《中国蔬菜》2009.16学术论文导读

蔬菜作物中类胡萝卜素的遗传研究及其基因工程改良邓波涛等(沈阳农业大学生物科学技术学院,辽宁沈阳110161)—《中国蔬菜》2009(16)类胡萝卜素是植物光合作用的重要辅助色素和光氧化作用的保护剂,对人体营养和健康具有重要生物学功能。目前已成功克隆了类胡萝卜素生物合成途     

蔬菜作物中类胡萝卜素研究进展

类胡萝卜素是一种重要的天然色素,广泛存在于动植物以及微生物体内,是人体维生素A的主要来源,对人类健康具有重要作用.在蔬菜作物中,不同种类和含量的类胡萝卜素赋予其颜色的多样性.植物类胡萝卜素积累是一个复杂的过程.它与有色体发育有关,由多个结构基因和转录因子调控,还受环境因素影响.本文对蔬菜作物中类胡萝卜素的合成代谢途径及...     

远缘杂交在芸薹属作物育种中的应用研究进展

远缘杂交在作物性状改良、新类型创制和新品种选育方面意义重大,在芸薹属作物育种中也发挥了重要作用,该文综述了近几十年来远缘杂交在芸薹属作物育种中获取雄性不育系、获得抗病性、改良农艺性状和创造芸薹属作物新类型等方面的研究,对芸薹属作物远缘杂交育种提出了新的研究方向。     

光质对蔬菜作物类胡萝卜素合成与调控研究进展

本文综述了不同光质对蔬菜作物类胡萝卜素含量的调控作用，重点从生物合成关键基因调控、翻译后调控及库源调控方面总结了光质对蔬菜作物类胡萝卜素的调控机制，旨在为蔬菜作物高效种植、产品器官品质光质调控及植物照明灯具开发提供理论参考。     

番茄果实中类胡萝卜素合成与调控的研究进展

番茄是果实成熟研究中的模式植物,在番茄果实成熟过程中,类胡萝卜素种类与含量变化是影响果实着色和品质的重要因子,其相关研究也备受关注。本文综述了近年来国内外学者在番茄果实类胡萝卜素合成与调控等方面的研究进展,阐述了番茄果实中类胡萝卜素的种类、分布与含量,番茄果实在发育过程中类胡萝卜素的含量变化规律,以及参与类胡萝卜素合成的关键酶和转录因子等的研究进展,并对未来该热点问题的发展方向进行了展望。     

耕地土壤容重作用及其调控途径研究进展

近年来,由于农业机械化的不断发展、化肥施用量的增加以及不合理的耕作、灌溉措施,导致我国耕地土壤质量问题日益凸显,影响作物出苗、发育和产量。土壤容重是土壤主要结构特性之一,与土壤孔隙度、土壤通透性以及土壤蓄水保墒能力密切相关,对作物地上部和根系生长有重要作用。该研究结合近几年国内外研究进展,从耕地土壤容重对作物生长的作用机理、土壤容重的影响因素、土壤容重的调控途径等3个方面分析阐述了人工调控改良耕地质量的可行性,最后对改良土壤容重在作物生长发育过程中的应用做出展望,以期为耕地土壤容重调控途径的进一步研究提供参考依据。     

蔬菜原生质体培养及融合的研究现状与展望

原生质体培养与融合技术是蔬菜作物遗传改良的重要手段。该文对蔬菜原生质体的分离、培养、融合的研究现状及原生质体培养与融合技术在蔬菜作物上的应用做了综述,同时做出展望。     

类黄酮色素基因工程在园林植物花色改良上的研究进展

园林植物花色形成是受黄酮类化合物、类胡萝卜素和生物碱等物质共同作用的结果。其中,类黄酮色素在植物花色改良上研究较多,机理较为清楚。本文综述了类黄酮色素基因工程在园林植物花色改良上的最新研究进展,并阐述其发展前景。     

LED光质调控蔬菜作物几类生物活性物质合成代谢的研究进展

蔬菜作物中富含多种具有调节人体新陈代谢、提高免疫力、预防慢性疾病以及防癌抗癌等生物学功能的活性物质。光照是影响蔬菜作物生长发育的重要环境因子之一,同时也是参与调控植物体内各种生物活性物质合成与代谢的重要因子。综述了LED光质及比例对蔬菜作物体内酚类化合物、类胡萝卜素、萝卜硫苷、维生素C等活性物质合成代谢的影响,并简要概括了光质调控上述活性物质的分子机制。该综述不仅可为蔬菜作物生物活性物质的光质调控提供理论参考,也可为LED光质调控高品质蔬菜作物的生产提供理论支撑和技术支持。     

