2015年-2016年度南宁部分地区猪戊型肝炎病毒基因型分析

为了解广西猪群中戊型肝炎病毒(HEV)基因型,利用套式RT-PCR用对南宁周边猪场采集到的104份新鲜猪粪便进行HEV检测、分离并成功扩增和克隆了11株阳性毒株的ORF2基因部分保守片段.序列测定结果表明,11株HEV ORF2序列自身核苷酸同源性为97.7%~100%,推导编码的氨基酸同源性为97.9%~100%;与4型HEV代表毒株Ch-S-1、Ch-T11、swGX40等的核苷酸同源性为84.6%~90.6%,而与其他各型之间的同源性较低.系统发育进化树结果表明,11株HEV广西株为基因4型,其中,10株HEV为4a亚型,1株毒株为4e亚型.结果表明,广西猪群中流行的HEV均为基因4型,且以4a亚型为优势流行毒株.     

广西猪源I型副粘病毒F基因测序分析

对广西猪源I型副粘病毒F基因测序分析,为今后开展猪源副粘病毒的相关研究提供参考,也为有效防控副粘病毒感染奠定基础。参考GenBank发表的相关禽副粘病毒I型（Avian paramyxovirus serotypeI,APMVx）基因组序列,设计了1对特异性引物,用RT—PCR法分别扩增出病毒各F基因片段,并将目的基因片段回收纯化。测定得F基因的序列结果表明,从猪组织中分离获得1株猪源禽I型副粘病毒,分离株F基因112～117住裂解住点的氨基酸组成为R—R—Q－R—R-F,与强毒株DQ417113、AF458012的裂解位点一致。同源性分析结果表明,分离株与标准强毒株的核苷酸同源性分别为87．5％和87．4％。猪源禽I型副粘病毒分离株为强毒株,属于基因I型是传统型毒株,广西地区禽I型副粘病毒宿主范围呈不断扩大趋势。     

两株死胎源猪圆环病毒Ⅱ型的分离与序列分析

将两猪场Ⅱ型猪圆环病毒(PCV2)核酸阳性的流产死胎病料,接种猪肾传代细胞PK15,成功分离到2株PCV2。利用1对PCV2特异性引物,成功扩增出这2株PCV2长约1700bp的全基因组序列,并与其他PCV2毒株序列进行相似性比较。结果表明:2个分离株全基因组长度均为1767bp,核苷酸序列相似性为99.9%;ORF2基因核苷酸相似性为99.85%,所编码的衣壳蛋白氨基酸序列相似性为100%;2个分离株与SD-3等国内分离株核苷酸序列的相似性较高,最高可达99.9%。     

广东部分地区猪戊型肝炎的分子流行病学调查

为了解广东地区猪戊型肝炎的感染情况,本试验于2015年在广东不同猪场收集了2月龄内猪胆汁73份,RTnPCR检测、全基因组测序、同源性及进化分析结果显示:猪感染戊型肝炎的阳性率为6.8%(5/73),5个ORF2部分核苷酸序列同源性为87.2%~99.4%,属于基因4型,4b、4h亚型。对4b亚型中的1个阳性样品(GZHD)株进行全基因测序,其核苷酸序列与swGX40(EU676172)同源性最高为96.5%,与广东株SS19(JX855794)同源性为93.9%,与人源戊型肝炎病毒(HEV)株CVS-Sie10(LC042232)同源性为94.8%。结果表明:广东地区猪群间HEV流行毒株仍以基因4型为主,且为揭示戊型肝炎的跨种传播提供了新的分子生物学依据。     

猪源副黏病毒HX01株分离鉴定、全基因测序与遗传变异分析

从陕西省户县某猪场患流感样症状病死仔猪肺脏分离得到1株副黏病毒,命名为猪源副黏病毒（PPMV）HX01株,对分离毒株鉴定后进行部分生物学特性研究和全基因测序分析。参考PPMV JL-1株基因组序列设计10对引物,对PPMV HX01株分段扩增并测序,将测序成功的各序列依次拼接得到全基因序列并进行序列比对。该病毒MDT为91.2h,ICPI和IVPI为0,EID50为10-10.25/mL,表明该毒株属于新城疫弱毒株。序列分析结果表明,PPMV HX01株（全基因序列GenBank登录号：JF795531）与NDV参考毒株全基因核苷酸同源性83.3%～99.8%,该病毒与基因Ⅱ型我国传统弱毒疫苗株La Sota全基因水平和各个基因编码开放阅读框的同源性均在99.5%以上,而与基因Ⅸ型国家标准强毒株F48E9和目前流行的基因Ⅶ型毒株亲缘关系较远。     

猪戊型肝炎病毒甘肃分离株衣壳蛋白基因序列分析

为进行国内猪戊型肝炎病毒(HEV)衣壳蛋白基因特征研究,参照GenBank中已发表的戊型肝炎病毒核苷酸序列,设计了1对扩增HEV衣壳蛋白(Y)基因的引物,利用RT-PCR等方法成功克隆出HEV甘肃分离株swCH189的Y基因cDNA片段,并与国内其他9株典型HEV分离株进行序列分析,用DNAstar软件进行序列同源性分析,PHYLIP软件绘制基因进化树。结果表明,swCH189株的Y基因与国内9株典型HEV分离株间的核苷酸序列同源性为79.6%～91.8%,推导的氨基酸序列同源性为91.4%～98.85%。基因进化树显示swCH189与基因Ⅳ型swCH25株亲缘关系最近,在同一分支上,属于基因Ⅳ型。     

髓细胞瘤型J亚群禽白血病病毒四川株SCGS-1的分离鉴定及前病毒cDNA重组质粒的构建

为分析髓细胞瘤型J亚群禽白血病病毒(ALV-J)地方分离毒株的分子特征及开展该病毒的反向遗传操作研究,本试验从四川某肉种鸡场髓细胞瘤病变病鸡的组织中分离到1株髓细胞瘤型ALV-J,命名为SCGS-1.序列测定表明其前病毒cDNA全序列长7 499 bp,与其他ALV-J代表毒株序列相似性均为95％～99％.在所有基因中,其env基因和LTR序列与其他毒株相应序列同源性相对较低,env基因同源性为93.0％～99.5％,LTR基因同源性为92％～95％,pol基因同源性为97％～99％,gag基因同源性为94％～97％.根据该毒株序列和质粒pUC19的序列,将SCGS-1株前病毒cDNA全序列分3段克隆入pUC19中,构建含SCGS-1前病毒cDNA的重组载体并命名为pUC-SCGS.试验结果为研究ALV-J的进化规律和开展反向遗传操作打下基础.     

广东地区新生仔猪先天性震颤猪群中PCV3感染情况的调查

对广东省不同地区新生仔猪先天性震颤猪群中PCV3的流行病学情况进行调查。采集的病料样品,通过常规PCR进行PCV3检测与全基因扩增,分析其全基因的遗传进化关系。将获得的16株PCV3毒株核酸序列与其他环状病毒参考毒株对全基因组和Cap基因进行遗传变异分析,结果显示,新生仔猪的先天性震颤猪群中PCV3样本总阳性率高达58.2%。16株PCV3毒株之间全基因核苷酸序列同源性为99.5%~100%,与美洲代表毒株PCV3-US/MO2015全基因核苷酸序列同源性在98.8%~99.1%之间;16株PCV3毒株之间Cap基因的核苷酸序列同源性为99.7%~100%,与国内外参考毒株的核苷酸同源性为99.1%~100%。遗传进化分析显示,16株PCV3毒株都属于PCV3a分支。PCV3在我国广东省新生仔猪先天性震颤猪群中广泛存在。     

猪戊型肝炎病毒的流行病学调查

利用双抗原夹心ELISA对2009-2011年间采自广东省各地区的若干猪场的484份血清样品,进行血清流行病学调查;对69份病猪胆汁样品进行分子流行病学调查,分离得到猪源戊型肝炎病毒(swine hepatitis E virus, swHEV),并基于ORF2部分基因序列进行核苷酸序列比对、相似性分析和遗传进化树分析,以期初步了解广东各地猪群戊型肝炎(hepatitis E, HE)的感染情况和流行特点。试验结果显示,全部被检查猪的swHEV抗体平均阳性率为71.9%(348/484),分离的猪源HEV毒株均属于基因Ⅳ型,阳性率为71.0%(49/69)。调查结果表明基因Ⅳ型swHEV在广东地区普遍流行。     

3株猪Ⅱ型圆环病毒的分离及基因组序列分析

为了解混合感染中猪圆环病毒Ⅱ型(PCV2)毒株的遗传变异特性,本研究对2009年与高致病性猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒混合感染的病料中分离的3株PCV2通过PCR、免疫荧光等进行初步鉴定,并扩增病毒全基因组,用DNAStar对序列进行拼接和分析。结果表明:分离得到的HUN-09株(GQ449670)、HUB-09株(GQ449671)和SD-09株(GQ449669)3个PCV2毒株其全基因组长度均为1768bp,与国内外参考毒株核苷酸序列同源性为95%～99.7%,3个分离株之间的核苷酸序列同源性为97.6%～98.5%,与PCV1分离株核苷酸序列同源性为69%～70%。进化分析表明,本研究2009年分离的3株PCV2属于基因型PCV-2a。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein