Cytopathogenicity markers in the genome of Hungarian cytopathic isolates of bovine viral diarrhoea virus

Since genetic recombination is a major factor in the evolution of the cytopathogenic (cp) bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) biotypes, in this study the cytopathogenicity markers were investigated in the genomes of two cp BVDV strains recently isolated from mucosal disease (MD) cases in Hungary. In the genome of strain H4956, a Jiv-like insertion was found similar to those described in reference strain NADL and in other BVDV 1, BVDV 2 and border disease virus (BDV) strains. The 133 amino acid Jiv-like sequence is inserted at nucleotide position 4984 (amino acid position 1533), 9 nucleotides upstream of that of strain NADL. The insertion showed 96% amino acid sequence identity with the cellular Jiv protein. In the genome of cp BVDV strain H115/PCR, an ubiquitin-containing duplication was found. The duplicated sequence started at nucleotide position 7978 (amino acid 2531) in the NS4B gene. The duplication contained a complete ubiquitin monomer of 76 amino acids and the complete NS3 gene starting at nucleotide position 5153 (amino acid 1589), which corresponds to the first N-terminal amino acid of NS3. The duplication was located further downstream of the known ubiquitin-containing genomic regions of cp BVDV strains, and it consisted of the shortest inserted nucleotide sequence. The insertions and duplication of strains H4956 and H115/PCR further confirmed that recombinations occurring at positions A and B are the most common mechanisms leading to the development of BVDV cytopathogenicity.     

The bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) NS3 protein, when expressed alone in mammalian cells, induces apoptosis which correlates with caspase-8 and caspase-9 activation

The bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) strains exist as two biotypes, cytopathic (cp) and noncytopathic (ncp), according to their effects on tissue culture cells. It has been previously reported that cell death associated to cp BVDV in vitro is mediated by apoptosis. Here, experiments were conducted to determine the involvement of the NS3 protein in the induction of apoptosis. The NS3- and NS3Delta50 (deleted from the NH2-terminal 50 amino acids)-cDNA encoding sequences of BVDV NADL cp reference strain were cloned into adenoviral vectors (AdV) from which the BVDV gene of interest could be expressed from a tetracycline-responsive promoter. A549tTA cells infected in vitro with NS3 or NS3Delta50-expressing AdV showed cytopathic changes characterized by cell rounding and detachment, and nucleus chromatin condensation. DNA fragmentation assays, cytochrome c release, and activation of cellular caspases performed on these infected cells clearly correlated with the observed cytopathic changes with apoptosis. The BVDV NS3Delta50-induced apoptotic process was inhibited by caspase-8- and -9-specific peptide inhibitors (Z-IETD-FMK and Z-LEHD-FMK). Furthermore, apoptosis was inhibited in cells expressing the R1 subunit of herpes simplex virus type 2 ribonucleotide reductase (HSV2-R1) or hsp70, two proteins which are known to inhibit apoptosis associated with caspase-8 activation and cytochrome c release-dependent caspase-9 activation, respectively. Given that HSV2-R1, a specific inhibitor of the caspase-8 activation pathway, efficiently suppressed apoptosis and also prevented caspase-9 activation, the overall results indicate that the BVDV NS3/NS3Delta50 induces apoptosis initiated by caspase-8 activation and subsequent cytochrome c release-dependent caspase-9 activation.     

Role of bovine viral diarrhea virus biotype in the establishment of fetal infections

OBJECTIVE: To examine the role of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) biotype on the establishment of fetal infection in cattle. ANIMALS: 30 mixed-breed pregnant cows. PROCEDURE: Pregnant cows were inoculated oronasally with either i-WNADL, originating from an infectious BVDV cDNA clone of the National Animal Disease Laboratory (NADL) isolate, or the parental virus stock, termed NADL-A. RESULTS: All cows developed neutralizing antibodies to BVDV, and virus was commonly isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells or nasal swab specimens of NADL-A inoculated cows; however, virus was rarely isolated from specimens of i-WNADL inoculated cows. i-WNADL did not cause fetal infection, whereas all fetuses harvested from NADL-A inoculated cows at 6 weeks after inoculation had evidence of infection. Immunoblot analysis of fetal virus isolates revealed the absence of NS3, confirming a noncytopathic (NCP) biotype BVDV in the NADL-A stock. The sequence of the NCP contaminant (termed NADL-1102) and the i-WNADL genome were virtually identical, with the exception of a 270 nucleotide-long insert in the i-WNADL genome. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that NADL-1102 forms a monophyletic group with 6 other NADL genomes. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These data suggest that the contaminating NCP virus in the NADL-A stock was the ancestral NADL virus, which originally infected a bovine fetus and recombined to produce a cytopathic (CP) variant. Following oronasal infection of pregnant cows, viremia and transplacental transmission of CP BVDV to the fetus is rare, compared with the high occurrence of maternal viremia and fetal infection observed with NCP BVDV.     

