甘肃省梯田埂坎利用区划研究

梯田埂坎是一部分未被充分利用却蕴藏着具大潜力的土地资源,进行梯田埂坎利用区划,研究埂坎经济植物的适生区域,对指导开发利用梯田埂坎、使其效益达到最大化具有很重要的意义。研究中根据甘肃省各地的气候资料,结合植被区划,用系统聚类分析法,对全省梯田埂坎进行区划。按照区划结果,把梯田埂坎利用区划系统分为:Ⅰ黄河流域,包括:Ⅰ1白银耐旱灌草利用区、Ⅰ2兰州灌草利用区、Ⅰ3定西临夏灌草乔利用区、Ⅰ4平凉庆阳天水乔灌草利用区、Ⅰ5甘南草原区。Ⅱ长江流域,包括:Ⅱ1陇南乔灌草利用区。根据各区的具体情况提出了各区的适宜栽培品种。     

太行山低山石灰岩区水土保持林地类型研究

通过对太行山低山石灰岩区水保林定性和定量兼有的１３个变量，１７０块标地调查，采用主成分分析方法，对该区的水保林进行排序，结果≤５００ｍ丘陵区可划分为四个类型：灌木盖度〉２０％侧柏，山皂荚乔灌草型，灌木盖度≤２０％侧柏，白草乔草灌云南省 枯落物荆条，酸枣灌草型；无枯     

花岗岩侵蚀区植被层次结构优化模式研究

通过在花岗岩侵蚀区组建不同层次结构的植物措施，对不同结构模式水保生态经济效能进行调查，并利用层次分析法对各模式的水保经济效能进行综合评价。结果表明：共岗岩侵蚀区的植被层次结构最佳模式是乔灌草结合的三层结构，它的生产量、拦截径流和减少土壤侵蚀能力最大，其次为灌草结构，再次为乔灌、乔草结构、最差的为乔木纯林。     

红壤侵蚀退化地不同生态恢复措施对土壤养分影响研究

以长汀县河田红壤严重侵蚀退化地为研究区,通过野外调查和室内分析,探讨了不同生态恢复措施对红壤侵蚀退化地土壤养分的影响.结果表明:采取6种生态恢复措施之后,改善了土壤的养分状况,土壤有机质、全氮、全磷含量较对照都有明显的提高,其中乔灌草混交、生态果园措施对提高土壤有机质和全氮的效果最好,条沟+草灌措施对提高全磷的效果较好;条沟+草灌措施和施肥治理措施对提高土壤全钾含量有一定效果;统计分析表明,不同生态恢复措施对土壤养分的改善效果大小顺序为:乔灌草混交>条沟+草灌>生态果园>全坡面播草>封禁>施肥措施.     

甘肃黄土高原区主要城市雨洪资源利用潜力

根据甘肃省黄土高原区城市雨洪资源的分布特征,选取主要城市兰州、定西、平凉、庆阳和天水为研究区,研究了各主要城市降水量特征变化规律,并对各主要城市雨洪资源利用潜力进行了分析计算。结果表明,兰州、定西、平凉、庆阳和天水雨洪资源的平均理论潜力分别为5.71×10⁷,8.61×10⁶,2.38×10⁷,7.62×10⁶和3.21×10⁷m³,平均可实现潜力分别为2.91×10⁷,4.65×10⁶,1.43×10⁷,4.87×10⁶和1.95×10⁷m³。计算结果说明,甘肃黄土高原区各主要城市雨洪资源利用潜力相对较大,具有很好的开发利用前景,并且可为黄土高原区城市雨洪资源高效利用和有效管理提供参考依据。     

高速公路路堤边坡土壤侵蚀特征与保土效益研究

为研究高速公路路堤边坡土壤侵蚀特征以及拱形框架梁植物防护的水土保持效益，选取了有代表性的三类植物配置进行定位观测和分析研究。结果表明：（1）降雨量与土壤侵蚀量呈显著的正相关关系；（2）在相同降雨条件下，路堤弃土弃渣边坡坡面的土壤平均侵蚀量为26796．7t／km^2，而拱形框架梁边坡三个实验区的土壤平均侵蚀量为19306．4t／km^2，表明框架梁植物防护措施明显地减少了边坡土壤侵蚀量；（3）在草本混播、草灌混播和草灌乔混播三类实验区中，其土壤侵蚀量分别为19206．4t／km^2、19806．6t／km^2和18906．3t／km^2，表明在植物生长初期一年内乔灌草混播类型保土效益优于草本混播和草灌混播类型。     