瓜类蔬菜矮生性状的遗传学研究进展

瓜类蔬菜是重要的蔬菜种类,广泛种植于世界各地。瓜类蔬菜多为蔓生作物,生产中通过设立支架提高产品的产量与品质。近年来,随着分子生物学的快速发展和基因工程技术的深入研究,对作物矮生性状及其相关基因的研究也愈加深入,应用基因工程技术对作物株高进行遗传改良已成为提高作物产量的有效途径,培育合理株型已成为作物育种的重要目标。矮生性状作为瓜类蔬菜育种中的一个重要的结构性状,也是当前瓜类蔬菜育种工作的热点。笔者综述了瓜类蔬菜矮生性状的遗传学研究进展,特别是黄瓜、西瓜、南瓜和甜瓜等主要瓜类蔬菜矮生性状相关基因的遗传学分析、基因定位以及基因克隆等方面的研究进展,并对瓜类蔬菜矮生性状在作物分子育种中的应用和发展趋势进行了展望。     

植物类胡萝卜素分析方法研究进展

类胡萝卜素是广泛分布于动物、植物和微生物中一类色素,对于植物的外观色泽、商品性和人类健康起着十分重要的作用。文章详细综述了植物类胡萝卜素的分析方法,以期为植物类胡萝卜素的合理开发提供参考。     

西瓜瓤类胡萝卜素研究进展

西瓜瓤颜色差异缘于所含类胡萝卜素种类与数量的不同。分析它们在不同品种西瓜中的组成,研究造成这种差异的遗传背景与色素的生物合成途径,可促进西瓜营养育种及其类胡萝卜素应用开发。西瓜类胡萝卜素分析最初是通过开放柱色谱法进行,当前多用高效液相色谱法,由于分辨率低或缺少标准样品,目前,2种方法都还得不到满意结果。色素分析结果表明,红色瓤西瓜主含番茄红素,橙黄色瓤主含ζ-胡萝卜素、前番茄红素与β-胡萝卜素,白色瓜含有六氢番茄红素、β-与ζ-胡萝卜素。基因型、染色体倍数、环境条件及果实成熟度影响西瓜中番茄红素含量。西瓜瓤颜色受几个基因控制,每个基因位点有2或3个等位基因。目前,已从西瓜中分离出类胡萝卜素合成途径几种酶的cDNA全长及基因片段。根据所发现的类胡萝卜素种类与基因分析结果,提出西瓜类胡萝卜素的可能生物合成途径。     

园艺植物中类胡萝卜素合成与调控的研究进展

园艺植物富含类胡萝卜素,提高类胡萝卜素含量是园艺作物育种目标之一。概述了近年来在高等植物中类胡萝卜素的合成、氧化裂解和其它衍生代谢途径的研究进展,并在结构基因调控、转录因子调控、转录后调控和库源调控等多个层面上阐述了类胡萝卜素生物合成调控机制。其中,调控类胡萝卜素合成的转录因子已经成为近年来研究的热点,主要分为直接调控类胡萝卜素合成和影响果实成熟进而间接调控类胡萝卜素合成两大类。随着研究的不断深入,新转录因子、新基因和新调控方式正不断被挖掘。     

Mapping of quantitative trait loci for carotenoid pigmentation in flower tepals of Asiatic hybrid lily

Flower pigmentation is one of the most important traits for ornamental plants. To clarify the genetic basis for carotenoid pigmentation in flower tepals of Asiatic hybrid lily (Lilium sp.), we evaluated the segregation of a tepal-carotenoid content among F₁ plants derived from a cross between ‘Montreux’ (having a small amount of carotenoids) and ‘Connecticut King’ (having a large amount of carotenoids), and mapped genetic loci for the carotenoid pigmentation onto the molecular linkage maps of ‘Montreux’ and ‘Connecticut King’ that we constructed previously. The tepal-carotenoid content among the F₁ plants showed continuous segregation, indicating that several genes are associated with this trait. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis identified one QTL, qCARmon6, on the sixth linkage group of the ‘Montreux’ map. qCARmon6 explained 58.2% of the total phenotypic variation, that is, this locus had a large effect on the carotenoid accumulation. The result that qCARmon6 was mapped on the linkage group of ‘Montreux’ which has a small amount of carotenoid pigments in tepals indicates that this locus has a dominant negative effect on carotenoid pigmentation.     

Precursor uptake assays and metabolic analyses in isolated tomato fruit chromoplasts

Background  

Carotenoids are the most widespread group of pigments found in nature. In addition to their role in the physiology of the plant, carotenoids also have nutritional relevance as their incorporation in the human diet provides health benefits. In non-photosynthetic tissues, carotenoids are synthesized and stored in specialized plastids called chromoplasts. At present very little is known about the origin of the metabolic precursors and cofactors required to sustain the high rate of carotenoid biosynthesis in these plastids. Recent proteomic data have revealed a number of biochemical and metabolic processes potentially operating in fruit chromoplasts. However, considering that chloroplast to chromoplast differentiation is a very rapid process during fruit ripening, there is the possibility that some of the proteins identified in the proteomic analysis could represent remnants no longer having a functional role in chromoplasts. Therefore, experimental validation is necessary to prove whether these predicted processes are actually operative in chromoplasts.     

Impact of common sweetpotato viruses on total carotenoids and root yields of an orange-fleshed sweetpotato in Tanzania

The growing and consumption of orange-fleshed sweetpotato (OFSP) is considered as a mean to alleviate vitamin A deficiency in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) region. However, majority of the field-tested OFSP varieties are susceptible to major diseases especially sweetpotato virus disease (SPVD), which is caused by co-infection of sweetpotato chlorotic stunt virus (SPCSV) with sweetpotato feathery mottle virus (SPFMV). A high beta-carotene content but susceptible variety Resisto was used in this study to evaluate the effects of SPVD on total carotenoids content and root yield. Compared with apparently healthy plants, reduction of 43, 16, and 37% of the total carotenoids content in the OFSP variety Resisto were observed in plants infected with SPCSV, SPFMV, and co-infection of both viruses. Storage root fresh weight was significantly (P < 0.001) reduced due to virus infection with high reduction recorded for SPFMV infection followed by co-infection of SPFMV with SPCSV. The same case was for sweetpotato vine length. However, no major reductions were observed in the vine weights. Co-infection of SPFMV with SPCSV caused more severe symptoms than single infections of the two viruses and each isolate caused distinct disease symptoms on the infected sweetpotato plants. In general, there was no direct correlation between sweetpotato virus disease symptom severity and reduction in total carotenoids. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the negative impact of SPCSV and SPFMV on the total carotenoid accumulation in OFSP varieties. Therefore follow up studies in the area of biochemical analysis should be initiated to gain knowledge on the impacts of SPVD on the biochemical pathways of carotenoid accumulation.     

柑橘转基因研究的现状及展望

从柑橘种及品种、转化方法、导入的目的基因、转化所用的外植体、转基因频率及其影响因素等方面对柑橘转基因的现状进行了综述,并提出了下一步的研究重点。已成功获得转基因植株的柑橘种类有枳、甜橙、酸橙、宽皮柑橘、柚和来檬;柑橘转基因的手段主要是农杆菌介导法,ＰＥＧ介导法和基因枪法也有应用;目前导入柑橘的目的基因主要是与抗病抗虫相关的基因。近年来涉及柑橘糖、类胡萝卜素、有机酸、乙烯、ＧＡ、柠檬苦素、叶绿素、黄酮类及果胶等代谢以及果实发育、成熟和柑橘开花等生理过程的基因均已分离,为通过遗传工程手段调控柑橘果实物质代谢及发育过程奠定了基础。     

可降解螯合剂对草坪植物高羊茅发育及生理的影响

以盆栽高羊茅为试验材料,研究了土壤中添加不同浓度(3、6、9、12和15 mmol·kg~(-1))生物可降解螯合剂谷氨酸二乙酸四钠(Glutamic acid N,N-diacetic acid tetra sodium salt,GLDA)和亚氨基二琥珀酸四钠盐(Iminodisuccinic acid sodium salt,IDS)处理对种子萌发和幼苗发育及生理的影响。结果表明,GLDA和IDS处理对高羊茅种子萌发有一定的抑制作用,并且高浓度的抑制作用更强。对高羊茅地上生物量的影响表现为低浓度促进,高浓度抑制,6 mmol·kg~(-1)处理生物量达到最大;而所有螯合剂处理均显著抑制了根系的生长。与对照相比,低浓度的螯合剂(3、6和9 mmol·kg~(-1))对叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量没有显著影响,但高浓度处理显著降低了其含量。螯合剂对SOD和CAT活性的影响呈现先增加后降低的趋势,而POD活性和MDA含量则随螯合剂浓度的增加而升高,表明添加螯合剂对高羊茅构成了逆境胁迫。鉴于此,在两种螯合剂应用于土壤重金属修复时,以低浓度(6 mmol·kg~(-1))施加为宜,并且可以考虑在植物收获前几天施加或分次加入。     

Effects of different mowing treatments and stubble heights on the compensatory growth and quality of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)

This study were investigated the effect of mowing method on growth and quality of lettuce. The seedlings after a 24-day incubation in the growth chamber underwent one of six mowing treatments with different stubble heights (i.e. 0.5, 1.0, or 1.5 cm). One mowing treatment group consisted of plants that retained the 2–3 new leaves in the centre (RBL), while the other group consisted of plants in which the new leaves were removed (RBN). Seedlings that were not mowed served as the controls. The results showed that, after seedlings continued to be incubated for 10 days under red and blue light in a growth chamber, the fresh mass of plants and dry mass of shoots were higher for the RBL1.0- and RBL1.5-treated plants than those of the RBN-treated plants. With increasing stubble height, the shoot fresh mass of plants in both mowing groups gradually increased. Mowing decreased chlorophyll (a + b) contents, but did not affect carotenoid levels. Mowing treatments promoted photosynthesis, and did not decrease soluble sugar, sucrose, soluble protein, Vitamin C and anthocyanin contents. Our results implied that mowing treatments promote the compensatory growth of lettuce, and mowing plants to a height of 1.5 cm produces the greatest yield benefit.