Edible Plants Enriched with Selenium

Selenium （Se） is an important element from the environmental and biological point of view. In the world, deficiency of Se in a diet occurs more often and nutritional supplements are recommended.The ability of several plants to accumulate and transform inorganic Se forms into its bioactive organic compounds has important implications for human nutrition and health. This work gives a brief overview of the study carried out to characterize Se species produced by different enriched edible plants which were grown in the presence of different Se species.     

The positive function of selenium supplementation on reducing nitrate accumulation in hydroponic lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)

High nitrate(NO_3~- ) in vegetables, especially in leaf vegetables poses threaten to human health. Selenium(Se) is an important element for maintaining human health, and exogenous Se application during vegetable and crop production is an effective way to prevent Se deficiency in human bodies. Exogenous Se shows positive function on plant growth and nutrition uptake under abiotic and/or biotic stresses. However, the influence of exogenous Se on NO_3~- accumulation in hydroponic vegetables is still not clear. In the present study, hydroponic lettuce plants were subjected to six different concentrations(0, 0.1, 0.5, 5, 10 and 50 μmol L–1) of Se as Na2 Se O3. The effects of Se on NO_3~- content, plant growth, and photosynthetic capacity of lettuce(Lactuca sativa L.) were investigated. The results showed that exogenous Se positively decreased NO_3~- content and this effect was concentration-dependent. The lowest NO_3~- content was obtained under 0.5 μmol L–1 Se treatment. The application of Se enhanced photosynthetic capacity by increasing the photosynthesis rate(Pn), stomatal conductance(Cs) and the transpiration efficiency(Tr) of lettuce. The transportation and assimilation of NO_3~- and activities of nitrogen metabolism enzymes in lettuce were also analysed. The NO_3~- efflux in the lettuce roots was markedly increased, but the efflux of NO_3~- from the root to the shoot was decreased after treated with exogenous Se. Moreover, Se application stimulated NO_3~- assimilation by enhancing nitrate reductase(NR), nitrite reductase(Ni R), glutamine synthetase(GS) and glutamate synthase enzyme(GOGAT) activities. These results provide direct evidence that exogenous Se shows positive function on decreasing NO_3~- accumulation via regulating the transport and enhancing activities of nitrogen metabolism enzyme in lettuce. We suggested that 0.5 μmol L–1 Se can be used to reduce NO_3~- content and increase hydroponic lettuce yield.     

Cloning and molecular evolution research of porcine GAD65 gene

Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) has been found in animal and higher plant tissues as well as in yeasts and microorganisms. In animals the enzyme plays an important role in central nervous system activity because the enzyme substrate glutamic acid is a mediator of excitation process and the product, gamma-aminobutyric acid, is the most important mediator of inhibition process in the central nervous system. GAD65 is one form of the glutamate decarboxylases (GAD), GAD65 has been identified as a major autoantigen in type 1 diabetes, so the GAD65 gene of porcine was cloned by RT-PCR method to construct phylogenetic tree, the homology of 13 glutamate decarboxylases (GAD) of different origin was analyzed by multiple alignment.     

Kinetics of selenium absorption in ligated small intestinal loops of chicks

Selenium(Se) is an essential trace element that has a large number of biological functions for broilers. However, the absorption kinetics of Se from sodium selenite in the small intestine of broilers remains unclear. Therefore, two experiments were conducted with 28-d-old commercial male broilers to study the kinetics of Se absorption in ligated small intestinal segments. In experiment 1, the Se absorption in duodenal, jejunal, and ileal segments at different post-perfusion time points(0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 min) were compared. In experiment 2, a kinetic study of Se absorption was conducted with the duodenal, jejunal, and ileal loops perfused with solutions containing 0, 0.0375, 0.075, 0.15, 0.30, or 0.60 μg mL–1 of Se as sodium selenite, and Se contents in perfusates were determined at 100 min after perfusion. The results from experiment 1 showed that the Se absorption increased in an asymptotic response(P0.0001) to post-perfusion time within 120 min in all the small intestinal segments, but increased linearly(P0.0001) at less than 100 min after perfusion in duodenal and ileal segments, while more than 96.0% of the maximum Se absorption occurred at 100 min after perfusion in each small intestinal segment. In experiment 2, there was no difference(P0.05) in the Se absorption rate among different ligated small intestinal segments perfused with solutions containing 0.0375–0.15 μg mL–1 of Se, however, the Se absorption rate was higher(P0.05) in the jejunum than that in the duodenum perfused with solutions containing 0.30–0.60 μg mL–1 of Se. The kinetic curves of Se absorption demonstrated that the Se absorption was a saturated carrier-mediated process in the duodenum, and the maximum absorption rate was 1 271 pg min–1 cm–1; whereas the Se absorptions were a non-saturated diffusion process in the jejunum and ileum, and the diffusive constants were 2 107 and 1 777 cm2 min–1, respectively. The results from the present study indicate that the jejunum is the main Se absorption site, and the Se absorption is a saturated carrier-mediated process in the duodenum, but a non-saturated diffusion process in the jejunum and ileum of broilers.     

Effects of molybdenum on nutrition,quality, and flavour compounds of strawberry(Fragaria×ananassa Duch. cv. Akihime) fruit

Molybdenum(Mo) is an essential trace element in plant nutrition and physiology. It affects photosynthesis and photosynthate accumulation, therefore also affecting fruit quality and nutritional content. This study assessed the effects of different sodium molybdate(Na_2MoO_4) concentrations on strawberry. Five different Mo concentrations were applied in this experiment, including 0, 67.5, 135, 168.75, 202.5 g ha~(-1), respectively. The mineral concentration, including nitrogen(N), Mo, iron(Fe), copper(Cu), and selenium(Se) was assessed in strawberry fruit, as well as chlorophyll content, nutrition quality, taste and aroma. Results showed that net photosynthetic rate(P_n) and chlorophyll content for the strawberry plants increased with an increase in Mo concentration; and the contents of N, Mo, Fe, Cu, total soluble solids(TSS), titratable acidity(TA), sweetness, some sugars, organic acids, and some volatile compounds in the fruit all increased, as well. However, the Mo concentration did not significantly affect the concentrations of Se, sucrose, lactic acid, acetic acid, and some aroma compounds. Fruit sprayed with 135 g ha~(-1) Mo exhibited the highest TSS and sweetness values, as well as the highest N and Fe concentrations among all the treatments. P_n value and chlorophyll content, fructose, glucose, sorbitol and total sugar contents in fruit supplied with 135 g ha~(-1) Mo were also higher than that in other treatments. Fruit sprayed with a Mo concentration of 67.5 g ha~(-1) exhibited significantly higher ascorbic acid(AsA) values than that of control. Ninety-seven volatile compounds were identified in fruit extracted by head-space solid-phase microextraction(HS-SPME) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS). Fruits sprayed with 135 g ha~(-1) Mo had the highest concentrations of six characteristic aroma compounds, including methyl butanoate, γ-decalactone, ethyl butanoate, methyl hexanoate, γ-dodecalactone, and ethyl caproate.     

The Empidemiology of Wheat Rosette Stunt in Hulunbeir District of Inner—Mongolia

The virus disease threatening wheat production in Hulunbeir District of Inner-Mongolia was identified as NCMV(Northern Cereal Mosaic Virus)or WRSV(Wheat Rosette Stunt Virus)by test of host range,transmission,virus particle and serology.The main vector for spreading the virus is planthopper,Laodelphax striatellus(Fallen),Which overwinters in the stubbles of wheat underground.The overwintered viruliferous nymphs emerged in late Pril is responsible for the early infection of the disease.Agropyron repens,an important perennial weed in cultivated regions,is also an important wild host of the virus and its vector.Severe loss is induced when wheat is infected before 3-leaf stage.The disease incidence could be predicted by a model with the population and viruliferous rate of overwintered vectors as independent variables.     

Variation in spectral characteristics of dissolved organic matter derived from rape straw of plants grown in Se-amended soil