Epitopic characterisation of Turkish bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) isolates using monoclonal antibodies

In this study, 15 bovine viral diarrhoea viruses (BVDV) isolated from the field in Turkey were characterised for their biotype, cloned and eventually analysed for their epitopic composition in terms of glycoprotein E2. Immunoplaque assay, plaque assay, limiting dilution and streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase techniques were used for biotype characterisation, cloning of cytopathic (cp) and noncytopathic (ncp) biotypes and epitope analysis, respectively. While 14 out of 15 BVDV isolates were distinguished as ncp biotype, 1 isolate was found to be containing both biotypes (cp + ncp). According to the reactivity patterns of isolates with 15 monoclonal antibodies, 4 different antigenic groups could be formed. There were no antigenic differences between the isolates derived from the same animal with various time intervals. On the other hand, biotype clones isolated from the same animal exhibited difference in one epitope. This is the first study describing antigenic characterisation of BVDV field isolates in Turkey.     

从疑似猪瘟病料中检出牛病毒性腹泻病毒

根据牛病毒性腹泻病毒（ＢＶＤＶ）ＮＡＤＬ株和猪瘟病毒（ＨＣＶ）Ａｌｆｏｒｔ株的核苷酸序列，设计合成了１对ＢＶＤＶ引物和３对ＨＣＶ引物。以从吉林、长春、哲盟３个地区经临床及病理学诊断为猪瘟的病料中提取的ＲＮＡ为模板，采用反转录－聚合酶链反应（ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ），分别以ＢＶＤＶ和ＨＣＶ引物进行扩增。结果，用ＢＶＤＶ引物从哲盟地区的疑似猪瘟病料中扩增出大小约４００ｂｐ的片段，而用３对ＨＣＶ引物在不同的条件下均未从该病料中扩增出相应大小的ＨＣＶ基因片段。此外，用ＨＣＶ的ＰＥ０／ＰＥ４引物从吉林、长春的病料中扩增出了ＨＣＶ的基因片段，但用ＢＶＤＶ引物从这两个地区的病料中均未扩增出ＢＶＤＶ的基因片段。从哲盟疑似猪瘟病料中扩增出的片段经克隆、序列测定及计算机分析证实，该片段的核苷酸序列和氨基酸序列与ＢＶＤＶ的同源性明显高于与ＨＣＶ的同源性。将哲盟病料接种于ＭＤＢＫ传代细胞，出现典型而规律的ＢＶＤＶ样细胞病变。由此证明，从哲盟疑似猪瘟病料中检测出的是ＢＶＤＶ而不是ＨＣＶ     

The genetic basis for cytopathogenicity of pestiviruses

Two biotypes of pestiviruses, cytopathogenic (cp) and noncp viruses, can be distinguished by their effects on tissue culture cells. Identification of cp bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) has been frequently reported since antigenically closely related noncp and cp BVDV can be isolated from cattle with fatal mucosal disease (MD) and are called a virus pair. In contrast to the BVDV system, only few cp border disease virus (BDV) and cp classical swine fever virus (CSFV) strains have been described. Serological analyses and sequence comparison studies showed that cp pestiviruses arise from noncp viruses by mutation. Elaborate studies during the last 10 years revealed that in most cases RNA recombination is responsible for the generation of the cp viruses. Recent results showed a second way for the development of a cp pestivirus which is based on the introduction of a set of point mutations within the NS2 gene.     

猪源牛病毒性腹泻病毒的流行初探

根据牛病毒性腹泻病毒(BVDV)代表株NADL的NS5B基因序列,设计合成2对引物进行套式PCR,检测从浙江、安徽、湖南、江西、广西、辽宁等地采集的43份猪病料中BVDV的流行情况,结果有7份病料可以扩增出360bp的特异性条带,阳性率为16.3%。为追踪BVDV在猪体中的流行来源,我们又对细胞培养用国产及进口犊牛血清进行了检测,结果也能扩增到目的条带。对这些病料和血清中扩增出的目的条带进行克隆、测序,并用DNASTAR软件分析,结果表明这些目的片段均为BVDV序列,这些不同BVDV序列可以分为两个亚群,ZJ133、HN386、LN247、NCS-J属于BVDV-Ⅰa亚型,ZJ114、AH138、JX60、GX96、NCS-G、DZ属于BVDV-Ⅰb亚型。这些毒株与BVDVI型间的同源性为80.3%-98.6%,与BVDV-Ⅱ型的同源性为72.2%-74.4%。本文研究结果说明我国猪群中BVDV感染情况已经比较严重,应该予以重视。     

牛病毒性腹泻病毒石河子株的分离与基因型鉴定

牛病毒性腹泻病毒(Bovine viral diarrhoea virus,BVDV)不同的基因型在抗原性方面存在差异,使疫苗免疫难以收到预期效果。本试验对分离到的BVDV石河子株和其他石河子分离株进行基因型鉴定,通过对病毒的遗传分类研究,为该病的防治和开发新的基因工程疫苗提供一定依据。采用免疫学试验、电镜观察、理化特性测定以及PCR技术、同源性比较等方法分离、鉴定1株BVDV石河子分离株,命名为BVDV shz132株,并应用系统发生分析方法鉴定该株与其他石河子分离株Manasis、hihezi148和Letuyi株的基因型。将免疫学鉴定为阳性的样品进行病毒分离,电镜观察分离的BVDV shz132株病毒直径为40~60 nm,为有囊膜的球形颗粒。理化鉴定结果与参考株BVDV Oregon C24V一致。根据BVDV基因组5-′UTR基因设计引物在发病牛淋巴结、肠道分泌物制备的悬液及其分离的病毒细胞培养物中均扩增得到了大小为267 bp的片段。核苷酸同源性分析结果表明BVDV shz132株与BVDV Osloss株的同源性最高(97.5%),BVDV Manasi株等与BVDV NADL株的同源性最高(97.8%);系统发生分析表明上述所有石河子分离株均属于BVDV-Ⅰ型。     

牦牛病毒性腹泻病病毒E2基因的克隆及序列分析

根据GenBank中已发表的多株牛病毒性腹泻病毒的E2基因序列比较分析设计了3对引物,应用RT-PCR方法首次扩增出牦牛病毒性腹泻病毒的E2基因区637 bp的片段序列,经pMD18-T载体连接后克隆、测序,并与已发表的NADL、Osloss、Oregon C24V等毒株E2基因序列进行系统发育进化树比对分析,结果表明,牦牛病毒性腹泻病毒的E2基因无插入或缺失,系统发育进化分析表明,与其他毒株核苷酸同源性较低,最高仅为68.8%,推导氨基酸序列为68.4%。较低的同源性表明牦牛病毒性腹泻病毒存在较大的基因突变或者可能还具有独立的衍化来源。     

牛病毒性腹泻病毒一步法RT-PCR检测方法的建立

根据牛病毒性腹泻/粘膜病病毒5'端非结构蛋白基因序列,设计合成1对特异性引物,建立检测牛病毒性腹泻/粘膜病病毒244 bp片段的RT-PCR一步法。该方法对牛病毒性腹泻/粘膜病病毒NADL、OregonC24V和长春184毒株各标准毒株检测,结果均为阳性。对标准毒株的细胞毒进行检测,其敏感度达0.1 TCID50;而对牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒、猪瘟病毒、牛轮状病毒和牛冠状病毒的细胞培养物进行检测,结果均为阴性。检测460份不同样品,与病毒分离试验比较,符合率100%,证明该方法特异性强,敏感性高。初步结果表明所建立的一步法RT-PCR技术可用于牛病毒性腹泻/粘膜病的检测及流行病学调查。     

牛病毒性腹泻病毒、牛呼吸道合胞体病毒和牛副流感病毒3型三重RT-PCR检测方法的建立及应用

根椐GenBank中牛病毒性腹泻病毒(bovine viral diarrhea virus,BVDV)、牛呼吸道合胞体病毒(bovine respiratory syncytial virus,BRSV)和牛副流感病毒3型(bovine parainfluenza virus type 3,BPIV-3)3种病毒基因序列,设计合成引物,建立3种病毒的三重RT-PCR方法。用这3对引物对同一样品中的BVDV、BRSV和BPIV-3核酸模板进行三重RT-PCR扩增,结果显示:可同时扩增BVDV的466 bp,BRSV的735 bp和BPIV-3的258 bp的特异性片段,而对其他4种病原的PCR扩增结果均为阴性;敏感性测定结果表明,该三重RT-PCR技术能检出10 pg的BVDV、1 pg的BPIV-3和10 pg的BRSV模板。用37份临床病料对本研究多重RT-PCR技术和单项RT-PCR技术进行对比验证,结果显示:两者的总符合率为100%。结果表明:建立的多重RT-PCR检测方法,具有特异、快速、准确的特点,可用于对这3种病毒的同时检测和鉴别诊断。     

Monitoring bovine viral diarrhea virus vaccines for adventitious virus, using T1 ribonuclease viral RNA oligonucleotide fingerprinting.

Viral RNA oligonucleotide fingerprinting was used to discriminate 3 cytopathic vaccine bovine viral diarrhea viruses (BVDV) grown in medium supplemented with serum contaminated with noncytopathic BVDV from the same 3 viruses grown in cell culture free of BVDV. Oligonucleotide fingerprinting also effectively discriminated between reference Singer BVDV, NADL BVDV, and New York-1 BVDV grown in BVDV-free noncontaminated or BVDV-contaminated cell cultures. Oligonucleotide fingerprint mapping of viral RNA maybe used to determine the purity of virus stocks, as well as that of BVDV vaccines.     

Detection of cattle infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus using nucleic acid hybridization.

A ribonucleic acid (RNA) hybridization assay to identify cattle infected by bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is described. The RNA probe was derived from the coding region at the 3' end of the genome of the NADL strain of BVDV. Total RNA from infected cell cultures or peripheral blood leukocytes from suspect animals was extracted and applied to nylon membranes with a slot blot apparatus. Peripheral blood leukocytes were tested concurrently for BVDV by virus isolation. The results of hybridization and virus isolation were in agreement for 92% of the cases. When compared with virus isolation, hybridization had a sensitivity of detection of 59.5% and a specificity of 95%. Cross-reactivity to RNA extracts of border disease virus-infected cells was noted. No cross-reactivity was detected to other common bovine viruses (bovine herpesvirus-1, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza-3 virus, and bluetongue virus), to viruses classified in related families (equine arteritis virus and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus), or to viruses having similar genomic organization (dengue virus type 2 and Japanese encephalitis virus).     

Expression of the E2 envelope glycoprotein of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) elicits virus-type specific neutralising antibodies

A region of genome from the NADL strain of BVDV corresponding to the coding sequence for the E2 glycoprotein has been molecularly cloned using RT-PCR. The viral cDNA sequence was used to construct vaccinia virus recombinants that expressed either the entire E2 coding sequence or fragments of it. These recombinants were used to immunise mice of three H-2 haplotypes to investigate their ability to elicit a neutralising antibody response against BVDV. Sera from mice immunised with the recombinant expressing full length E2 contained high levels of virus neutralising antibodies that in addition to giving neutralisation of the homologous NADL strain were also able to neutralise the Oregon C24V reference strain. These sera failed to give any neutralisation of the Osloss reference strain providing evidence for the division of BVDV isolates into at least two distinct E2 serotypes. These results were confirmed in gnotobiotic lambs. Expression of E2 fragments revealed the presence of at least two distinct neutralising epitopes, one of which was localised within the carboxy terminal 90 amino acids of the protein.     

Genetic typing of bovine pestiviruses from England and Wales.

Using RNA purified directly from stored clinical specimens, a collection of 62 pestiviruses were typed by RT-PCR and sequencing within the 5'-untranslated region of the genome. All the specimens had been obtained in 1966/1967 from diary cattle in England and Wales. Eight further pestiviruses, grown in cell culture, were characterised in the same way. Seven of these viruses were representatives of a panel of British isolates, obtained from cattle ten years before. The eighth was the virus used in a British bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) vaccine. Most of the viruses were genetically unique and were of BVDV type Ia. One recent isolate was BVDV type Ib, two others were intermediate between Ia and Ib. No BVDV type II or border disease virus (BDV) isolates were found. There was no overall association between geographical and phylogenetic clustering, suggesting long-distance virus dispersal, presumably via trading of infected cattle. The sequences of the recently obtained cattle viruses were very similar or, in one case, identical to the older isolates in the region studied. Their close similarity to some previously characterised pestiviruses from British sheep suggests that a common pool of BVDV Ia is shared by these two livestock species, although another pestivirus--BVDV--is confined to sheep. The British cattle viruses were mostly distinct from continental European isolates, but more similar to type Ia isolates from North American cattle.     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒和牛病毒性腹泻病毒双重RT-PCR检测方法的建立

根据牛病毒性腹泻病毒(BVDV)5'端非编码区基因序列,设计合成了1对特异性引物,参考本实验室针对猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)N蛋白设计的引物,经过PCR反应条件的优化,建立了BVDV和PRRSV双重RT-PCR的检测方法。对于PRRSV和BVDV的cDNA最低检测量分别为3.8×10-4 ng和7×10-4 ng,对于猪瘟病毒(CFSV)、脑心肌炎病毒(EMCV)和猪圆环病毒2型(PCV-2)的PCR扩增结果均为阴性;用该方法对江苏省不同地区采集的75份仔猪的肺脏、脾脏和淋巴结等病料进行了检测,结果PRRSV有55份阳性,BVDV有14份阳性,PRRSV和BVDV混合感染的有12份,与PRRSV和BVDV单一RT-PCR的检测结果符合率分别为89.3%和92%。证明建立的双重RT-PCR检测方法可用于临床样品中BVDV和PRRSV的检测。