猪流行性腹泻病毒ORF3和M基因的克隆与序列分析

为了解福建省猪流行性腹泻病毒(Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus,PEDV)毒株ORF3和M基因变异情况,本研究从4个不同规模猪场发生仔猪“顽固性腹泻”疾病的病料中扩增到4株PEDV的ORF3和M基因,并进行了序列分析.结果表明:4株PEDV ORF3基因均含有675个碱基,编码224个氨基酸,与GenBank中登录的代表性PEDV核苷酸的同源性为89.7％～100.0％,氨基酸的同源性为94.7％～99.6％,其中FJPT毒株核苷酸的同源性与CV777 truncated毒株最低,仅为89.7％,FJNP毒株核苷酸的同源性与中国北方流行的CH ZKFG 11毒株最高,达100.0％.M基因含有681个碱基,编码226个氨基酸,与GenBank中登录的代表性PEDV核苷酸的同源性为94.8％～100.0％,氨基酸的同源性为94.8％～99.6％,其中FJPT毒株核苷酸的同源性与日本D89752毒株最低,仅为94.8％,FJNP毒株核苷酸的同源性与韩国CPF193、泰国毒株最高,达100.0％.4株PEDV毒株均与国内外流行强毒株的亲缘关系较近,与attenuate DR13弱毒株的亲缘关系较远.     

河南省部分地区猪流行性腹泻病毒ORF3和N基因的克隆及其遗传进化分析

为探究河南省猪流行性腹泻病毒部分毒株的遗传进化情况,采用RT-PCR对2017年2月至2018年1月在河南省部分地区猪场收集到的25份PEDV阳性病料进行ORF3和N基因的扩增,并对其进行克隆、序列比对及遗传进化分析。结果显示,PEDV毒株的ORF3基因序列是由675个核苷酸组成的,与经典毒株CV777之间核苷酸及氨基酸同源性分别为95.2%~97.5%和95.1%~96.9%。N基因之间的核苷酸与氨基酸同源性分别为96.2%~100%和93.8%~99.8%;与经典毒株CV777核苷酸与氨基酸的同源性分别为94.7%~95.8%和93.2%~96.8%。河南部分地区PEDV流行毒株与经典毒株CV777不在同一分支,说明猪场暴发猪流行性腹泻与免疫接种疫苗后依旧难以控制的原因,可能与大多数PEDV河南流行株发生变异有关。     

我国华东地区猪流行性腹泻病毒ORF3基因的遗传变异分析

为了确定猪流行性腹泻病毒的流行特点及变异规律,本研究对我国华东地区分离到的14株PEDV的ORF3基因进行了克隆和序列测定,并与国内外代表毒株的ORF3基因进行了比较分析。结果表明:我国华东地区检测的PEDV流行毒株的ORF3基因之间的同源性为92.4%~100%,与经典毒株CV777同源性为92.0%~96.4%,与PEDV变异株的同源性为95.1%~100%。根据ORF3基因的遗传进化分析,分离的14个PEDV毒株与CV777的遗传进化距离较远,与PEDV变异株的遗传进化距离较近,表明我国PEDV流行毒株以变异株为主,较以往的疫苗株CV777发生了较大的变异,因此需要开发新的疫苗,制定更具针对性的防控措施。     

2011—2012年四川省猪流行性腹泻病毒的遗传变异分析

为分析猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)的遗传变异情况,本试验从四川省11个市19个不同地区发生仔猪腹泻疾病的猪场采集的病料中分别扩增到8个PEDV(SC-8)ORF3和部分S基因序列,将其进行比对和遗传演化分析。结果显示,SC-8的ORF3基因包含674~676个碱基,编码224个氨基酸,与GenBank中登录的国内外地方流行株的核苷酸序列同源性为95.7%~99.9%,氨基酸序列同源性为98.2%~100%,与标准毒株CV777相比,核苷酸序列和氨基酸序列除存在点突变现象外,部分序列还存在核苷酸的插入和缺失性突变;部分S基因扩增长度为981bp,编码327个氨基酸,与国内外参考毒株的核苷酸序列同源性为93.2%~99.5%,氨基酸序列同源性为93.5%~100%,与标准毒株CV777相比,四川-绵阳(SCMY)分离株在92~93nt之间存在1个核苷酸插入,在2~29aa之间也有18个氨基酸发生了突变;系统进化树分析表明,8株PEDV ORF3基因均与野毒株亲缘关系较近,而与弱毒疫苗株亲缘关系较远;SC-8的部分S基因均与国内地方流行毒株亲缘关系较近,而与国外分离株的亲缘关系较远。     

猪流行性腹泻病毒(XJ-DB2)株的分离鉴定

从新疆佃坝地区某猪场疑似流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)感染的仔猪中采集肛拭子样品,将其接种到Vero细胞中,连续传代培养,并逐日观察细胞病变(CPE),分离得到一株PEDV病毒,命名为新疆佃坝2株(XJ-DB2)。将分离的XJ-DB2株进行ORF3基因序列分析比对和遗传进化分析,结果表明,XJ-DB2株为PEDV强毒株。其ORF3基因和我国分离的强毒株CHS株、CHGS株,韩国分离的强毒株处在同一个分支上,而目前广泛使用的疫苗毒株CV777、韩国分离的弱毒株、我国分离的弱毒株CHJS07则处在相对独立的分支上。XJ-DB2与CHS基因的核苷酸同源性最高为99.0%,与韩国分离的强毒株S-DR13同源性为98.8%,而与疫苗株CV777核苷酸同源性为97.3%。     

广东省猪流行性腹泻病毒S1基因的克隆与序列分析

为研究广东省猪流行性腹泻病毒S1基因的变异情况,于2012-2013年间从广东省不同地区猪场采集56份腹泻病仔猪样本。通过PCR方法扩增到12个样本的PEDV的S1基因序列,并进行序列比对及遗传分析。结果 12个样本PEDV的S1基因序列之间的核苷酸同源性为91.1%~99.6%,氨基酸的同源性为88.5%~99.1%。12个样本PEDV的S1基因序列与国内参考毒株核苷酸的同源性为91.0%~99.9%,氨基酸的同源性为88.5%~99.7%。与国外参考毒株核苷酸的同源性为89.0%~99.7%,氨基酸的同源性为86.5%~99.4%。与经典毒株CV777的核苷酸同源性为91.0%~100.0%,氨基酸的同源性为88.3%~99.9%。其中,仅GD-HY的S1基因与CV777的同源性达100.0%,其他同源性较低。表明近年广东省的PEDV流行毒株以变异株为主,与疫苗株(CV777)的亲缘关系较远。     

贵州省部分PEDV流行株ORF3基因克隆与遗传进化分析

为探究贵州省猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)流行毒株的遗传进化情况,对2017—2022年贵州省不同地区13份PEDV阳性腹泻样本进行ORF3全基因扩增、克隆、测序,使用DNAstar、MEGA 7.0软件,对所得序列核苷酸和氨基酸同源性以及突变和遗传进化情况进行分析。结果显示：13份PEDV阳性样品的ORF3基因序列全长均为675 bp,编码224个氨基酸;13条克隆序列的核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别为95.1%～100%和96.4%～100%;13条克隆序列与经典毒株CV777株ORF3基因的核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别为95.9%～97.3%和94.7%～96.4%,同源性较低;与经典毒株CV777株相比,13条克隆序列在G160A、C243T、C274T、G301A、C450T、A497G存在相同的核苷酸突变,存在4个相同的氨基酸位点突变(V21A、V54I、A101T、N166S);13条克隆序列所在毒株在遗传进化上全部属于GⅡ型,其中GZ220514、GZ342、GZ224、GZ219、GZ423隶属于GⅡb亚型,GZ210112、GZ210129、GZ210220、GZ210714、...     

猪流行性腹泻病毒河南株ORF3基因分子流行病学分析

为了解猪流行性腹泻病毒(porcine epidemic diarrhea virus,PEDV)河南株的起源和遗传变异,本试验对2014年8月—2015年5月,来自河南省16个规模猪场仔猪表现为严重腹泻、食欲下降和脱水等临床特征的22份病料样品,利用RT-PCR方法,扩增PEDVORF3基因,回收PCR产物克隆至pMD18-T载体,并进行测序分析。结果显示,22份病料样品均能扩增出PEDVORF3基因,其序列长度均为849bp,包含一个完整阅读框(675bp),编码224个氨基酸残基。22个河南株之间核苷酸同源性为95.9%~100%,与欧洲经典毒株CV777同源性介于97.1%~97.9%,存在8个位点发生相同的氨基酸置换,与Truncated CV777株同源性介于94.8%~95.4%。基因遗传进化树分析表明,PEDV毒株可分为2大群,河南株属于第Ⅱ群,整体独立成支,与河南往年流行株、国内分离株、日本、美国及韩国毒株亲缘关系较近,而与CV777株、Truncated CV777株亲缘关系较远。结果表明PEDV河南株ORF3基因存在变异,为PEDVORF3基因的蛋白功能研究和河南省PED的防控提供技术支持。     

2017年江西部分地区PEDV分子流行病学调查

为了解江西地区猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)的流行和变异情况,本研究利用RT-PCR方法对2017年采自江西省部分地区规模化猪场182份腹泻仔猪小肠组织和粪便样品进行检测,并设计了2对引物对37份阳性病料的S基因进行扩增、克隆及序列测定,以及与GenBank中登录的22株PEDV S基因参考序列进行遗传进化分析。结果显示,37株PEDV江西流行株的S基因序列长为4 158或4 161 bp,编码1 385或1 386个氨基酸,全部为Group 1型,与美国流行毒株较为接近,而与欧洲毒株(Br1/87)及疫苗株(CV777)亲缘关系较远;37株PEDV中有36株为G1-1亚群,1株为G1-2亚群;37株PEDV江西毒株间的S基因核苷酸序列同源性为96.9%～100.0%,氨基酸序列同源性为96.1%～100.0%,与22株参考毒株的核苷酸、氨基酸序列同源性分别为92.7%～100.0%和91.5%～100.0%;相较于CV777疫苗株,PEDV江西流行毒株的S基因存在碱基缺失、插入和位点突变现象。本研究从分子流行病学角度证实了2017年江西部分地区PEDV的流行与变异情况,为指导江西省PEDV的科学防控提供了参考依据。     

猪流行性腹泻病毒湖南分离株ORF3基因克隆与遗传进化分析

为了解湖南省猪流行性腹泻病毒基因变异情况,研究应用RT-PCR技术对湖南某猪场暴发疑似感染PEDV腹泻仔猪中提取肠道病料组织样品进行研究,同时对病原ORF3基因序列进行扩增与分析。结果显示,12份样品中有3份检测为PEDV阳性,其ORF3基因序列均为675bp,无碱基插入或缺失,仅出现个别碱基突变,其与我国流行的PEDV变异株核苷酸序列同源性分别为98.8%～99.9%,但与PEDV疫苗株(CV777)同源性相对较低,仅为95.4%～96.3%;系统进化树分析结果显示此次研究的PEDV分离株与我国流行的PEDV变异株聚为同一分支,与疫苗株所处分支相隔较远。研究结果表明该猪场发生了PEDV变异株的流行,相关防治措施需尽快实施。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein