黑龙江省部分地区散养畜禽流感病毒感染的血清学调查与分析

本研究应用血凝抑制试验（HI），在2005年初，于黑龙江省绥化、海林两地区散养的临床健康的猪、家禽中采集血清样品178份，对其进行了血清学检测，并将获得的血清学检测数据进行了统计学分析。分析结果显示，绥化地区采集的血清样品共计60份，其中家禽中抗H9亚型流感病毒抗体阳性样品24份，占家禽检测总样品数（45份）的53．3％；在海林市地区采集的血清样品共计118份，其中家禽中抗H9亚型流感病毒抗体阳性样品29份，占家禽被检测总样品数（88份）的32．9％。在两地猪群中的血清学检测结果发现，抗H9亚型流感病毒抗体阳性率较高，分别占猪血清检测样品（14／15，19／30）的93，3％和63．3％，两地的畜禽检测中均未检测到H5、H7亚型抗流感抗体。本次试验检测结果表明，在黑龙江省的畜禽养殖中，尤其是猪与家禽当中，存在抗H9亚型流感病毒的抗体，推断可能有该亚型流感病毒的传播；未检到H5、H7亚型流感病毒抗体，在本次检测中可以初步判定在被检测的畜禽当中不存在高致病性禽流感病毒感染与流行。     

广西马源H9亚型流感病毒的血清学调查

为了解广西马源H9亚型流感病毒的感染情况,本研究从广西4个主要养马地区采集马血清样品共计1 110份,采用血凝抑制(HI)试验方法进行抗体检测。结果显示,1 110份血清样品中共检测出阳性血清7份,平均抗体阳性率为0.54%。本实验结果表明,广西马群已受到H9亚型流感病毒的感染。     

规模化驴场中马流感病毒H3N8亚型感染情况调查

[目的]调查山东省聊城市规模化驴场中马流感病毒的感染情况,并分析其可能的来源。[方法]从聊城的规模化驴场采集病料和血清,通过HI试验检测驴血清中的马流感病毒H3N8亚型抗体的阳性率。使用RT-PCR技术扩增肺脏和鼻腔棉拭子样品中的马流感病毒M基因,对获得的马流感病毒M基因与不同流感病毒的M基因进行序列比对,推测其来源。[结果]HI试验表明,120个血清样品中马流感病毒H3N8亚型血清抗体阳性率为33.3%(40/120);其中,母驴的马流感病毒H3N8亚型血清抗体阳性率为42.5%(17/40)、公驴为32.5%(13/40)、驴驹为25.0%(10/40)。通过RT-PCR检测发现,32.3%(21/65)的样品可测出目的条带。通过序列比对得出,该试验获得的流感病毒M基因与马属动物的H3N8亚型流感病毒高度同源(CY032222、CY032318、CY028821等),同源性最高可达99.8%。[结论]马流感病毒在聊城周边的数个规模化养驴场发生流行。该研究从驴体内分离的流感病毒M基因属于马流感病毒H3N8亚型M基因。     

河南省部分地区猪流感血清学调查

采用血凝抑制试验对河南省新乡、焦作、漯河等地采集的139份猪血清样品进行了猪流感病毒H1、H3、H5、H9亚型抗体的检测。结果显示,在被调查的139份血清中,H1亚型SIV抗体阳性率为43．17％,H3亚型SIV抗体阳性率为0,H5亚型SIV抗体阳性率为2．16％,H9亚型SIV抗体阳性率为1．44％;H1＋H5亚型SIV抗体阳性率为1．44％：H1＋H9亚型SIV抗体阳性率为1．44％;H1＋H5＋H9亚型SIV抗体阳性率为0。表明在所调查的猪群中,猪流感病毒的感染较为普遍,大部分猪场都曾被H1亚型感染,部分猪群有多种亚型混合感染存在。     

河南省部分地区猪流感血清学调查

采用血凝抑制试验对河南省新乡、焦作、漯河等地采集的139份猪血清样品进行了猪流感病毒H1、H3、H5、H9亚型抗体的检测.结果显示,在被调查的139份血清中,H1亚型SIV抗体阳性率为43.17%,H3亚型SIV抗体阳性率为0,H5亚型SIV抗体阳性率为2.16%.H9亚型SIV抗体阳性率为1.44%:H1+H5亚型SIV抗体阳性率为1.44%;H1+H9亚型SIV抗体阳性率为1.44%:H1+H5+H9亚型SIV抗体阳性率为0.表明在所调查的猪群中,猪流感病毒的感染较为普遍,大部分猪场都曾被H1亚型感染,部分猪群有多种亚型混合感染存在.     

江苏羊群各型流感病毒抗体的血清学检测与分析

为了解羊群是否存在流感病毒的感染,采用血凝抑制试验对江苏省7个县市不同羊场的2012—2014年323份羊血清中不同亚型(H1、H5、H7、H9)流感病毒抗体进行检测。结果显示,羊的H9亚型和H5亚型(Re-4株)抗体阳性率分别为95%和71.7%;H7亚型抗体阳性率为25.5%;甲型H1N1流感病毒抗体阳性率为14.7%;H5亚型(Re-5株和Re-6株)抗体阳性率均为0。结果表明,不同亚型流感病毒在羊群中均普遍存在,流行情况各有不同,应对其流行病学和公共卫生意义给予重视。     

2009年～2011年新疆雁形目野生鸟类禽流感血清流行病学调查与分析

本研究采集了新疆野鸟血清样品260份,进行了禽流感H1～H16亚型的血清学监测,结果显示,野鸭类血清样品2009年检出5个血清亚型,其中H8检出率高达15.38%,H13为9.62%;2010年检出11个血清亚型,H5亚型的阳性率最高,达14.29%;2011年检出12个血清亚型,其中H9检出率最高,达15.79%。不同品种野鸭的禽流感阳性检出率分析表明,绿头鸭禽流感抗体阳性率58.82%,赤麻鸭为68.66%,赤嘴浅鸭为34.09%,凤头浅鸭为44.44%。灰雁的血清样品检测结果表明,H13亚型的阳性率最高,为40.91%。1份天鹅血清样品检测出H13抗体阳性。对乌鸦、斑鸫、野鸽和红隼等野鸟血清样品检测,全部为阴性。本次在覆盖新疆边境的野生鸟类栖息地开展的禽流感血清学调查,掌握了新疆地区野生鸟类禽流感血清学监测数据,为新疆地区乃至全国的禽流感预警预测提供了科学依据。     

中国猪源HSN1和H9N2亚型流感病毒的分离鉴定

猪是禽流感病毒"禽-猪-人"传播链中重要的中间宿主,了解猪流感的疫情动态将为动物流感及人流感的疾病预测及防制提供重要依据.1999～2001年间进行的血清学和病毒学监测发现我国猪群存在大范围的H1和H3亚型猪流感感染(李海燕等,2002).2002～2003年,我们进一步对来自全国14个省市的1936份血清进行了H9亚型猪流感的检测,同时在广东、福建等省进行了H5亚型猪流感的检测.2002年辽宁、广东、山东及重庆猪血清中出现H9亚型流感抗体,阳性率分别为7.3%、6.8%、5.1%和1.6%.2003年采集的猪血清H9亚型流感抗体均为阴性,同时发现广东、福建两省2003年出现H5亚型流感阳性猪群,阳性率分别为4.7%和8.2%.从2001～2003年收集和送检的样品中分离鉴定了6株H9N2亚型和2株H5N1亚型猪流感病毒,部分序列分析发现H9和H5亚型猪流感病毒均与我国分离的禽流感病毒高度同源.本研究进一步确证了我国猪群中存在H9N2亚型流感病毒,并且首次发现我国猪群已出现H5N1亚型流感病毒,为人类流感及动物流感的防制敲响了警钟.对这两个亚型流感病毒所具有的公共卫生和兽医公共卫生危害性应予以高度重视.     

广东省部分地区规模化猪场猪流感病毒感染的血清学调查与分析

为了解广东省规模化猪场猪流感病毒(SIV)感染情况,本研究采用ELISA方法和血凝抑制试验(HI),对2011年～2012年采集的1 050份血清样品进行SIV血清学检测.两种检测方法结果显示1 050份血清样品中SIV抗体阳性率分别为50.4％(ELISA)和50.2％(HI).其中珠三角地区和粤东地区的感染率高于粤西地区.SIV亚型调查结果显示该地区流行的SIV主要为H1和H3亚型,抗体阳性率分别为39.2％和18.2％(ELISA).部分猪场存在H9亚型SIV抗体.部分猪群中同时存在H1和H3两种亚型SIV抗体,表明猪群中存在不同亚型SIV混合感染.本研究为广东省猪流感的预防提供参考依据.     

H5亚型禽流感病毒感染犬、猫的流行病学调查

为探讨禽流感与禽类接触动物的关系,对来自东莞各养殖场所的698份犬血清和200份猫血清进行了H5亚型禽流感微量血凝(HA)与血凝抑制(HI)试验,另对与血清一一对应的898份犬、猫喉拭子进行H5亚型禽流感荧光RT-PCR检测试验。结果表明,698份犬血清H5抗体检出率为6.02%,抗体阳性率为0.29%;200份猫血清抗体检出率为2.5%,阳性率为0;898份犬、猫喉拭子中未检测到禽流感H5亚型病毒。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Evaluation of the Microbiological Status of Milk and Various Structures in Mammary Glands from Naturally Infected Dairy Cows

A knowledge of the microbiological status of milk and of the different structures in the mammary glands has great importance in elucidating the pathogenesis of mammary gland infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological status of various structures in the mammary glands from naturally infected dairy cows following slaughter. A total of 94 samples of milk, 184 samples of mammary parenchyma, 168 samples of gland cisterns, and 168 samples of teat cisterns were collected for microbiological examination. Microorganisms were detected in 59.9% of all samples, 67.0% of the milk samples, 70.1% of the mammary parenchymas, 55.9% of the gland cisterns and 48.8% of the teat cistern samples. When all samples were considered, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were the most prevalent (35.7%) followed by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (12.2%), Corynebacterium bovis (2.4%), Prototheca sp. (1.9%), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.5%). There was a significantly higher occurrence of microorganisms in the milk and mammary parenchyma compared to the gland cisterns and teat cisterns. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Development and survival of free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats on pasture in the Nigerian derived savanna

Four grass plots were sequentially contaminated with goat faeces containing known numbers of unembryonated eggs of predominantly Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. between October 1982 and April 1983. Four other plots were similarly contaminated with sheep faeces between February and May 1987. An additional plot was repeatedly contaminated with sheep faeces from February to April 1987. Populations of free-living stages in faeces and of infective larvae (L₃) in the herbage were subsequently monitored until the end of April and June of 1983 and 1987 respectively. During February and May 1987 two control cultures of sheep faeces were incubated in the laboratory at 25°C–30°C and at a constant temperature of 50°C and the free-living development was also monitored. L₃ developed very readily in the faeces cultured at 25°C–30°C and in those spread on a grass plot in October, at the end of the wet season, but developed less on the plot contaminated in May at the start of the wet season. Worm eggs in faeces deposited on plots during the hot dry season (December to April) or incubated at 50°C died and disintegrated after 24–48 h exposure to the high environmental temperatures. The results indicate that it is unlikely that gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats can develop or survive on open pasture during the dry season in the Nigerian derived savanna zone.