低能N+注入紫花苜蓿生物学效应初步研究

对N 注入紫花苜蓿Medicago sativa所引起生物学效应从生理生化层面进行了较系统的研究,结果显示:在低剂量范围内(0~2.08×1016N /cm2),N 注入对紫花苜蓿种子存在当代刺激效应,所研究的几种生理生化指标相对CK都有所提高。剂量为6.24×1016~8.32×1016N /cm2的N 注入对紫花苜蓿种子存在反常辐照损伤效应。即随着N 注入剂量增加,各生理生化指标先降,后升,再降。N 注入使紫花苜蓿过氧化物酶同工酶酶谱发生变异。处理组与对照组扩增出的相同谱带亦存在谱带荧光强度有差异的现象。另外,对N 注入束介导大豆基因组DNA转入紫花苜蓿做了初步研究,结果M2总性状突变率达到19.8%,并得到3株叶片粗蛋白含量较高的突变株(粗蛋白含量比对照高约0.5%)、1株高叶绿素含量的突变株(叶绿素含量比对照高33.3%)。     

N+注入对甘草种子萌发和根发育效应及作用机制

甘草种子注入25 keV,剂量≤4.68×1016 个/cm2 N 对种子萌发的成活率和根发育表现为刺激效应,更高剂量的N 注入表现出"损伤-修复-损伤"的效应趋势,表明离子注入的能量沉积和动量传递效应产生的自由基伤害与质量沉积和电荷的中和效应对自由基的清除是一个动态反应过程.25 keV,4.68×1016 个/cm2 N 注入能提高甘草种子萌发成活率,促进根发育,提高幼苗的耐旱特性,可用于沙漠植被甘草种子的前处理.     

低能N~+束诱发对狗牙根种子发芽能力的影响

探索低能N+束对狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon)的诱变效应及其机理,研究M1代种子发芽状况为确定其适宜的诱变参数奠定基础。通过LZD-1000离子注入机将N+束注入狗牙根干种子,研究N+束引起种子发芽能力的变化。结果表明,注入一定剂量的N+束可以促进狗牙根种子发芽,但注入时间以5 s为宜,超过5 s其发芽能力急剧下降。5 s注入时间下6种剂量处理的种子发芽率、发芽势和活力指数均值分别高出对照10%、9%和16,10 s注入时间下3项指标均值分别低于对照55%、15%和134,不同剂量对种子发芽率、发芽势及活力指数的影响存在显著差异(3项指标F值分别为638.13、109.31和2.16,均大于F0.05(12,26)=2.15)。在20 keV能量下,注入时间为5 s和剂量为80×1014ions/cm2是N+束注入诱变狗牙根育种最有效的诱变参数,可诱使狗牙根种子萌发状况发生较大的变异。     

转红树总DNA紫花苜蓿T1代耐盐株系的生理生化特性分析

以花粉管通道法转红树总DNA紫花苜蓿阿尔冈金T₁代耐盐植株幼苗为材料,经300 mmol/L NaCl处理后,测定叶绿素、脯氨酸、丙二醛含量和抗氧化酶活性等耐盐相关生理生化指标。结果显示,转基因株系叶绿素含量下降0.09~0.29倍,而对照植株下降0.32倍;转基因株系脯氨酸含量升高1.2~4.2倍,对照植株的脯氨酸升高0.9倍;转基因株系丙二醛含量升高0.15~0.29倍,对照植株的丙二醛含量升高0.36倍;转基因株系超氧化物歧化酶活性升高0.20~0.25倍,对照植株的超氧化物歧化酶活性升高0.19倍;转基因株系过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性分别是对照的1.6~5.6倍和1.2~1.3倍。转基因株系表现出耐盐植物的生理生化特性。     

光叶紫花苕子浸提液对4种牧草种子萌发过程的化感作用

以光叶紫花苕子为供体植物,采用生物测定法,研究供体材料地上部及地下部不同浓度浸提液(2.5、5.0、10.0、20.0、40.0 g·L^-1)对燕麦、黑麦草、紫花苜蓿和白三叶4种牧草种子萌发过程的影响,以期为牧草间的轮作提供理论依据。结果表明:在供试浓度范围内,光叶紫花苕子地上部浸提液明显抑制紫花苜蓿和白三叶的种子萌发,且白三叶种子发芽率随着浓度的增加而降低,40 g·L^-1处理下的白三叶种子发芽率与对照相比减少62.5%;光叶紫花苕子地下部浸提液抑制黑麦草、紫花苜蓿和白三叶幼苗根长,其中,40 g·L^-1处理下紫花苜蓿根长与对照相比抑制作用最为显著,抑制率达64.94%;在地下部浸提液对4种牧草幼苗苗高的影响中,紫花苜蓿幼苗苗高在40 g·L^-1处理下与对照相比差异显著。同时发现,不同浓度的浸提液处理均降低黑麦草、紫花苜蓿和白三叶幼苗叶绿素含量,而增加燕麦幼苗叶绿素含量,在20 g·L^-1地下部浸提液处理下,燕麦叶绿素含量与对照相比增加144.23%;地下部浸提液均显著增加紫花苜蓿与白三叶幼苗过氧化物酶(POD)活性,与对照相比差异显著;浸提液处理可增加白三叶幼苗的过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,但其降低紫花苜蓿幼苗的CAT活性。     

