Tillage and straw mulching impacts on grain yield and water use efficiency of spring maize in Northern Huang–Huai–Hai Valley

A two-year field experiment(2012–2013) was conducted to investigate the effects of two tillage methods and five maize straw mulching patterns on the yield, water consumption,and water use efficiency(WUE) of spring maize(Zea mays L.) in the northern Huang–Huai–Hai valley of China. Compared to rotary tillage, subsoil tillage resulted in decreases in water consumption by 6.3–7.8% and increases in maize yield by 644.5–673.9 kg ha-1, soil water content by 2.9–3.0%, and WUE by 12.7–15.2%. Chopped straw mulching led to higher yield,soil water content, and WUE as well as lower water consumption than prostrate whole straw mulching. Mulching with 50% chopped straw had the largest positive effects on maize yield, soil water content, and WUE among the five mulching treatments. Tillage had greater influence on maize yield than straw mulching, whereas straw mulching had greater influence on soil water content, water consumption, and WUE than tillage. These results suggest that 50% chopped straw mulching with subsoil tillage is beneficial in spring maize production aiming at high yield and high WUE in the Huang–Huai–Hai valley.     

地膜覆盖对春玉米产量、品质的影响机理研究

The influences of plastic film mulch on grain yield and seed quality of spring maize were studied under field experiment.The results showed that the micro-environment of maize was improved,water use efficiency(WUE) and grain yield were increased,and coarse starch content and seed bulk density were increased under the condition of plastic film mulch.The study also showed that the above results were due to water keeping and soil temperature increasing capability of plastic film which led to the improvement of soil microbe movement,the increase of soil available nutrient and the enhancement of root assimilating water and nutrient.Further,the root quantity and soil microbial biomass were increased,the stored nutrient of plant stem and leaves were also improved,the grouting intensity was enhanced and the period of that was also prolonged which lad to the more nutrients that were transformed during this period.All the factors finally led to the high grain yield and seed quality.     

玉米芽苗期抗旱性鉴定指标的选取

Utilized the 10 inbred lines of maize and matching the 24 hybrids as materials.By measuring 12 indicators for the maize seedling emergence stage under drought stress on the relative germination ratio,roots relative growth,sprout index of drought resisting,leaves relative water content,seedlings drought stress survival rate,seedling plant height and so on.And by utilized the gray correlation,hybrid heterosis and parent-offspring correlation analysis of corn shoots and identified the drought resistance indicators for evaluation and selection.The results showed seed germination index-tolerance,seedling survival rate could be defined as selection of the drought resistance indexes in maize seedling emergence stage resistance of the primary indicators.Root relative growth,relative water content,seedling height and relative germination rate may be taken as selection of the drought resistance indexes in maize seedling emergence stage resistance of the secondary indicators.     

几个常用玉米自交系耐旱性的比较

The author carried on this experiment using the shed of drought-resistance and studied the drought-resistance of six different common maize lines.The results showed that the drought resistances had much difference among different maize lines.The relative water contents,MDA contents,conductivity and drought resisting index of maize leaf could be the appraisal index of maize drought resistance.     

Performance and yield stability of maize hybrids in stress-prone environments in eastern Africa

Identification and deployment of high-yielding and stress-tolerant maize hybrids adapted to stress-prone agro-ecologies is important for improving the food security and livelihoods of smallholder farmers in eastern Africa.The objectives of this study were to(i)assess the performance of maize hybrids under well-watered and drought stress conditions;(ii)evaluate grain yield stability of 65 intermediate-maturing and 55 early-maturing hybrids in 24 well-watered locations and seven drought stress locations;and(iii)identify representative and/or discriminative testing locations for increasing genetic gains for the target traits.There were significant differences for grain yield among early-and intermediatematuring hybrids tested under well-watered and drought stress environments.Among the early-maturing hybrids,the top 10 hybrids produced 46.8%–73.9%and 31.2%–42.1%higher mean grain yields than the best commercial check under drought and well-watered conditions,respectively.Among the intermediate-maturing hybrids,the top 10 hybrids produced 25.2%–47.7%and 8.5%–13.5%higher grain yield than commercial checks under drought stress and well-watered conditions,respectively,suggesting improvement in the levels of drought tolerance in both early-and intermediate-maturing hybrids.GGE biplot analysis and a bi-segmented regression linear method identified specific early-maturing and intermediate-maturing hybrids that performed well under both well-watered and drought stress conditions.These hybrids could be recommended for commercial production in eastern Africa.Kakamega in Kenya was found to be the most representative and highly discriminating site among well-watered testing locations,while Kabuku in Tanzania was the least representative of test locations.For testing under drought stress conditions,Kiboko in Kenya was identified as the most representative location.This information could be useful for allocating resources and streamlining CIMMYT maize hybrid testing in eastern Africa.     

Yield sustainability of winter wheat under three limited-irrigation schemes based on a 28-year field experiment

Sustainable intensification is an agricultural development direction internationally. However, little is known about the yield sustainability of winter wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) under limited irrigation schemes on the North China Plain(NCP). A 28-year field experiment from 1991 to 2018 at Wuqiao Experimental Station was used to characterize long-term yield, evapotranspiration(ET), and water use efficiency(WUE) trends under three irrigation treatments(W1, irrigation just before sowing; W2, irri...     

Changes in Grain Yield of Rice and Emission of Greenhouse Gases from Paddy Fields after Application of Organic Fertilizers Made from Maize Straw

A field experiment was conducted at the farm of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China, to study the effects of organic fertilizers made from maize straw on rice grain yield and the emission of greenhouse gases. Four organic fertilizer treatments were as follows： maize straw （MS）, compost made from maize straw （MC）, methane-generating maize residue （MR）, and black carbon made from maize straw （BC）. These organic fertilizers were applied separately to paddy fields before rice transplanting. No organic fertilizer was applied to the control （CK）. The effects of each organic fertilizer on rice grain yield and emission of greenhouse gases were investigated under two conditions, namely, no nitrogen （N） application （ON） and site-specific N management （SSNM）. Rice grain yields were significantly higher in the MS, MC and MR treatments than those in CK under either ON or SSNM. The MS treatment resulted in the highest grain yield and agronomic N use efficiency. However, no significant difference was observed for these parameters between the BC treatment and CK. The changes in the emissions of methane （CH4） carbon dioxide （CO2）, or nitrous oxide （N20） from the fields were similar among all organic fertilizer treatments during the entire rice growing season. The application of each organic fertilizer significantly increased the emission of each greenhouse gas （except N20 emission in the BC treatment） and global warming potential （GWP）. Emissions of all the greenhouse gases and GWP increased under the same organic fertilizer treatment in the presence of N fertilizer, whereas GWP per unit grain yield decreased. The results indicate that the application of organic fertilizer （MS, MC or MR） could increase grain yield, but also could enhance the emissions of greenhouse gases from paddy fields. High grain yield and environmental efficiency could be achieved by applying SSNM with MR.     

Genetic variation in ZmSO contributes to ABA response and drought tolerance in maize seedlings

Water scarcity impairs maize growth and yield. Identification and deployment of superior droughttolerance alleles is desirable for the genetic improvement of stress tolerance in maize. Our previous study revealed that maize sulfite oxidase(SO) catalyzes the oxidation of sulfite to sulfate and may be involved in drought response. But it was unclear whether the natural variation in Zm SO is directly associated with the drought resistance of maize. In the present study, we showed that Zm SO was ass...     

Lodging Resistance Related to Root Traits for Mechanized Wet-Seeding of Two Super Rice Cultivars

Mechanical hill wet-seeded rice machine is beneficial for establishing and growing uniform rows of seedlings.However,there is limited knowledge regarding the effects of the establishment of furrows on growth,lodging and yield,and their relationships with root traits.In this study,field experiments were conducted during 2012 and 2013 using two super rice varieties(hybrid rice Peizataifeng and inbred rice Yuxiangyouzhan)under three furrow establishment treatments(T1,both water and seed furrows were established by the machine;T2,only seed furrows were established by the machine;and T3,neither water nor seed furrows were established by the machine).Lodging index,lodging-related traits,grain yield,above-ground dry weight and root traits were measured.The results showed that the lodging index was significantly affected by the treatments with furrows(T1 and T2).The strongest lodging resistance was detected in the mechanical hill wet-seeded rice with furrow treatment(T1)in both 2012 and 2013.Lodging resistance was strongly related to the breaking resistance.No significant difference was found in grain yield or dry weight of the mechanical hill wet-seeded rice.Therefore,the mechanical hill wet-seeded rice with furrow treatment increased rice lodging resistance,which was related to root traits.     

