root infestations in terms of gall formation, egg production and J₂ population densities in soil while simultaneously enhancing the growth of tomato plants. All these effects varied in a dose-dependent manner. Based on the LC₅₀ value, the eggs were found to be less sensitive to the extract than J₂s. One hundred percent of mortality of J₂s was recorded at four concentration levels, 40%, 60% and 80% of S and S, while 100% egg inhibition was only recorded at S. The highest reductions in gall formation (i.e., number of galls/root system), egg production and J₂ population were all recorded at S as 83%, 87% and 84% compared to the untreated water control. The maximum growth enhancement, which was 235% of the control, was detected in the root length of treated tomato plants. It appears the aqueous leaf extract of P. betle shows promise as a sustainable eco-friendly nematicide for the management of M. incognita.     

Prevention,with Trichoderma harzianum Rifai aggr., of reinfestation by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. and Rhizoctonia solani Kühn of soil fumigated with methyl bromide,and improvement of disease control in tomatoes and peanuts

Application of Trichoderma harzianum Rifai aggr. after soil fumigation with methyl bromide improved the control of Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. and Rhizoctonia solani Kühn in a peanut field. Although soil fumigation controlled the diseases caused by these pathogens, it was followed by rapid reinfestation by S. rolfsii and R. solani. The biological control agent T. harzianum prevented reinfestation of the fumigated soil by the pathogens (88% reduction) both in a controlled environment and in field conditions. In soil treated with T. harzianum, survival of sclerotia was considerably less than in the untreated control. The combined treatment, of fumigation and T. harzianum applications, caused almost total mortality of sclerotia in soil in the laboratory and in the field. Application of T. harzianum to the root zone of tomatoes effectively controlled S. rolfsii in a field naturally infested with S. rolfsii and R. solani. Transplanting plants treated with T. harzianum into soil fumigated with methyl bromide reduced disease incidence by 93% and increased yield by 160%.     

Evaluation of bio-control agents for management of dry root rot of chickpea caused by Macrophomina phaseolina

Dry root rot of chickpea caused by Macrophomina phaseolina is an important disease affecting chickpea production areas in India, the largest producer of this crop in the world. The disease is primarily controlled through the use of fungicidal seed treatments. In this study, several isolates of two bio-control agents, Trichoderma viride and Pseudomonas fluorescens, were assessed for their ability to reduce the growth of M. phaseolina under laboratory conditions and subsequently used for field studies. The most effective isolate of each bio-control agent and the commonly used chemical seed-treatments, carbendazim and hexaconazole were evaluated. In addition to the use of the fungicides and bio-control agents individually as seed treatments, the study also included a trial combining soil application through bio-agent enriched farm-yard manure, along with seed treated with the bio-control agent. It was found that this combination showed maximum germination, least root rot incidence and highest yields as compared to the other biological or chemical seed treatments included in this study. This paper reports the identification of native isolates of T. viride and P. fluorescens that can be used under field conditions to control dry root rot of chickpea in tropical regions and demonstrates the use of a method of application that could significantly improve the efficacy of disease control while using bio-control agents.     

菌渣在烟草育苗中的应用效果分析

本文以废弃菌渣为基础基质,配以草炭和蚯蚓粪等,探索适合烟草育苗的基质配方,并分析菌渣在烟草育苗中的应用效果。结果表明T4处理组（蚯蚓粪∶菌渣∶蛭石∶珍珠岩=1∶1∶1∶1）在株高、根系发育等表观生长指标和可溶性糖、根系活力等生理活性指标方面相较于市售基质处理组（草炭∶蛭石∶珍珠岩=2∶1∶1）均有明显的优势。通过SPSS软件对基质物理、化学性状和烟草生长生理指标进行多元线性回归分析,结果表明,基质较高的总孔隙度、有效铁含量和全钾含量能有利于烟草幼苗的生长,而较高的电导率、有机碳含量和全氮含量则不利于烟草幼苗的生长。菌渣具有高总孔隙度、高有效铁、适宜营养结构和低成本的优势,但也有高电导率、低容重和高有机碳的劣势,不宜单独作为基质,应用适当配方,可充分发挥菌渣的作用,是一种好的基质材料,具有广阔的基质化应用前景。     

Cd、Cr、Pb复合胁迫下小麦植株重金属的积累与分布

为了预测重金属复合胁迫对小麦的危害,采用溶液培养、田间土柱栽培等毒理试验方法,分析了小麦幼苗期及成熟期Cd、Cr、Pb在植株不同器官的富集,并对小麦受重金属胁迫的安全限量值进行了研究。结果表明,①Cd、Cr、Pb二元或三元胁迫条件下,小麦幼苗期植株各器官对重金属的富集浓度均极显著高于单一胁迫处理,说明复合胁迫加剧了重金属向小麦体内的迁移累积。成熟期小麦对Cd、Cr、Pb的富集比较依赖于土壤中相应Cd、Cr、Pb的浓度水平,其他两种重金属的协同作用在根系所占比例大约为5.09%～21.66%。②各器官中重金属的富集表现:幼苗期为根系>叶鞘>叶片,成熟期为根系>茎叶>籽粒。但幼苗期复合胁迫促进了重金属向地上部分的转移。③幼苗期植株各器官对重金属富集系数的大小为Cr>>Pb>Cd,表明幼苗期小麦根系对Cr的富集能力最强;植株地上部分的重金属平均富集量Cd为68.68%、Cr为51.63%、Pb为70.83%,说明Cd、Pb运输到地上部的能力较强。成熟期Cd在小麦地下、地上各器官的转移速率最快,Cr次之,而Pb转移到籽粒中去的量很少。     

播种期对湘南烟区烟叶产质量的影响

为探索衡阳烟区不同播种期对烤烟产质量的影响,采用4个播种期处理,考察烟苗素质和大田期烟株的生长发育特性,以及烟叶烘烤后产质量特性。结果表明,12月15日播种的烟苗生育期适宜,烟苗成活率达94%,烟苗健壮;移栽揭膜后40 d能够保留13片有效叶片,株高和茎围分别达到88 cm和8.8 cm ,叶面积显著大于其他处理;烤后烟叶外观质量颜色橘黄程度高,成熟度好,综合得分均明显优于其余处理,说明适当推迟播种期能够显著提高烟苗素质,增加产值,改善烤后烟叶质量。     

青稞镰孢根腐病病原鉴定及致病性分析

为明确青稞镰孢根腐病的病原,于青稞苗期及成株期分别对甘肃省甘南藏族自治州合作市、临潭县和卓尼县等青稞主产区的根腐病发生情况进行调查并采集样品,采用常规的组织分离法分离其病原,结合形态特征和分子生物学进行病原鉴定,并用烧杯水琼脂法和盆栽法测定其致病性。结果表明,青稞镰孢根腐病在甘肃省甘南藏族自治州分布广泛,发病率在5%～20%之间。发病植株长势弱、发黄,茎基部缢缩、腐烂,穗白粒瘪,茎秆发褐或黑红。共分离得到88株青稞镰孢根腐病病原菌,苗期50株,成株期38株,经鉴定分别为燕麦镰孢Fusarium avenaceum、木贼镰孢F.equiseti、三线镰孢F.tricinctum、柔毛镰孢F.flocciferum、锐顶镰孢F.acuminatum及F.langsethiae。盆栽法和烧杯水琼脂法所测得的致病性差异显著,但均表明燕麦镰孢综合致病力较强,结合其分离率,确认燕麦镰孢为优势病原。     

A non-conventional method for establishing upland crops following lowland rice in saturated soils

A novel technique was tested for establishing upland crops in saturated paddy soils. It is based on the observation that deep planting in wet soil is feasible if the seed holes remain open to maintain an adequate gaseous exchange pathway to the soil surface. Three field experiments were conducted to compare the performance of this ‘plunger planter’ seeding method against five other methods to establish mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilzeck) following rainfed rice (Oryza sativa L.). The experiments were conducted on a silty clay Tropaquept during the 1990 and 1991 dry seasons (DS) at the International Rice Research Institute. Planting depths from 2 to 14 cm did not significantly affect seedling emergence (which varied from 88–97%) or grain yield. The apparent optimum depth was 6–8 cm. A needle-like pont attachment to the end of the plunger increased mungbean stem diameter and facilitated vertical rooting, but had no significant effect on seedling emergence or yield. Plunger planting (PP) was successful at 50% soil moisture content (g/g). The other seeding methods could only be employed at a soil moisture content of 34% or less. Grain yields with PP in the 1990 DS (1.3-1.6 t/ha) were significantly greater than with all other methods (yield range of 0.4-0.8 t/ha). In the 1991 DS, yields with PP (2.2 t/ha) exceeded those with the other methods by 0.4-0.7 t/ha. Seedling emergence, plant density at harvest, and total dry matter were significantly (P < 0.01) increased with PP in 1990, but not in 1991 (a season of less severe water stress). The PP method proved to have promising potential as a means of establishing mungbean in saturated soils, gaining time for germination and root growth before soil strength becomes prohibitive to root penetration, and enabling greater water use from deep soil layers. The plunger planter principle is adaptable to mechanical seeding.     

滴灌条件下不同土壤质地对水稻苗期根系生长和分布的影响

【目的】研究滴灌条件下不同土壤质地对水稻苗期根系生长和分布的影响,揭示土壤质地对滴灌水稻苗期生长的重要作用,阐明滴灌水稻苗期生长发育机理。【方法】在石河子大学试验场采用盆栽土柱试验,设置重壤土、轻壤土、砂土共3个处理,每个处理重复3次,在播后10、20、30、40 d取样,对比不同处理出苗率、根系形态、生物量、根系活力、根系分布等指标,分析不同土壤条件对滴灌水稻苗期根系生长及分布的影响。【结果】砂土平均出苗率比重壤土、轻壤土分别高15.21和4.6个百分点;计算各项指标40 d平均值可知,重壤土处理根数比轻壤土、砂土处理分别高26.73%和15.67%;重壤土处理平均根长比轻壤土、砂土处理分别高4.52%和13.92%;重壤土处理根系体积比轻壤土、砂土处理分别高18.53%和43.15%;砂土处理最长根长比重壤土、轻壤土处理分别高38.44%和12.69%;重壤土处理总生物量比轻壤土、砂土处理分别高19.76%和41.48%。重壤土处理根系生物量比轻壤土、砂土处理分别高14.98%和35.83%。苗期根系活力表现为重壤土>轻壤土>砂土,重壤土处理40 d内平均根系活力比轻壤土、砂土处理分别高3.54%和13.91%;滴灌水稻苗期根系分布情况表现为前期水稻根系集中在0-5 cm土层中,后期根系开始逐渐分布于0-20 cm土层。【结论】不同的土壤质地对滴灌水稻出苗率、根系形态、生物量、根系活力和根系分布影响显著。因此,滴灌水稻的种植推广过程中,不同土壤质地应采取不同的播种量和相应的栽培措施,才能达到滴灌水稻的优质、高产和高效的目标。     

Dynamics of Root Border Cells in Rhizosphere Soil of Zea mays L.: Crushed Cells during Root Penetration,Survival in Soil,and Long Term Soil Compaction Effect

Abstract

Plant roots release mucilage and root border cells (RBCs) into rhizosphere, which function as a complex at the root–soil interface. The dynamics of RBCs in rhizosphere soil, however, remains unknown. In this study, the ratio of crushed root cap cells during root penetration into soil and survival of the RBCs after the release from the root cap were estimated in maize seminal root. In addition, the effects of long term soil compaction on RBCs release were investigated. During the root penetration into rhizosphere soil, 78, 56, and 45% of sloughed root cap cells were estimated to be crushed at the first, second, and third day after planting, respectively. The number of surviving RBCs decreased with time, but 6% of the RBCs in the rhizosphere still retained their cell walls at one month after planting. These cells were estimated to remain in the soil for at least 10 d after the release from lateral roots. Furthermore, RBCs release from newly emerged nodal root increased with aging of plants, and the cell release was significantly increased by soil compaction only at the seedling stage. In conclusion, significant number of RBCs were crushed during root penetration into soil, however many RBCs remained in the rhizosphere soil for a relatively longer period. Soil compaction significantly increased cell release only at the seedling stage.