40%野麦畏乳油防治西藏地区野燕麦的配方改进及田间药效试验

西藏地区因特殊的地理环境及气候条件,致使40%野麦畏乳油防除野燕麦的药效降低,本文通过试验选择了一种挥发性小、溶解性强的溶剂A,配制的40%野麦畏乳油具有良好的乳液稳定性、低温稳定性和热贮稳定性。同时田间药效试验结果表明使用溶剂A配制的40%野麦畏乳油,播前土壤处理对西藏的拉萨、日喀则、昌都三个地区青稞田中的野燕麦具有较好防效,且优于对照药剂40%野麦畏乳油,这说明使用溶剂A配制的40%野麦畏乳油的增效作用显著,适宜在西藏地区推广使用。     

南京市区野燕麦防除试验

1982～1984年,先后应用阿畏达(即燕麦畏,又名野麦畏)、禾草灵、燕麦敌1号和2号、绿麦隆等10种除草剂进行了野燕麦的防除试验,结果以阿畏达、禾草灵和燕麦敌一号防除效果较好。对40%阿畏达和36%禾草灵进行了不同剂量的试验,前者用量每亩0.1斤、0.15斤、0.2斤和0.25斤,防效分别为88.3%、94.9%、95.8%和99.1%,后者用量每亩0.1斤、0.2斤、0.3斤和0.4斤,防效分别为95.6%、99.6%、100%和100%。     

青海省旱雀麦生物学特性及其发生危害与防除

旱雀麦(Bromus tectorum L.)为禾本科1年生杂草.其适应性强,繁殖系数高,传播途径广,蔓延速度快.青海省生产上应用野麦畏、高效氟吡甲禾灵有效控制了野燕麦危害后,放松了对农田禾本科杂草的管理.     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法分析水及3种生物基质中矮壮素和野麦枯残留

建立了超高效液相色谱-串联质谱 (UPLC-MS/MS) 测定环境样品水基质以及人的血液、尿液和肝脏3种生物样品中矮壮素和野麦枯残留的方法。空白水、空白血、空白尿及空白肝脏样品中加入矮壮素和野麦枯标准溶液,经pH = 8的氨水稀释后,涡旋离心,上清液过混合型弱阳离子交换柱 (WCX) 进行富集提取后,采用UPLC-MS/MS检测。质谱检测采用正离子扫描,多反应离子监测模式 (MRM)。定性和定量均以矮壮素和野麦枯母离子和子离子进行分析。结果表明:试验期间矮壮素和野麦枯标准品在不同条件下的降解率为2.4%~11.9%,稳定性好。在0.010、0.10、0.25、0.50和1.0 mg/kg 5个添加水平下,矮壮素和野麦枯在空白水、空白血、空白尿及空白肝脏样品中的回收率在71%~104%之间,相对标准偏差在1.1%~19%之间,定量限均为0.01 mg/kg,检出限均为0.005 mg/kg。该方法灵敏度高,分析速度快,操作简便。     

3-氨基-4,4,4-三氟丁烯酸乙酯的清洁合成新技术

旨在优化3-氨基-4,4,4-三氟丁烯酸乙酯的合成,并寻找一条适用于工业化的工艺路线。以三氟乙酸,正丁醇,乙酸乙酯,硫酸铵等为原料,通过酯化、缩合、胺化反应一锅煮法合成了3-氨基-4,4,4-三氟丁烯酸乙酯。反应总收率为71%,含量为99.6%。该路线条件温和,操作简便,收率较高,为工业化生产奠定了基础。     

手性除草剂喹禾糠酯的合成研究

以L-乳酸乙酯为起始原料,通过磺酰化、醚化得到手性除草剂喹禾糠酯,总收率为73%,含量为95%,该合成路线条件温和,成本较低,易于实现工业化。     

高效杀菌剂农药咪鲜胺铜盐的绿色合成工艺

探索高效杀菌剂咪鲜胺铜盐的绿色合成工艺。以咪鲜胺为初使原料,经过络合、结晶、过滤、烘干四步反应得到目标化合物,总收率98.0%。咪鲜胺铜盐的合成路线未见文献报道,该工艺反应条件温和,收率高、生产成本低,适合工业化生产的绿色工艺。     

农药中间体2-氯烟酸的绿色合成工艺

以N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、光气或双(三氯甲基)碳酸酯和丁基乙烯醚为原料合成了3-二甲氨基丙烯醛,再和氰基乙酸乙酯反应,合成2-氰基-5-二甲氨基-2,4-戊二烯酸乙酯,经过环合、水解,合成2-氯烟酸,总收率70. 8%。该工艺反应条件温和,收率高、生产成本低,适合于工业化生产的新工艺。     

美国启动更多农药品种的登记复审

<正>美国环境保护局(EPA)已下达开展另一批农药登记复审程序的初步工作计划。在这批农药中,已公开的摘要表包括:"除草剂:氰氟草酯(cyhalofop-butyl)、禾草灵(diclofopmethyl)、氯氟吡氧乙酸(使它隆)(fluroxypyr)、甲基咪草烟(imazapic)和野麦畏(triallate);杀虫剂:多氟脲(noviflumuron);杀螨     

1-（4-氯苯基）-3-吡唑醇的合成工艺

以对氯苯肼为原料经环合、氯化,合成1-（4-氯苯基）-3-吡唑醇。本文研究了其合成工艺和投料比、反应温度、反应时间,催化剂用量和溶剂种类对收率的影响。用IR、1HNMR表征了其结构,在最优条件下,1-（4-氯苯基）-3-吡唑醇合成的总收率为68．35％,含量为98．5％,该路线简单经济,条件温和,收率高,适合工业化生产。     

Postemergence effects of different distribution patterns of tri-allate granules on Avena fatua L. and wheat plants

The phytotoxicity of 10% w/w tri-allate granules to emerged plants of Avena fatua L. and wheat was investigated in the glasshouse, and to A. fatua alone under outdoor conditions. Tri-allate was applied at 1.68 and 3.36 kg a.i./ha using two patterns of granule distribution (1) the granules uniformly distributed over the soil surface and (2) the same weight of granules as in (1) but applied only to a central area of the soil surface. Wheat was very tolerant of high concentrations of tri-allate. Under optimum conditions of temperature and soil moisture in the glasshouse phytotoxic effects on wild oats were visible within 6 h and coleoptile or primary leaf entrapment was observed within 3 to 4 days of treatment. Phytotoxic effects of tri-allate were detectable at distances up to 12 cm from the site of restricted-granule application, although beyond 8 cm the effect was sub-lethal. On a sloping soil surface (1:8 gradient) the dispersal of tri-allate was approximately the same upwards or downwards from the site of herbicide application. Under outside conditions where the mean temperature was about 5 C tri-allate dispersal was sub-lethal beyond 3 cm although it evidently occurred primarily as vapour.     

FACTORS AFFECTING THE ACTIVITY OF DI-ALLATE AND TRI-ALLATE

Summary. Factors investigated included the susceptibility of Avena fatua L. at various stages of growth, the amount of moisture needed to activate di-allate in Regina heavy clay, the vapour action of di-allate in soil, the effect of organic matter on the availability of di-allate, and the persistence of di-allate and tri-allate in Regina heavy clay.
A. fatua sown at depths of 5–15 cm was killed by di-allate or tri-allate. as were seedlings treated at the 15–2-leaf stage. Seedlings of spring wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) survived rates of 24 oz/ac if the shoots were 1–3 cm long prior to exposure.
When di-allate at 16 oz/ac was mixed with a 5 cm layer of Regina heavy clay (wilting point 19–6%) slightly less than 15% soil moisture was required to give complete control of A.fatua. Further experiments indicated that a large percentage of A. fatua seedlings were killed by the action of di-allate vapour in the soil.
In other tests the activity of di-allate and tri-allate was reduced when the percentage of organic matter in the soil was increased by adding peat. This could explain why there is little damage to wheat sown in treated soil of high organic content while similar rates can cause extensive damage in soils of low organic content.
Under comparable conditions tri-allate persisted for a longer period in the soil than di-allate. Both chemicals exhibited a lag period after which their breakdown appeared to follow a first-order reaction. Differences in the period of persistence were attributed to a much longer lag period and a slightly slower rate of biological breakdown for tri-allate as compared to di-allate.
Facteurs affectant l'activité du di-allate et du tri-allate     

Enhanced degradation in soil of tri-allate and other carbamate pesticides following application of tri-allate

Tri-allate degraded faster in soil from a site (T1) that had received 1·7 kg ha^?1 of tri-allate annually for 23 years than in soil from an adjacent site (TO) that had received no pesticide application. Soil from the untreated site, which had been removed to a glasshouse and treated three times per annum with tri-allate at 1·7 kg ha^?1 for 7 years (T2), also showed faster degradation. Soil previously treated with tri-allate showed an increased degradation rate for carbofuran and EPTC but not for aldicarb. A further experiment, 2 years after the last treatment with tri-allate, showed that the enhanced degradation effect was still present. Degradation rates were always in the order T1 > T2 > T0 for tri-allate, EPTC and carbofuran. Half-life for degradation was reduced for tri-allate and carbofuran by approximately 40% in the previously treated soils and for EPTC by approximately 80% when compared with the previously untreated soil.     

FACTORS AFFECTING THE LOSS OF TRI-ALLATE FROM SOILS

Summary. Electron-capture gas chromatography was used to detect tri-allate residues in persistence studies with two soils. At rates equivalent to 0–75, 15 and 3 Ib/ac, 50% of the amount applied was degraded in 8–11 weeks at 25°C in moist Regina heavy clay and Weyburn loam. No loss occurred in sterile soils, indicating that microbial degradation may be a, major factor contributing to tri-allate breakdown.
When aqueous solutions buffered at pH 4–8 were held at 25° G, only 10–15% of the tri-allate was chemically degraded during 24 weeks.
At the normal field rate of 1·25 Ib/ac, tri-allate was not readily leached. From soil columns of Weyburn loam, 5–7% was eluted by 9 in. of water; with clay the corresponding value was 12–13% of the amount applied. When field plots were sprayed with 125 lb/ac in April, tri-allate could still be detected until the soil froze in November.
Facteurs agissant sur la perte de tri-allate dans les sots     

Some aspects of tri-allate volatility

The volatility of tri-allate from different formulations when mixed with 2 soils containing water at 2%, 6% and field capacity was estimated in the laboratory. Volatility increased with increasing water content in each case. It was generally highest from an emulsifiable concentrate and lowest from a granule formulation with that from unformulated tri-atlate intermediate. In a greenhouse experiment rates of loss of tri-allate from a dry soil were similar for both emulsifiable concentrate and granule formulations, but from a wet soil and an aluminium foil dish losses were much greater from the emulsifiable concentrate. The persistence of trii-allate from granules applied in the field was virtually the same for granules containing 2.5, 5 or 10% active ingredient.     

The effect of some herbicides on vesicular-arbuscular endophyte abundance in the soil and on infection of host roots

The effect of the herbicides di-allate, diquat, diuron, paraquat, tri-allate and trifluralin, at a range of application rates from 0.5 to 32 times that recommended by the manufacturers, on vesicular-arbuscular (V-A) endophyte spore abundance in the soil and on infection of wheat roots was investigated in field and glasshouse experiments. Paraquat and diquat had no measurable effect on V-A endophyte spore abundance. There was a slight trend to lower V-A endophyte spore numbers at high rates of application of di-allate and tri-allate but no trend for the other chemicals. Infection intensity (% root length infected) declined at high rates of di-allate and led to lower mycorrhizal root weights. The phosphorus content of the shoots was also reduced by di-allate. High doses of di-allate, diuron, tri-allate and trifluralin reduced most parameters of plant growth more than mycorrhizal parameters. It is therefore concluded that at normal application rates these chemicals are unlikely to affect adversely endomycorrhiza formation or function.     

Comparison of solvent systems for extracting herbicide residues from weathered field soils

The extraction from several field soils of the four herbicides benzoylprop-ethyl, nitrofen, profluralin, and tri-allate applied at least 6 months previously was compared using six solvent systems. The residues extracted were quantified using gas chromatographic techniques. Similar recoveries were achieved using 30% aqueous acetonitrile or acetonitrile + water + glacial acetic acid mixtures. The presence of the acetic acid was found to increase residues extracted only in the case of tri-allate. Methanol and 10% aqueous acetonitrile were slightly less efficient in recovering residues from the weathered field soils whereas acetone tended to be a poor solvent for the extraction of the chemicals studied.     

Persistence studies with [14C] 2,4-D in soils previously treated with herbicides and pesticides

The persistence of [¹⁴C] 2,4-D at a rate equivalent to 1 kg/ha was compared under laboratory conditions in samples of heavy clay, sandy loam, and clay loam at 85% of field capacity moisture and 20 ± 1°C which had either received no pre-treatment, or had been pre-treated for 7 days at the 2 μg/g level with the herbicides benzoylprop-ethyl, diclofop-methyl, dinitramine, flamprop-methyl, nitrofen, picloram, tri-allate, trifluralin, and a combination of tri-allate and trifluralin. The breakdown of [¹⁴C] 2,4-D was also studied in the same soils that had similarly received pre-treatments of 2 μg/g of the cereal seed dressing Vitaflo-DB, the insecticide, malathion, and a combination of Vitaflo-DB and malathion. In each soil type, the half-life of the 2,4-D was similar regardless of whether the soil had, or had not, received any pre-treatment, indicating that none of the chemicals investigated adversely affected the soil degradation of 2,4-D.     

DEGRADATION, ADSORPTION AND VOLATILITY OF DI-ALLATE AND TRI-ALLATE IN PRAIRIE SOILS

Summary. Electron-capture gas chromatography was used to detect di-allate and tri-allate in two soils at different moisture levels. At rates equivalent to 2 25-2 - 50 lb/ac, 50% of the di-allate applied was degraded in Weyburn loam in 4 weeks at moisture levels in excess of the wilting point. Losses in Regina heavy clay were slightly lower. In both soils little degradation was observed at moisture levels below the wilting points and negligible losses occurred in sterile soils, indicating that microbial degradation can be an important factor contributing to di-allate breakdown. Breakdown of tri-allate in both soils was slower than for di-allate. At 2·0 lb/ac di-allate was leached more from Weyburn loam than from Regina heavy clay. Tri-allate underwent almost complete adsorption by four soils from aqueous solution, whereas di-allate was adsorbed to a lesser extent. Soil volatility of tri-allate appears to be negligible even on heating to 50°C for 28 days. Vapour losses of di-allate from treated soils are dependent on soil type and temperature. In field plots 15–20% of the applied tri-allate was found in the top 5 cm soil after one growing season. Less than 5% of the initial di-allate remained. Negligible residues of either chemical were found at the 5–10 cm level. Dégradation, adsorption et volatilité du di-allate et du tri-allate dans des sols de prairies Résumé. La capture d'électrons dans la chionnatographie en phase gazeuse a été utilisée pour déceler le di-allate et le tri-allate dans deux sols, à deux taux différents d'humidité. A des doses d'environ 2,52 à 2,80 kg/ha, 50% du di-allate appliqueé dans un limon de Weyburn fut dégradé en 4 semaines, à des taux d'humidité supérieurs au point de fiétris-sement. Les pertes furent légèrement inférieures dans un sol argileux lourd de Regina. Dans les deux sols, une faible dégradation fut observése à des taux d'humiditi inférieurs au point de flétrissement et les pertes furent négligeables dans les sols stéiles; ceci montre que l'activité microhienne peut etre un facteur important dans la degradation du di-allate. La degradation du tri-allate dans les deux sols fut moins rapide que celle du di-allate. A la dose de 2,2 kg/ha, le lessivage du diallate fut plus important dans le limon de Weyburn que dans le sol argileux lourd de Regina. Le tri-allate fut presque compléte-ment adsorbé par quatre sols, à partir d'une solution aqueuse, alors que le di-allate ne fut adsorbé que dans une proportion moindre. La volatilityé du tri-allate dans le sol apparut négligeable, meme en chauffant à50°C pendant 28 jours. Les pertes du diallate par évaporation à partir de sols traités sont sous la dependance du type de sol et de la température. Dans les parcelles au champ 15 à 20% du tri-allate appliqué fut rctrouvé dans les 5 premiers centimétres du sol aprés une saison de culture, alors qu'il ne subsista que moins de 5% de la quantité initiale de di-allate. Des résidus négligeables de I'un ou l'autre des deux produits furent retrouves au niveau 5 à 10 cm. Abbau, Adsorption undFluchtigkeit von Diallat und Triallat in Prairieböden Zusammenfassung. Elektroneneinfatig-Gaschromatographie wurde zur Bestimmung von Diallat und Triallat in zwei Böden bei verschiedenen Feuchtigkeitsstufen verwendet. Bei Atifwandmengen von 2,52-2,80 kg/ha, wurden 50% des ausgebrachten Diallats bei einem Feuehtigkeitsgehalt, der über dem Welkepunkt lag, innerhalb von vier Wochen abgebaut. In schwerem Regina-Ton waren die Verluste etwas geringer. In beiden Boden vnirde bei Feuchtigkeitsstufen unterhalb des Wclkepunktes wenig Abbau beobachtet. Vernachlässigbarc Verluste traten in sterilen Böden auf, was darauf hinweist, dass Mikro-organismen eine wichtigc Roile beim Abbau von Diallat spielen. Der Abbau von Triallat verlief in heiden Boden langsatner als der von Diallat. Bei 2,24 kg/ha wurde Diallat aus Weyburn Lehmboden stärker ausgewaschen als aus schwerem Regina-Tonboden. Triallat wurde aus einer wässrigen Lösung in vier Böden nahczu vollständig adsorbiert, wäirend Diallat in einem geringeren Ausmass adsorbiert wurde. Verdampfung von Triallat aus dem Boden scheint selbst bei 28-tägiger Erhitzung des Bodens auf 50°C gering zu sein. Verdampfungsverluste von Diallat aus behandelten Boden hängen vom Bodentyp und der Temperatur ab. In Feldversuchen wurden nach einer Vegetationsperiode 15–20% des ausgebrachten Triallats wiedergefunden. Weniger als 5% der ursprunglichen Diallatmcnge war dort verblieben. Nur vernachlassigbare Rückstandsmengen wurden bei beiden Herbiziden in Bodentiefen von 5–10 cm gefunden.     

Residues of the herbicide tri-allate in preplant and pre-emergence treated triticale (X triticosecale wittmack) determined by gas chromatography

Residues of tri-allate in triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) were determined, after both preplant and pre-emergence soil-incorporated applications of tri-allate at 1.4 kg ha⁻¹, at the following crop stages: 2–3-leaf, 5–6-leaf, fully headed and mature (straw and grain). Tri-allate residues were detected only in green tissue samples from the 2–3-leaf stage of the crop. Recoveries of tri-allate were in the order of 90 and 85 % from the green tissue and grain at the 100 and 50 μg kg⁻¹fortification levels, respectively.