Association and Heritability Studies for Drought Resistance under Varied Moisture Stress Regimes in Backcross Inbred Population of RiceAssociation and Heritability Studies for Drought Resistance under Varied Moisture Stress Regimes in Backcross Inbred Population of Rice

Drought stress is one of the major constraints affecting rice production and yield stability in the rainfed regions. To understand the physiological basis of drought resistance related component traits, we used a backcross inbred population of rice under three kinds of moisture regimes viz., non-stress, moderate （24.48%） and severe stress （73.97%） conditions which reflect the differential responses of the genotypes to varying stress intensities. The plot yield, 1000-grain weight, panicle exsertion and canopy air temperature difference exhibited high heritability under the control conditions, whereas spikelet sterility and single plant yield exhibited high heritability under the moderate stress conditions. Traits such as days to 50% flowering, plant height and osmotic potential showed high heritability under the severe stress conditions. Plot yield under stress was significantly and positively correlated with harvest index and 1000-grain weight, but negatively associated with leaf rolling score and days to 50% flowering. The drought susceptibility index and drought response index were negatively correlated between each other both under the moderate and severe stress conditions. The derived traits viz., difference in panicle length between the control and the severe stress was associated with osmotic adjustment measured under field conditions. Difference in plant height and panicle length was negatively associated with plot yield under stress.     

玉米抗旱性研究的现状及展望

本文从玉米的生长发育状况、生物膜结构、激素调节、干旱诱导蛋白等方面综述了干旱胁迫对玉米的伤害及玉米抗旱性的生物学机理,简要介绍了当今玉米抗旱性研究的动向。     

干旱胁迫对小麦花药培养的影响

为拓宽抗旱春小麦花培育种的亲本资源,明确干旱胁迫对小麦花药培养的影响,对甘肃省主栽的7个抗旱春小麦品种的花药培养特性进行了研究,并对筛选出的兼具较强抗旱性和优良花药培养特性的品种陇春27号及其他三个优良花培材料,通过诱导培养基中添加120mg·L~(-1)的PEG及旱地种植,进而进行花药培养。结果表明,供试的4个小麦基因型材料的愈伤组织诱导均受到抑制,但受抑制的程度不同,其抗旱系数排序在两种干旱胁迫处理下高度一致;田间抗旱性鉴定结果表明,4个基因型材料的抗旱性强弱不同;其愈伤组织的抗旱系数与抗旱性之间显著相关。     

7个小麦品种的抗旱性比较

为了解四川省种植的部分小麦品种的抗旱性,比较了20%聚乙二醇（PEG-6000）胁迫后7个小麦品种（川麦42、绵阳15、绵阳11、川农19、矮抗58、周麦21、Sy95-71）萌发期和苗期抗旱指标的变化,并利用模糊数学隶属函数法计算各指标的隶属值,通过比较萌发期、苗期各指标隶属值的平均值大小来确定小麦品种抗旱性的强弱。结果表明,萌发期相对发芽率、根长、芽长与干旱胁迫呈负相关;在7个品种中,川麦42的相对发芽率和相对芽长最大（分别为87.63%和16.67%）,Sy95-71的最小（分别为38.52%和4.38%）;绵阳11的相对根长最大（35.13%）,Sy95-71的最小（18.85%）;利用隶属函数对这三个指标综合分析,7个小麦品种萌发期的抗旱性表现为川麦42>川农19>矮抗58>绵阳11>周麦21>绵阳15>Sy95-71。在苗期,相对含水量与胁迫程度呈负相关,在20% PEG-6000胁迫3 d后,Sy95-71的叶片相对含水量降幅最大（37.1%）,川麦42降幅最小（25.3%）;丙二醛含量、超氧阴离子含量、过氧化氢含量、超氧化物歧化酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性、过氧化物酶活性与胁迫程度呈正相关,PEG-6000胁迫3 d后各指标均发生显著变化;利用隶属函数对这7个指标综合分析,7个小麦品种苗期的抗旱性表现为川麦42>矮抗58>川农19>周麦21>绵阳11>绵阳15>Sy95-71。在两个时期,根据旱害隶属函数值和综合排序值,川麦42抗旱性最强,Sy95-71抗旱性最弱。     

100份大麦种质资源成株期抗旱性鉴定及抗旱指标筛选

为了筛选大麦抗旱新种质及成株期抗旱性指标,以100份大麦种质为材料,连续2年在大麦生长期降水量不足40 mm的甘肃省敦煌试验站种植,试验设置正常灌水和干旱胁迫2个处理,通过测定100份大麦种质材料的株高（PH）、穗长（SL）、穗粒数（GNS）、分蘖数（TN）、有效分蘖（ET）、单株生物量（IB）、千粒重（TGW）和产量（Y）,采用抗旱性度量值（D）、综合抗旱系数（CDC）、加权抗旱系数（WDC）、相关分析、频次分析、灰色关联分析、主成分分析等方法,鉴定了100份大麦种质的抗旱性,并进行了抗旱指标的筛选。结果表明,干旱胁迫对大麦成株期株高、穗长、单株生物量、分蘖数、有效分蘖数、穗粒数、千粒重和产量均有极显著影响。通过对大麦成株期抗旱能力的综合评价指标进行分析,发现D值与WDC值相结合可以较为准确地评价大麦成株期的抗旱性;单株生物量、穗粒数、分蘖数、有效分蘖和株高可作为评价大麦成株期抗旱性的指标;成株期抗旱性较强的种质有S-130、BNOC168、LL-53、资源160-早熟3号、IL-18、Z16、沾益红毛大麦和资源21-6B98-9339。     

冬小麦叶绿素荧光参数与品种抗旱性的关系

为了明确不同生态型小麦品种的光合抗旱特征,选取生态型相异的小麦品种在不同供水条件下种植,测定其旗叶的叶绿素荧光动力学参数,对其在干旱胁迫下的光合特性进行比较研究。结果表明,干旱胁迫使小麦Fo增加,Fm、Fv、Fv/Fm和Fv/Fo值均降低,但变化幅度因生态型而异,高水肥品种的荧光参数对干旱胁迫更为敏感,而旱肥型品种则表现出较强的光合稳定特性。干旱胁迫下,叶绿素荧光参数变化与品种抗旱性密切相关。利用不同生态型小麦品种叶绿素荧光对干旱胁迫的反应差异鉴定品种抗旱性是可行的。     

冬小麦不同抗旱品种抽穗期干旱诱导蛋白差异与抗旱性的研究

为了确定抗旱小麦新品种的分子鉴定指标,选用5个不同小麦生态类型区共18个新品种,采取盆栽与人工干旱胁迫及SDS-PAGE等方法,研究了抽穗期干旱胁迫诱导蛋白差异与抗旱性的关系。结果表明,根据抗旱指数和反复干旱存活率可将参试品种(系)分为高抗、中抗和低抗3种抗旱类型。提取旗叶蛋白质进行SDS-PAGE分析,发现在水分胁迫条件下一些高分子量的蛋白降解成一些小分子量的蛋白和多肽,其中分子量为66．2kD左右的D-差异蛋白在高抗、中抗旱品种(系)中均有出现,故D-差异蛋白可以作为抗旱小麦新品种筛选和鉴定的分子指标。     

玉米抗旱性的相关研究

本试验在干旱和自然两种状态下对玉米的抗旱性进行了研究结果表明、干旱对玉米的胁迫作用是一个综合效应；提出了抗旱性鉴定的三联指标．即：结实率—出子率—单株生产力；同时指出：王米抗旱性鉴定宜在干旱条件下更理想。     

大豆抗旱性研究进展

大豆是人类优质蛋白质和食用油脂的重要来源。大豆生长期需水量多,是对缺水最敏感的豆类作物。干旱严重影响大豆产量和品质。抗旱大豆品种在干旱和半干旱地区的大豆生产中起着重要的作用。从干旱对大豆的影响机理、大豆抗旱机制、常用的抗旱性研究方法以及大豆抗旱性评价方法4个方面概述了大豆抗旱性的研究进展。     

新疆干旱条件下常用玉米自交系耐旱性鉴定研究

采用随机区组试验设计,在正常灌溉和干旱胁迫处理下,对47份我国常用亲本自交系耐旱性及各项指标进行筛选和鉴定。结果表明,在重度干旱胁迫条件下,耐旱性极强的自交系有3个,分别为英64、478、掖52106;耐旱性强的自交系有15个,分别为38-11、Mo17、吉853、自330、III.Hy、黄C、沈5003、444、Lx9801、丹340、郑58、C103、郑22、吉63、X178。在中度干旱胁迫条件下,耐旱性极强的自交系有3个,分别为英64、38-11、齐319;耐旱性强的自交系有8个,分别为Mo17Ht、郑58、K12、L289、塘四平头、444、478、沈5003。     

少雨旱区旱地甘蔗栽培技术

结合少雨旱区的实际，集中讨论了提高自然降雨利用率的有效途径，形成了一套以利用植期、耕作栽培技术、蔗叶覆盖进行集成配套的旱地甘蔗抗旱栽培技术。