麻疯树基因转化研究进展

麻疯树是生长在热带和亚热带地区的一种能生产非食用生物燃料的多功能能源树种。但是野生的麻疯树产量、油脂含量和抗病抗逆性参差不齐,因此培育出高产、优质的麻疯树新品种是迫在眉睫的工作。本文综述了麻疯树基因转化的进展,包括再生体系建立,基因克隆以及遗传转化研究。     

风雪灾害对濒危植物银鹊树种群结构的影响

在浙江九龙山国家级自然保护区选择受雪灾破坏严重的银鹊树(Tapiscia sinensis)林和基本未受破坏的银鹊树林进行研究,结果表明:①从种群径级结构来看,受雪灾破坏严重的种群,幼苗、幼树、小树数量严重不足,其数量仅为1株,相反未受破坏的样地中则低龄级个体充足;②从种群高度和冠幅来看,受雪灾破坏严重的种群中银鹊树种群高度明显低于未受破坏的种群,前者中中树和大树平均冠幅明显低于后者;③微地形、银鹊树树高和尖削度以及林分特征是银鹊树种群雪实受害严重的原因。     

贵州的麻疯树资源及其开发利用研究

麻疯树具有较高的经济价值。在介绍该树种的生物及生态学特性、主要用途及其种子油特性的基础上,评述了贵州省的麻疯树资源状况,进而针对其资源及利用的价值优势,对贵州痳疯树的开发利用前景作了较为深刻的论述。     

整地措施及苗木类型对麻疯树生长的影响研究

麻疯树耐旱、耐瘠薄,广泛分布于海拔1 500 m以下的干热河谷地区,不仅是干热河谷地区的水土保持树种,也是开发利用前景较好的能源植物。受立地条件及栽培管理措施的影响,双柏县麻疯树座果率低、单株产量小,产量极不稳定。2006～2011年在双柏县大沙坝进行不同整地措施和苗木类型造林试验,结果表明,科学整地、科学选择苗木及合理密植可促进麻疯树速生、丰产和稳产。     

黄檗种群保护与发展的对策与技术措施

以吉林上营森林经营局适宜黄檗生长的林分为对象,调查其野生种群的生存现状,结果表明:黄檗占林分株数的8.7%,天然更新的幼苗幼树占12.5%,长势良好。要继续加强黄檗天然种群的保护力度,依法严格禁止采伐利用,并加强巡护,保护野生植株不被破坏;同时可采取人工造林、冠下植苗补植与直播种子造林、加强天然幼苗幼树抚育、建立珍惜珍贵树种培育基地等技术措施,增加黄檗种群数量。     

贵州省麻疯树资源调查研究

为了解贵州省麻疯树的资源状况,为规模化培育麻疯树油料能源林提供技术贮备,对贵州省麻疯树的分布区、资源量和粗脂肪含量开展了调查和分析研究。贵州麻疯树资源分布在南、北盘江和红水河流域盘的乡镇,呈零星分布,为农家品种;现有资源结实量差异较大,一般单株种子产量在2~4kg,盛期可达15kg;不同产地种子粗脂肪含量差异较大,单株间亦存在差异;脂肪酸含量以油酸和亚油酸为主(77.37%),饱和脂肪酸含量少。     

我国生物柴油树种选择与评价

本文对生物柴油树种进行了筛选与评价,认为珍稀树种、优质干果树种、出种率低的树种、优质食用油料树种、大面积造林具有困难的树种不宜选作生物柴油树种.初步筛选文冠果、花椒、黄连木、乌桕、油桐、光皮树、麻疯树、绿玉树、椰子、油棕等10种作为生物柴油树种.分别对以上树种的形态特征、生态习性、苗木培育、栽植方法、病虫害、自然分布、种子产量、利用年限、目前的应用、含油量、提炼的生物柴油性质及与0号石化柴油燃料特性对比等做了调查和评价.对生物柴油树种发展的制约因子如黄连木种子小蜂、文冠果"千花一果"、麻疯树等产生的有毒物质进行了探讨.以花椒为例,对生物柴油林的经济效益进行了评估.     

云南省麻疯树资源调查分析

通过对云南省麻疯树的资源、自然分布及适宜种植地调查,表明云南省栽培麻疯树历史悠久,种质资源丰富,是麻疯树分布最多的省(区),在几大江河干、支流流域的干热(或干暖)河谷和南亚热带河谷地区分布最多.4～5月开花,9～10月果实成熟的种子产量最大,质量最好.发展麻疯树生物柴油原料林最好育苗造林,在种质资源收集保存的基础上,开展良种选育和丰产栽培配套技术研究,重视技术示范与推广应用,并与植被恢复及生态治理、农业产业结构调整相结合.     

攀枝花市麻疯树生殖构件特征与雌雄花配置研究

生殖构件是研究单性花同株植物性别分化影响因素的基础。本文描述了攀枝花市几个麻疯树林分的生殖构件数量特征和雌雄花配置问题,分析了影响生殖构件的可能因素,为认识麻疯树生殖特性提供了基础资料。麻疯树生殖构件的枝条长度主要以0．3cm～15cm、直径以0．5cm～1．0cm之间的枝条为主体,该区段生殖构件分布的频度较高。同时,麻疯树的雌花数量、雄花数量和花总数的数量结构都可以看出,分布图为偏左分布,表明这些生殖参数以低数量为主体。在样地水平上,不同调查样地麻疯树生殖构件的大小明显不同,可能受到土壤厚度的影响。麻疯树枝条大小（体积）是花数量的决定性因素,表明了枝条营养对生殖构件影响的有效性。麻疯树雌雄花配置存在明显的线性相关,暗示了麻疯树雌花比例或性比可能存在一定程度的遗传稳定性。雌花比例或性比与雄花数量、花总数无关,表明了雌花比例或性比决定受到环境因素影响。总之,攀枝花市麻疯树生殖构件偏小,性比较低,可能受到林分密度和土壤厚度等因素的影响。     

麻疯树种质资源及分布特点

麻疯树是广泛分布于我国热带、亚热带地区的一种多功能综合性树种。本文概述了麻疯树资源的用途和地理分布,以及我国麻疯树资源的分布特点和不同地区的分布差异,为麻疯树种质资源的调查、收集和评价工作提供参考。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.