紫花苜蓿总皂甙测定及不同组织含量分布的研究

以紫花苜蓿中苜1号为研究对象,采用固相萃取(SPE)纯化后紫外分光光度(UV)法对紫花苜蓿不同组织中的总皂甙含量进行比较研究。通过对总皂甙提取纯化工艺进行优化,以香草醛-高氯酸为显色剂使皂甙显色后,用分光光度法(λ=545nm)对紫花苜蓿根、茎、叶、种子及全株总皂甙含量进行测定。结果表明,最佳提取纯化工艺为:70%乙醇溶液进行超声辅助提取、提取液注入Sep-Pak C18后用水和30%甲醇淋洗纯化,最终4ml甲醇洗脱总皂甙。紫花苜蓿不同部位总皂甙含量分布不均匀:根1.98%~2.27%、茎0.87%~0.97%、叶1.15%~1.30%、种子0.88%~0.99%、全株1.08%~1.23%。     

低温干旱复合胁迫对8个紫花苜蓿品种形态和生理特征的影响

紫花苜蓿种植中普遍遭受低温和干旱胁迫，是亟需重视的问题。本研究选择8个代表性的紫花苜蓿品种作为试验材料，采用盆栽方式模拟低温和土壤干旱环境，通过测定株高、叶绿素、过氧化物酶(Peroxidase,POD)、过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)等形态生理指标，来研究低温干旱复合胁迫对紫花苜蓿的影响。结果显示，与对照组相比，低温干旱处理后各品种紫花苜蓿的形态指标如株高、叶长、叶宽等以及叶绿素含量、氮含量、POD、CAT等生理指标均呈下降趋势。隶属函数综合评价与株高、叶绿素含量和氮含量均呈显著相关关系，表明这三个指标是评价苜蓿抗低温干旱复合胁迫的重要参数。基于隶属函数值综合指数对紫花苜蓿品种在低温干旱环境下的抗逆性进行评价，表现较好的品种为‘东苜2号’及‘北极熊’。     

中苜1号紫花苜蓿高效共生根瘤菌的筛选

研究8株根瘤菌对"中苜1号"紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.cv.Zhongmu No.1)的接种效果。结果表明:8株根瘤菌接种效果差异明显;接种后干草重、根瘤数、干根重、粗蛋白质含量比对照分别增加了3.8%~26.12%、2.9%~41.43%、5.8%~41.38%和2.39%~8.5%;筛选出与中苜1号最佳共生匹配的根瘤菌ACCC17544,该菌株能增强其共生固氮效果,既提高干草产量,又增加粗蛋白质含量,具有一定的生产应用价值。     

紫花苜蓿种子含水量对卫星搭载诱变效应的影响

利用实践八号育种卫星搭载水分含量分别为9%、11%、13%、15%、17%的紫花苜蓿品种"中苜一号"(Medicago sativa L.cv.Zhongmu No.1)种子,返回后对其各发芽指标、分枝数、叶面积、株高进行测定。结果表明:不同水分含量对紫花苜蓿种子活力及植株生长发育具有影响,未搭载13%~17%含水量的种子发芽率、发芽势、株高、分枝数和叶面积均不同程度低于自然含水量种子;高水分含量可以提高空间诱变效率,搭载后13%~17%含水量种子各项指标均高于相应对照;含水量13%~15%为紫花苜蓿种子卫星搭载进行品种选育的适宜含水量。     

秋水仙素处理对根茎型清水紫花苜蓿抗旱性的影响

采用0.05%,0.1%和0.2%3个浓度秋水仙素对根茎型清水紫花苜蓿种子进行4h处理,在幼苗3~4叶期进行干旱胁迫,通过测定胁迫0、3、6、9及12d复水后叶片相对含水量(RWC)、丙二醛(MDA)、游离脯氨酸(Pro)及叶绿素含量,研究不同浓度处理下清水紫花苜蓿对干旱胁迫的适应能力。结果表明:随着干旱胁迫时间的延长,清水紫花苜蓿叶片RWC及叶绿素含量呈现降低趋势,且均在0.2%处理下降低最小;而MDA及Pro含量呈不同程度增加,但MDA含量在0.1%处理下积累最少,而Pro含量在0.2%处理下积累最多。同时,对各处理植株的叶片RWC、Pro含量、MDA含量及叶绿素含量4个生理生化指标进行综合分析,得出不同浓度秋水仙素处理的根茎型清水紫花苜蓿植株抗旱性强弱顺序为:0.1%0.05%0.2%CK。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -