The impact of shade on morphology,growth and biomass allocation in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Picea sitchensis</Emphasis>, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Larix</Emphasis> × <Emphasis Type="Italic">eurolepis</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Thuja plicata</Emphasis>

To determine the effect of shade on morphology, growth and biomass allocation in Picea sitchensis, Larix × eurolepis and Thuja plicata, seedlings were grown in the open or under shadehouses providing 25%, 50% and 75% reductions of full-light for two growing seasons. For most of the characteristics assessed there was no significant interaction between species and shade indicating that the morphological responses to changing shade treatments were not species-dependent. After two growing seasons the mean height increment for the three species was significantly greater in 25% (76.1 cm) and 50% shade (74.9 cm) than in the open (69.5 cm). Root collar diameter increment, shoot, root and total biomass declined significantly with increasing shade while the opposite was true for the height:diameter ratio. In both western red cedar and hybrid larch the shoot:root ratio was significantly greater in the shade while in Sitka spruce this characteristic was not influenced by shade. While all species had significantly greater specific shoot areas in 75% shade than in 0% shade, this trend was particularly pronounced in hybrid larch. In hybrid larch and western red cedar, the normalised specific projected shoot area increased significantly with increasing shade. The opposite trend was observed for Sitka spruce. We conclude that in the main the species studied demonstrated similar shade acclimation responses despite their reported differences in shade tolerance.     

Effects of deer browsing on the survival and growth of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Abies homolepis</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Picea jezoensis</Emphasis> var. <Emphasis Type="Italic">hondoensis</Emphasis> seedlings after fencing on Mt. Ohdaigahara

We evaluated the survival and growth of Abies homolepis and Picea jezoensis var. hondoensis seedlings on Mt. Ohdaigahara, where the population of sika deer (Cervus nippon) is high and an experimental fence has been in place for 13 years. No significant differences were detected in the survival of small seedlings between fenced and unfenced plots. The growth of A. homolepis was significantly higher in the fenced plot, but growth of P. jezoensis var. hondoensis did not show significant differences between fenced and unfenced plots. Seedlings of height ≤5 cm in the forest floor vegetation of the unfenced plot were probably too small for deer to find and browse, so they survived.     

Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of Camptotheca acuminata

UGPase gene related with wood cellulose synthesis was transferred into C. acuminata using the method of Agrobacte- rium-mediated genetic transformation, and an efficient transformation system was developed for C. acuminata on the basis of evaluations of several factors affecting Agrobacterium-mediated DNA transfer rate. The highest transformation rate was achieved when pre-cultttred leaf explants were infected with an Agrobacterium culture corresponding to OD600 （0.5） for 10 min, and cultured on explant regeneration medium for three days. The results of Southern hybridization showed that genomic DNA of the kanamycin-resistant shoots to an UGPase gene probe substantiated the integration of the transgene. Transformation efficiency （6%） was achieved under the optimized transformation procedure, This system should facilitate the introduction of important useful genes into C, acuminata.     

Impacts of nursery cultural treatments on stress tolerance in 1 + 0 container white spruce (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Picea glauca</Emphasis> [Moench] Voss) seedlings for summer-planting

Impacts of nursery cultural treatments (T) on stress tolerance of greenhouse-grown 1 + 0 container white spruce (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss) seedlings (mean height 24 cm, root collar diameter 3.1 mm) for summer planting were studied. Seedlings were subjected to 12-h short-day treatments of 0 (T0), 3 (T3), 7 (T7), 10 (T10), or 15 (T15) days, followed by 0, 7, 17, 40, or 46 days of reduced N supply, respectively. Relevant physiological and morphological factors were examined concurrently. Foliar N concentrations exceeded optimal levels and differed little among treatments, suggesting a minor confounding role for N reduction. Both frost and drought tolerance increased incrementally from T0 through T15. Electrolyte leakage index decreased steadily from T0 (25% for roots, 17% for needles) to T15 (1% for roots, 2% for needles) after 2-h exposure of fine roots to − 2°C and of needles to − 8°C. Withholding soil watering for 19 days caused 80% mortality among seedlings in T0, 50% in T3, and < 10% in T7–T15. The transpiration decline curve suggested that enhanced drought tolerance was largely attributable to quicker stomatal closure during water stress and lower cuticular transpiration rate. The treatments increased root growth capacity on a per-seedling, but not per-root-mass, basis. Needle primordia were developed in all T7-T15 seedlings but not in T0 and T3 treatments, suggesting that nurseries may need no more than 7 days of blackout application for conditioning spruce seedlings for summer planting. Shoot dry weight fraction increased gradually from T0 through T15 and was linearly correlated with needle specific weight and frost tolerance, and may thus be useful in monitoring progress of conditioning treatments.     

Variation in pitch canker resistance among provenances of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus patula</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus tecunumanii</Emphasis> from Mexico and Central America

Pinus patula and high-elevation (HE) sources of P. tecunumanii exhibit intermediate levels of resistance to pitch canker (Fusarium circinatum), compared to extremely resistant species such as P. oocarpa, and extremely susceptible species such as P. radiata. Seedlings from 20 P. patula provenances and 15 HE P. tecunumanii provenances were artificially inoculated with the pitch canker fungus at 21 and 12 weeks of age, respectively, and assessed for resistance 12–20 weeks later. There was important provenance variation in pitch canker resistance for both species. The 20-week LiveStem percentage ranged from 70.3% to 43.6% among the P. patula provenances and 59.6% to 11.7% among HE P. tecunumanii provenances. There was a geographic pattern to the provenance variation, and in both species, low altitude sources demonstrated more resistance than those from high elevation. Provenance variation in pitch canker resistance could be useful when making selection and breeding decisions with these species.     

Evaluation of efficiency of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Trichogramma evanescens</Emphasis> reared on different factitious hosts to control <Emphasis Type="Italic">Helicoverpa armigera</Emphasis>

The release of mass propagated egg parasitoids could be one option to control the lepidopteran pests. The efficiency of the parasitoid Trichogramma evanescens (Westwood) reared on eggs of three different factitious hosts; Sitotroga cerealella, Ephestia kuehniella and Galleria mellonella was studied for controlling bollworm Helicoverpa armigera. Efficiency of Trichogramma was studied by measuring parasitism rates, emergence rates, longevity and sex ratio. Wasps reared from each source were tested on the source host and on the target host, H. armigera under laboratory conditions. Rates of parasitism on H. armigera eggs, emergence rates of parasitoids and their longevity were the highest for wasps reared on H. armigera. Wasps reared on S. cerealella gave comparable rates. However, wasps from E. kuehniella gave the lower rates and G. mellonella gave the lowest ones. Parasitized eggs of H. armigera and S. cerealella produced more parasitoid females than eggs of E. kuehniella and G. mellonella. Results are discussed for magnifying efficiency of the parasitoid in controlling H. armigera in the field.     

Inoculation with the ectomycorrhizal fungi <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pisolithus arhizus</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Scleroderma</Emphasis> sp. improves early growth of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Shorea pinanga</Emphasis> nursery seedlings

Trees of the family Dipterocarpaceae are the dominant trees in Southeast Asian tropical forests where they play an important ecological role and are also important commercially. An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of ectomycorrhizal fungi on the growth of dipterocarp species in peat soils. Seedlings of Shorea pinanga were inoculated with spores of two ectomycorrhizal fungi, Pisolithus arhizus and Scleroderma sp. were grown in pots containing sterilized peat soil for 7 months. The percentage of ectomycorrhizal colonization on S. pinanga exceeded 86%. Colonization of S. pinanga roots by ectomycorrhizal fungi resulted in increased shoot height, stem diameter, number of leaves, and shoot fresh and dry weight. Survival rates of S. pinanga were greater for inoculated seedlings than control seedlings. These results suggest that inoculation of ectomycorrhizal fungi can improve the early growth of S. pinanga grown in tropical forests and that this technique will accelerate the rehabilitation of degraded dipterocarp forests.     

Problems of using pines in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tuber melanosporum</Emphasis> culture: soils and truffle harvest associated with <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus nigra</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">P. sylvestris</Emphasis>

In Mediterranean pine forests, truffles and mushrooms generate greater profits than any other woodland products. However, there are no studies on Tuber melanosporum Vittad. associated with pines. For this reason, we have carried out a study of this truffle in mountain woods with Pinus sylvestris L. and P. nigra Arnold subsp. salzmannii (Dunal) Franco, in central Spain. Two hundred and eight Tuber melanosporum burns were monitored for 7 years in five different habitats within the same geographical area. An ANOVA test confirmed significant differences in carpophore production. In higher producing habitats, pines were less abundant. We also confirmed that in 433 burns, T. melanosporum was always unequivocally associated with the root base of Quercus or Corylus trees. Similarly, 14 truffle collectors confirmed that they had never found a single burn with carpophore production associated exclusively with pines. Nevertheless, soil analyses indicated that the soil of these pine woods was very favourable to Tuber melanosporum. We therefore conclude that at present Pinus nigra salzmannii and P. sylvestris are of little interest to Tuber melanosporum culture, as they hinder carpophore production. However, this study has also confirmed that Pinus nigra salzmannii and P. sylvestris mycorrhize easily with Tuber melanosporum, both in the laboratory and in natural environments. On this basis, we propose that pines may act as transmitters of T. melanosporum, although they do not induce fruiting. As a result, the commercial cultivation of Pinus nigra salzmannii and P. sylvestris seedlings mycorrhized with Tuber melanosporum is not recommended in truffle culture at the present time.     

Nutrient element contents of cutting seedlings of hybrid species （ Liriodendron chinense x tulipifera）

The cutting seedlings ofLiriodendron chinense xtulipifera were treated with the different concentrations of auxin (treatment₁: IBA of 50 g·kg⁻¹+NAA of 300 g·kg⁻¹; treatment₂; IBA of 100 g·kg⁻¹+NAA of 300 g·kg⁻¹). The biomass nutrient element contents for different organs (root, stem, leaf) of cutting seedling ofLiriodendron chinense xtulipifera were measured by the dry method, Kjeldahl method and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy method. The result showed that the biomass of root, stem, and leaf of the cutting seedling treated with auxin was all remarkably increased. The contents of element C in root, stem and leaf had no significant difference between the control and auxin treatments, while the contents of N, P, K and Ca in stem were much lower than that in leaf and root. Variance analysis showed that for the same organ with different concentration treatment of auxin, the four nutrient elements (N, P, K, and Ca) had no significant difference in contents, while there existed significant or very significant difference in contents of the four nutrient elements in different organs with the same concentration auxin treatment. The N, P, K and Ca contents were very low in cutting seedlings; as a result, additional fertilizer should be applied to the seedlings when they were planted in the field. Foundation item: This paper was supported by Jiangsu Province Science Foundation (BE96350). Biography: ZHANG Xiao-ping, (1972-), female, Ph. Doctor in Nanjing Forestry University. Nanjing 210037, P. R. China. Responsible editor: Zhu Hong     

Effects of thinning on wind damage in Pinus thunbergii plantation ——Based on theoretlcal derlvation of risk—ratios for assessing wind damage

Based on paper of “Theoretical derivation of risk-ratios for assessing wind damage in coastal forest“,wind damage in the pine coasteal forest,which was thinned at four levels in December of 1997,was investigated for four successive growing seasons.Besides wind damage,the wind profiles outside and inside the coastal forest stand and the distributions of optical stratification porosity (OSP) were also observed.Based on these data,risk-ratios of wind damage for both individual trees and stands were estimated according to the methods developed in “Theoretical derivation of risk-ratios for assessing wind damage in a coastal forest“.The results showed that risk-ratios of wind damage,which were calculated from the meen height and diameter only and from the combination of wind and stand sructure profiles,accurately predicted wind damage in the plantation.Relationships between different thinning ratios and incidence of wind damage showed that stand stability decreased soon after the thinning.This was due to the immediate effects of thinning on increasing the canopy roughness and wind load,and on decreasing the sheltering effects from surrounding trees.However,thinning strategies could improve the stability by long-term effects on growthand development of trees against extreme wind.Only canopy damage was recorded during the experimental period,no stem damage was found,even though the maximum 10-min wind speed outside the coastal forest attained 30.2m s^-1.The results obtained in this study indicate that thinning is the most effective silvicultural strategy available for managing coastal forest despite the increased probability of wind damage soon after thinning.     

Phenotypic variation in thirteen native provenances of Lespedeza bicolor Turcz

Lespedeza bicolor Turcz is a native shrub in the temperate region of China. Thirteen provenances of L. bicolor were inves-tigated in our study. Morphological diversity among and within provenances were analyzed based on 19 phenotypic traits, including seven vegetative growth characteristics, nine floral traits and three pod characteristics. The coefficient of variation (CV) ranged from 6.4% to 65.4% and the phenotypic differentiation coefficient from 43.3% to 97.3%. Analyses of variance showed that there were extremely significant variations among and within provenances in pod length. Differences in plant height, inter-nodal length, number of branches, leaf width, leaf length and leaf area were not remarkable among provenance, but distinct within provenances. Other traits showed evidence of contrasts. Variation among provenances was the main part of phenotypic variation. Correlation analysis indicated that there were highly significant positive correlations between plant height and other vegetative growth characteristics. Floral traits were not associated with vegetative growth characteristics. The 13 provenances of L. bicolor investigated can be classi-fied into three groups according to a UPGMA cluster analysis.     

Introduction of mitochondrial DNA from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pleurotus ostreatus</Emphasis> into <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pleurotus pulmonarius</Emphasis> by interspecific protoplast fusion

Interspecific protoplast fusion between two monokaryotic strains (a methionine auxotrophic and chloramphenicol-resistant Pleurotus ostreatus strain and a wild-type strain of Pleurotus pulmonarius) was carried out to introduce mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from P. ostreatus into P. pulmonarius. Because mycelial colonies regenerated on minimum medium containing chloramphenicol only after the treatment of protoplast electrofusion, the regenerants were regarded as protoplast fusants. The fusants isolated from regenerated colonies were uninucleate, and their resistance of chloramphenicol seemed to be a stable trait. The fusants mated with P. pulmonarius but not with P. ostreatus, and showed almost identical random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) patterns to that of the parental P. pulmonarius monokaryon. The sizes of mitochondrial genomes were estimated to be 81.5 kb for P. ostreatus monokaryon, 54.9 kb for P. pulmonarius monokaryon, and 84.5 or 86.0 kb for the fusants. BamHI and EcoRI digest patterns of the fusant mtDNAs were almost the same as the parental P. ostreatus monokaryon. From the above results, the fusants seemed to carry nuclei derived from the monokaryon of P. pulmonarius and mtDNA including the chloramphenicol-resistance gene from the P. ostreatus monokaryon, suggesting that the P. ostreatus mtDNA had been introduced into P. pulmonarius cells by interspecific protoplast fusion. Contribution No. 383 of the Tottori Mycological Institute     

High-level expression of 4-coumarate:coenzyme A ligase gene Pt4CL1 of Populus tomentosa in E. coli

In order to investigate the enzymatic properties of the 4CL1 of Populus tomentosa, the recombinant expression vector pQE31-4CL1 was constructed. The recombinant was identified by three restriction endonucleases, then the vector pQE31-4CL1 was transformed into expression host M15 (pREP4) and induced by isopropyl-α-D-thiogalactoside (IPTG) to express 60 kD fused protein Pt4CL1. The biologically active Pt4CL1, expressed as soluble protein, was achieved with 0.6 mmol·L-1 IPTG induction as the ex-pression temperature declined from 37 to 28°C. The 6×His tag facilitates affinity binding to Ni2 -nitrolotriacetic acid (NTA) and enables one-step purification to acquire the molecular SDS-PAGE electrophoresis purity of the active 4CL1 protein by agarose cou-pled with Ni2 -NTA affinity chromatography. The optimal substrate for Pt4CL1 was 4-coumarate.     

Dynamics of non-structural carbohydrate reserves in pruned <Emphasis Type="Italic">Erythrina poeppigiana</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gliricidia sepium</Emphasis> trees

In alley cropping systems, fast growing leguminous trees are pruned to reduce competition with crops for light and to provide organic inputs for crop nutrition. Tree regrowth depends on non-structural carbohydrate reserves in the remaining tree parts. In this study, the dynamics of starch and soluble carbohydrates in roots and stems of completely pruned (all shoots removed), partially pruned (one branch retained on the pruned stump) and unpruned Erythrina poeppigiana (Walp.) O.F. Cook and Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp. trees were studied under humid tropical conditions in Turrialba, Costa Rica. Measurements on starch and soluble carbohydrates in roots and stems were made at 0, 2, 6 and 12 weeks after pruning during both a “rainy” and a “dry” season. In general, the dynamics of non-structural carbohydrates in roots and stems of pruned E. poeppigiana and G. sepium trees were similar. Starch concentration was highest in unpruned trees and higher in roots than in stems of pruned trees. The effect of pruning intensity was first observed in stems, and starch reserves were more depleted in stems than in roots, an effect more evident during the “dry” season. The critical tree regrowth stage for starch mobilisation was that of vigorous sprout development at six or four weeks after pruning particularly in completely pruned trees. At this time, fine root biomass and length and nodule biomass in pruned trees decreased. Survival of fine roots and nodules was greater in partially pruned than in completely pruned trees. Starch accumulation in roots recommenced at 12 weeks after pruning in G. sepium, and later than 12 weeks after pruning in E. poeppigiana roots. This study showed that E. poeppigiana responded better to pruning regimes than G. sepium. Recovery of trees after pruning is better when trees are partially pruned than when completely pruned.     

忍冬和华南忍冬叶表皮扫描电镜观察及其生态适应性研究

利用扫描电镜观察了忍冬（Lonicera jàponica Thunb）和华南忍冬（Lonicera confus）叶表皮形态特征,观察指标包括：气孔器、表皮毛、表皮细胞等.结果表明：气孔仅分布在下表皮,气孔器呈无规则型散生;上表皮细胞的垂周壁呈沟槽状下陷;下表皮密被表皮毛（包括腺状毛和非腺毛）,同时还分布有瘤状的草酸钙簇晶.为进一步证明这种瘤状结构是否为草酸钙簇晶,作者发现利用Fluo-3/AM（钙离子荧光指示剂）处理的活体叶片在激光共聚焦显微镜下能够发出强烈的荧光.此外,通过电子探针对瘤状物进行分析,发现其元素组成为C、O、Ca.上述叶表皮构造特征,有利于减少植物体水分散失,还有助于植物适应富钙的石灰土,从而适应我国西南岩溶区特殊的干旱、富钙的环境.电镜观察结果表明,在忍冬叶上表皮中脉处有呈线状分布的腺状表皮毛,而华南忍冬叶上表皮则无表皮毛分布,这一微形态特征可以作为二者种间特异性差别,从而为二者的合理区分提供一定的依据.     

Inhibition of the regeneration of Japanese black pine (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus thunbergii</Emphasis>) by black locust (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Robinia pseudoacacia</Emphasis>) in coastal sand dunes

Pine forests are declining because of pine wilt disease and Robinia pseudoacacia, a nitrogen-fixing species, is dominating coastal forests along the Sea of Japan. We examined the effects of R. pseudoacacia on the regeneration of a native pine species, Pinus thunbergii. Two 200 m² plots were set up at the border of a P. thunbergii and R. pseudoacacia-dominated area in a coastal forest. We conducted monthly censuses of emergence, distribution and survival of pine seedlings in the plots from May 2003 to December 2004. Light intensity and soil properties were also measured to analyze the relationships between the survival of pine seedlings and environmental conditions using the Mantel test and the structural equation model. Pinus thunbergii seedlings emerged in spring–early summer and in late autumn. Survival of pine seedlings in the R. pseudoacacia-dominated subplots was less than half that in the pine-dominated subplots. Survival of pine seedlings emerging in May 2003 was significantly reduced by the lower light intensity and higher soil nitrogen in R. pseudoacacia-dominated subplots. The tendency was the same for seedlings emerging from April to May 2004. We concluded that R. pseudoacacia reduced the intensity of light during the growing season and increased the nitrogen content of soil, which resulted in inhibition of the natural regeneration of P. thunbergii.     

Analysis of sawn lumber production from logging residues of branchwood of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aningeria robusta</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Terminalia ivorensis</Emphasis>

One way of meeting the supply demands of the wood industry is through the reduction of waste in timber processing. It has been estimated in Ghana that for every tree felled, nearly 50% of the tree volume is left in the forest in the form of branches, crownwood, and stumps. In this study, the potential of utilizing branchwood as raw material from logging residues to help meet the timber demands of the downstream processing sector was analyzed experimentally. The sawing characteristics of the branchwood of Aningeria robusta and Terminalia ivorensis with diameters in the range 10–25 cm using live sawing and cant sawing methods were determined using a randomized complete block design, 2 × 4 factorial with three replications. Experimental results indicate that, the relative lumber value yields for first and second grade boards of A. robusta and T. ivorensis branches were 25 and 20%, respectively, while the green lumber volume yields were 40 and 32%, respectively. A high proportion of sapwood and the occurrence of washboarding in T. ivorensis contributed to that species’ relatively low lumber value and volume yield. The experimental results further indicate that the sawing technique used had no significant influence on lumber yields. However, at 5% level of significance, significant differences in lumber yield existed between some of the diameter classes.     

Summer field performance of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Quercus petraea</Emphasis> (Matt.) Liebl and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Quercus pyrenaica</Emphasis> Willd seedlings,planted in three sites with contrasting canopy cover

In 2000, one-year-old seedlings of pyrenean oak (Quercus pyrenaica Willd.) and sessile oak (Quercus petraea [Matt.] Liebl) were planted in a thinned and an unthinned plot in a pinewood (Pinus sylvestris), and in a nearby clearing. In summer 2002 and 2003, water relations and gas exchange parameters were measured to address the impact of drought on the seedlings. Chlorophyll a fluorescence was also measured to explore leaf photochemistry and a possible non-stomatal limitation to photosynthesis (A). Reduction in stomatal conductance (g) in response to the decrease of predawn water potential (Ψ_pd) resulted the main cause affecting net carbon uptake. Water potential at midday (Ψ_md) was similar in both species but Quercus petraea was more sensitive to soil water deployment occurred along summer, showing slightly lower Ψ_pd because worse recover of water potential during night. Rate of photosynthesis was higher in Q.␣pyrenaica probably in relation to its greater leaf mass per area (LMA) and nitrogen content per leaf area (N_a). Mortality was highest in the clearing and lowest in the thinned pinewood. Throughout the summer, soil moisture was higher in the thinned area, possibly because of the reduction in tree transpiring surface and interception of rainfall. Accordingly, Ψ_pd of both species was higher in the thinned site.     

Dynamics of Zn between soil and plant in Northeast Leymus chinensis grassland

A study was conducted to determine the dynamic of Zn content between soil and plant in the natural protection zone of Leymus chinensis grassland in Changling County (44°30′–44°45′N; 123°31′–124°10′E), Jilin Province, China. Results showed that the total Zn content was lower, available Zn content had a moderate level in the soil, and the plants was not lack of Zn. During the growing season, content of total Zn and available Zn in soil showed a down-trend distribution along the soil profile. Content of total Zn had a significantly positive correlation with that of the organic matter, but it was negatively correlated to soil pH. Monthly dynamic of the average content of total Zn showed a “V” type curve in the growing season from May to August, and July was the nadir. The trend of the average content of available Zn was similar to the content of total Zn, but was down after August; Zn content variation in the organs and litter of L. chinensis was great, with the order of root>rhizome >leaf>stem>litter. The ratio of available Zn content in A layer versus B layer was more than 2 times that of the total Zn, which indicated that the soil of A layer had higher enrichment capacity of available Zn. The enrichment of Zn in the root of L. chinensis was 44.17 times as that in the soil. The absorbing intensity of root had a significantly negative correlation with the activity of Zn in the soil (r=−0.8800, p<0.01). Biography: ZHOU Xiao-mei (1966–), female, Ph.D., associate professor of Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, P.R. China.     

Introduced <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eucalyptus</Emphasis> psyllids in Brazil

In the last 10 years, four species of psyllid were detected in Brazil on eucalypts: Ctenarytaina spatulata in 1994, Blastopsylla occidentalis in 1997, Ctenarytaina eucalypti in 1998 and Glycaspis brimblecombei in 2003. The latter two are serious pests in several countries. In Brazil, G. brimblecombei caused significant damage to the eucalypt plantations in the first years of its introduction. Now this pest is under control due to the programmes of integrated pest management, where the parasitoid is the principal control agent. The four eucalypt psyllid species introduced into Brazil are presented with information on distribution, hosts, biology and control.