Straw return is an effective management practice. It not only utilizes agricultural waste but also introduces dissolved organic matter(DOM) into the soil. Selenium(Se) is an essential trace element in the human diet and contributes to the popularity of Se-enriched agricultural products in the Chinese market. Moreover, there are still some Se-enriched agricultural products that have yet to be utilized. This study investigated whether Se addition in soil caused component changes in the DOM extracted from rape straw. DOM extracted from rape straw grown in soil with four Se levels(0, 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mg Se kg–1 soil) was characterized by UV-Visible spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy and FTIR spectroscopy. The UVvisible spectra revealed that 0.1 mg Se kg–1 soil reduced the molecular weight of DOM and caused the presence of more irreplaceable aromatic structures in the substituent groups of the DOM, while 0.5 and 1.0 mg Se kg–1 soil only reduced the DOM molecular weight. Fluorescence spectroscopy indicated that Se improved the humification degree but reduced the aromaticity of DOM. FTIR spectra proved that Se altered the contents of carboxylic acids, amino acids, alcohols and aromatic heterocycles in DOM, which were maximized in the 0.5 and 1.0 mg Se kg–1 treatment groups. We concluded that Se application could change the composition of DOM extracted from rape straw, potentially impacting the nutrient bioavailability in soil. This study provides basic data on Se-enriched rape straw utilization for eco-agriculture.     

The Effects of Mx1 Locus on Immunity Tracts Components in Large White×Meishan F2 Offspring

The mouse Myxovirus resistance protein 1 (Mx1) is known to be sufficient to confer resistance to influenza viruses, and genes encoding Myxovirus resistance protein 1 (Mx1) is, therefore, an interesting candidate gene for disease resistance in farm animals. The porcine Mxl gene has already been identified and characterized based on its homology with mouse Mxl; the full-length coding region of the pig Mxl gene spans 2 545 bp (M65087) and is organized into 17 exons compared with the human ortholog mRNA. In this study, the exons 9, 10, 11 and introns 6, 9 of the porcine Mxl gene were cloned and sequenced; two SNPs were identified in exons 9, 10, 11 but none of the SNPs led to an amino acid exchange, and the other eleven variants were detected in introns 6 and 9, respectively. Differences in allele frequency among Meishan, Large White, Tibetan, Tongcheng, Huainan, and Duroc pigs were observed within intron 9, of which an A → G substitution at position 186 was detected as an Msp Ⅰ PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). The association analysis using the Large White×Meishan F2 offspring suggested that the Mxl genotype was associated with variation in several immunity traits that are of interest in pig breeding. However, further investigations in more populations are needed to confirm the above concept.     

Application and Development of Biosensors

As a new kind of analytical instrument, the principles, types and characters of biosensors were discussed in this paper. A biosensor is usually composed of a recognition element of biological origin and a physicochemical transducer. The biological element is capable of sensing the presence, activity or concentration of a chemical analyse in solution. The sensing takes place either as a binding event or a biocatalytical event. These interactions produce a measurable change in a solution property, in which the transducer is converted into a quantifiable electrical signal. The principles, types and applications of biosensors in environmental inspection, food production, clinical medicine and military defense were reviewed, and the trends in research were predicated, Furthermore, an attempt had been made to describe the future development directions and prospects.     

Effects of Selenium on Lipid peroxidation and Oxidizing Ability of Rice Roots under Ferrous Stress

Water culture experiment was conducted to study the effects of selenium(Se)on glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity,reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration and the accumulation of malonaldehyde (MDA),the product of lipid peroxidation in rice seedling ,as well as the effect of se on oxidizing ability of roots under ferrous stress,Results showed that appropriate amount of se significantly increased GSH-Px activity in rice leaves,F=5.5^*,enhanced the amount of GSH and oxidizing ability of roots and reduced the concentration of MDA,F=4.9^*,Compared with Se0 Fe treatment,Se treatments increased the dry matter weitht of rice seedling from 10.06%to 10.43%,F=4.09^*.     

3种幼苗对水淹胁迫的生理响应

以灰木莲Manglietia glauca、木麻黄Casuarina equisetifolia、乐昌含笑Michelia chapensis幼苗为试验材料,人工模拟水淹胁迫环境,研究了水淹胁迫对这3种幼苗叶片5项生理指标的影响.结果表明,随着水淹持续时间的延长,灰木莲的叶片叶绿素含量小幅波动后急剧升降,木麻黄先微降后上升,而乐昌含笑小幅波动,峰值在(1.73±0.02)～(2.37±0.02)mg.g-1之间;灰木莲的可溶性糖含量在水淹初期下降后又回升,木麻黄则不断上升,乐昌含笑先升后降,峰值在(3.21±0.14)%～(4.96±0.34)%之间;灰木莲的蛋白质含量波动大,木麻黄小幅波动后下降,乐昌含笑先升后降,峰值在(17.97±0.83)～(28.10±2.16)mg.g-1之间;灰木莲、乐昌含笑的叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性呈逐渐下降的趋势,而木麻黄先升高后下降,峰值在(177.39±4.86)～(183.94±1.71)U.g-1之间;灰木莲和乐昌含笑的丙二醛(MDA)含量均有上升,而木麻黄保持稳定,峰值在(0.018±0.001)～(0.037±0.002)μmol.g-1之间.主成分分析综合评价得出3个树种的抗涝性为:木麻黄>灰木莲>乐昌含笑.     

大豆染色体片段代换系群体苗期耐盐性鉴定及评价

研究以大豆染色体片段代换系群体2019年收获的183个株系和2020年收获的165个株系为试验材料,采用水培法,120 mmol·L-1盐处理5 d后,调查大豆株系苗期株高、根长、地上鲜重和地下鲜重,通过计算相对值、权重、耐盐指数(D值)及主成分、隶属函数分析综合评价染色体片段代换系材料耐盐能力,以鉴定染色体片段代换系群体苗期耐盐能力.结果表明,大豆染色体片段代换系群体通过主成分分析,将耐盐性状分为两个主成分,其总变异累计值贡献率2019年和2020年分别为72.61％和67.08％.根据两个主成分的权重和隶属函数分析,计算综合评价D值,可知,大豆染色体片段代换系群体中耐盐性较强材料有12份,较弱材料有13份.研究旨在比较大豆染色体片段代换系株系间苗期对盐胁迫耐受性,筛选耐盐材料,为大豆耐盐种质挖掘和遗传育种提供理论参考和基础材料.     

NaCl胁迫对黄瓜幼苗生长及抗氧化系统的影响

采用砂培法研究了NaCl对黄瓜幼苗生长及细胞膜抗氧化系统的影响。结果表明,低盐浓度(45～90mmol.L-1)胁迫5 d和3 d对黄瓜幼苗的干重、鲜重、根系活力和盐害指数影响不大。但随NaCl胁迫时间延长,干重、鲜重和根系活力降低,盐害指数增高;高浓度(180 mmol.L-1)明显抑制了黄瓜幼苗生长。NaCl胁迫下,电解质渗透率、SOD活性和MDA含量上升,膜脂过氧化作用加强。     

盐胁迫下不同浓度锌对水稻幼苗生长及细胞膜的影响

[目的]研究在盐胁迫下不同浓度锌对水稻幼苗生长及细胞膜的影响,为水稻的抗盐性研究提供理论依据。[方法]用不同浓度的锌对盐胁迫下的水稻幼苗进行处理,测定相应的形态指标(地上部鲜重)和生理指标(相对外渗率、MDA、SOD、POD和PPO)。[结果]研究结果表明,一定浓度的锌对水稻地上部鲜重有明显的影响,对相对外渗率、MDA、POD和PPO都有一定作用。在1.0 mg/L处理的浓度下,MDA和相对外渗率分别比对照下降17.5%和18.0%,POD活性比对照增加13.4%;在浓度为0.5 mg/L时,SOD活性比对照增加23.3%;在浓度为1.5 mg/L时,PPO活性比对照增加22.9%。[结论]锌浓度为1.0 mg/L时,对细胞膜起到保护作用,能提高水稻对盐害的抗性。     

外源Spd对盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长和活性氧代谢的影响

以黄瓜品种津春2号为材料,采用营养液栽培,研究了外源亚精胺(Spd)对NaCl胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长、活性氧代谢和抗氧化酶基因表达的影响。结果表明,NaCl胁迫下,黄瓜幼苗超氧阴离子自由基(O.2-)产生速率、H2O2含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量和电解质渗透率显著升高,而株高、茎粗和生物量显著下降;盐胁迫下喷施Spd明显上调了Cu/Zn-超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)基因的表达,提高了SOD、POD活性,显著降低了黄瓜幼苗O.2-产生速率、H2O2含量、MDA含量和电解质渗透率,且植株株高、茎粗和干鲜重下降幅度降低。表明外源Spd可通过上调盐胁迫下Cu/Zn-SOD和POD基因的表达,使SOD和POD酶活性升高,有效清除活性氧,从而缓解膜脂过氧化伤害,进而缓解盐胁迫对植株生长的抑制。     

硒对镉胁迫下水稻幼苗部分生理特性的影响

采用溶液培养 ,研究硒和镉对水稻幼苗长度、苗鲜重、叶绿素含量以及叶片N、P、K含量的影响 .结果表明 ,单用镉处理可使水稻幼苗矮化 ,苗鲜重降低 ;高浓度镉使叶片失绿 ,叶片N、P、K含量增加 ;硒可减轻镉对水稻幼苗的毒害 ,表现为减轻镉对苗长度的抑制、提高叶绿素含量、苗鲜重 ,以及使叶片N含量增加、K含量降低等 .硒可提高叶片P的含量 ,硒和镉的互作效应影响叶片P的含量     

土壤可溶性盐含量对黄瓜种子萌发及其幼苗生长发育的影响

采用室内盆栽土培试验,研究了土壤中不同可溶性盐含量对黄瓜种子萌发及其幼苗生长发育的影响。结果表明,盆栽条件下,当土壤可溶性盐含量低于3 g·kg-1 时,黄瓜种子的发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数不受盐胁迫的影响;当土壤可溶性盐含量高于3 g·kg-1 时,黄瓜种子的发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数随土壤可溶性盐含量升高而逐渐降低,当土壤可溶性盐含量高于10 g·kg-1时,黄瓜种子几乎不发芽。对幼苗而言,当土壤可溶性盐含量低于3 g·kg-1 时,黄瓜幼苗的鲜重、株高、茎粗和根长等指标不受盐胁迫的影响,幼苗中丙二醛、可溶性糖和脯氨酸等表征逆境胁迫的生理生化指标也没有显著变化;当土壤可溶性盐含量高于3 g·kg-1 时,随可溶性盐含量的升高,黄瓜幼苗的鲜重、株高、茎粗和根长等指标逐渐降低。同时,幼苗叶片中丙二醛、可溶性糖和脯氨酸等生理生化指标迅速升高。当土壤可溶性盐含量为3 ～10 g·kg-1 时,土壤中的可溶性盐含量或电导率与黄瓜种子发芽指数之间存在极显著的负相关,说明在次生盐渍化的农田中,通过测定土壤中可溶性盐含量或电导率值可以预测黄瓜种子萌发和幼苗的生长发育状况。     

三个大豆品种萌发期和苗期的耐盐性比较

以3个大豆品种冀豆12、浙春4号和天隆一号为试验材料,分别研究了NaCl（盐）处理对种子萌发和大豆幼苗植株生长的影响。种子萌发试验表明,高浓度盐处理显著抑制种子发芽,且不同品种之间差异显著,冀豆12表现相对较好。大豆2叶1心期,以100 mmol·L-1 NaCl浇施大豆幼苗1次,2 d后重复1次,并测定抗逆相关生理指标,结果表明,盐胁迫下大豆的叶绿素含量、根系活力、干质量均有所降低;丙二醛含量、过氧化物酶活性、超氧化物歧化酶活性、游离脯氨酸含量均升高,不同品种各指标的升降幅度各不相同。综合种子萌发及苗期耐盐性,试验初步判断冀豆12比其他2个品种更耐盐。     

伊犁河谷不同藜麦品种对盐胁迫的生理响应及耐盐评价

为了研究伊犁河谷不同藜麦品种对盐胁迫的生理响应、评价藜麦品种耐盐性,以NXSG56、NXSG85、HP9、GY3、QA13-9共5个藜麦品种为材料,分别用50、100、150、200、250、300、350、400 mmol·L^-1 NaCl溶液处理种子及幼苗,研究不同NaCl浓度对种子萌发、幼苗生长及生理指标的影响。结果表明,随NaCl浓度升高,藜麦种子发芽率、发芽势及幼苗地下部分干鲜重、叶片叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶活性、胁迫初期叶片可溶性糖含量均呈先上升后下降趋势;幼苗叶片相对电导率、脯氨酸、丙二醛、Na⁺及后期叶片可溶性糖含量持续上升;地上部分干鲜重、纤维素及K⁺含量持续下降。说明各藜麦品种幼苗在受到NaCl胁迫时会通过提高渗透物质含量、增加根系吸收面积、增强超氧化物歧化酶活性等自我保护机制对抗盐胁迫。以上结果表明,NXSG85、NXSG56较其他品种耐盐,QA13-9对NaCl胁迫较敏感。