高速公路边坡三种植被恢复模式的生态效果评估

边坡的生态恢复是高速公路建设的重要组成部分,但如何恢复却有诸多争论。归纳起来,我国高速公路主要有3种植被恢复模式:单纯植草、灌草结合、乔灌草结合。选取了3种植被恢复模式的代表性公路进行植被调查,进而评估生态恢复效果,结果表明:思小高速公路乔灌草结合的恢复模式较其他高速公路单纯植草和灌草结合的植被恢复模式具有更好的生态恢复效果,它具有更丰富的群落结构和物种多样性,并能够更有效地阻止外来物种入侵,在高速公路边坡的生态恢复中应予大力倡导应用。     

基于MDC方法评价林下劣地碳氮提升对短期恢复措施的响应

为了评价林下侵蚀劣地碳氮提升对短期恢复管理措施的响应,选择基于最小可检测变化(minimum detectable change,MDC)设计的土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)和碱解氮(AN)随时间变化的随机分层采样方法,用以消除林下土壤碳氮的空间变异性。以南方红壤低山丘陵区马尾松林下侵蚀劣地为对象,共设置7个处理:无恢复措施(CT)、乔草+鱼鳞坑(FG)、乔灌+鱼鳞坑(FS)、乔灌草+鱼鳞坑(FGS)、乔草+小水平沟(FGP)、乔灌+小水平沟(FSP)、乔灌草+小水平沟(FGSP)。结果表明:试验进行1.5年后,各处理的总植被盖度较试验前显著增加,增加幅度为7%～50%,其中草灌植被盖度增加尤为明显。基于MDC结果,除FG、FS处理外,其余处理均可以检测到SOC的变化;除FG外,其余处理均可以检测到TN的变化,而所有处理均可以检测到AN的变化。与试验前相比,各恢复措施下SOC、TN和AN含量的增量分别为0.10～2.08 g/kg、0.02～0.13 g/kg和8.54～25.06 mg/kg。SOC、TN和AN的净增量百分数分别为34%～101%,35%～83%和14%～82%;SOC的净增量大小排序为FGSPFGFGPFGSFSPFS;而TN的净增量表现为FSFGSFGSPFGPFSPFG。小水平沟区组对SOC、TN和AN的增加明显高于鱼鳞坑区组。近地表草灌植被盖度是SOC、TN和AN提升的关键因素。本土先锋草灌植被与小水平沟复合配置措施是林下侵蚀劣地快速增碳固氮的有效措施,研究结果可为红壤林下侵蚀劣地恢复治理提供技术支撑。     

地面三维激光扫描方法研究红壤侵蚀恢复区植被垂直结构

利用地面三维激光扫描仪HDS 3000对南方红壤侵蚀恢复区植被样方进行扫描,提取了植被的平均树高、胸径,并分层反演了森林冠层及灌草层投影叶面积指数。结果表明:利用地面三维激光扫描仪能够准确获取样方尺度上的植被垂直结构信息,研究区整体投影叶面积指数达0.60,林冠层投影灌草层平均投影叶面积指数分别为0.37和0.41。样方植被整体的变异性较小,而垂直方向上林冠层和灌草层的变异性较大。成土母质是引起植被垂直结构差异的重要原因,不同成土母质红壤上植被垂直结构恢复度由高到低依次为:千枚岩林地红砂岩林地花岗岩林地,垂直结构恢复水平的不同引起了林下土壤侵蚀的差异。     

胡麻新品种天亚11号选育报告

天亚11号是甘肃农业职业技术学院通过航天搭载系统选育而成。2013 — 2014年参加甘肃省区域试验,2 a 20点(次)中有15点(次)增产,折合平均产量为1 830.15 kg/hm2,较对照品种陇亚10号增产12.51%。2015年在甘肃省统一生产试验中5点全部增产,折合平均产量2 166.75 kg/hm2,较对照品种陇亚10号平均增产32.71%。该品种属油纤兼用型品种,株高中等,花蓝色,籽粒褐色,幼苗直立,株型紧凑,成熟整齐,丰产性突出,含油率高,抗病性强,适应性广。生育期92～125 d,适宜在平凉、庆阳、天水、定西、白银、兰州、张掖等同类生态区种植。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.