手性农药己唑醇和腈菌唑对黄酒酿造微生物酶活性的影响

在食品发酵过程中,残留的农药会对酿造微生物及产品组分产生一定影响,而酶在此过程中发挥着关键作用。作者在对映异构体水平上研究了手性农药己唑醇和腈菌唑对黄酒酵母和米曲霉中典型酶的酶活性和蛋白质含量的影响。结果表明:不同农药对映异构体对微生物酶活性的影响存在显著差异,其中:（+）-己唑醇对黄酒酵母超氧化物歧化酶（SOD酶）活性具有较明显的抑制作用,而（-）-己唑醇则对其有激活作用;低浓度的（+）-腈菌唑对黄酒酵母脂肪酶活性的抑制作用小于（-）-腈菌唑,而高浓度（+）-腈菌唑对脂肪酶活性的抑制作用却大于（-）-腈菌唑;（+）-己唑醇对米曲霉中的脂肪酶活性有明显的激活作用,而（-）-己唑醇对其则有抑制作用。本研究结果证明,手性农药对映异构体对发酵微生物酶活性的影响存在差异,并可能影响黄酒的组分和品质,使黄酒安全性存在较大风险。     

我国微生物农药的研发与应用研究进展

病虫草害危害粮食生产，大量施用化学农药导致农药残留、环境污染等问题日益严峻。微生物农药作为生物农药主要类型之一，因其具有残留少、对人畜毒害性低等特点近年来得到迅速发展。本文梳理了我国微生物杀虫剂、杀菌剂和除草剂在生防菌株筛选、产品创制与应用等方面的研究进展，并对微生物农药的发展提出了建议和展望，可为行业相关单位和研究人员提供参考。     

我国微生物农药常见剂型种类及管理

本文总结了微生物农药的母药和常见剂型的定义、特性和登记现状,汇总了常用剂型产品质量控制的各项目和指标,分析了目前微生物农药剂型管理中存在的问题,并提出了建议,以推进微生物农药剂型科学管理和行业发展.     

美国卫生用农药登记管理概况

美国1996年颁布的“食品质量保护法”（FQPA）。将用于防治和控制病媒微生物和病媒害虫,包括对公众健康存在威胁的病毒、细菌、其他微生物（非存在或寄生于人体和动物的病毒、细菌和其他微生物）和蚊子、苍蝇、蜚蠊、虱子、跳蚤、鼠类的农药定义为卫生用农药。现将美国对卫生用农药登记管理情况简介如下。     

苏云金芽胞杆菌安全性的研究进展

苏云金芽胞杆菌（Bacillus thuringiensis,简称Bt）是目前应用最为广泛的一类微生物农药。本文分析比较了我国及美国Bt产品登记和安全评价等情况,并对Bt制剂的风险评价进行了分析。Bt菌株不是人或其他哺乳动物的已知病原体,对哺乳动物无毒性、感染性和致病性;其种群数量在环境中呈逐渐减少趋势,无残留风险;对非靶标昆虫的生存和繁殖及土壤微生物群落结构无显著影响。     

土壤细菌对农药的分解

包括土壤在内的生态系中,微生物对农药的分解起着重要作用。本文分别介绍了生态系中的微生物,微生物共生对农药的分解,单一微生物对农药的分解,农药分解酶和农药分解酶基因及细胞质基因,并展望了微生物分解农药今后的研究趋向。     

杀菌剂新产品田间药效试验评价概述

本文对近年来开展田间小区药效试验的1 600余个杀菌剂产品进行了梳理,重点对其中含新有效成分的19个杀菌剂产品进行了整理,其中化学农药13个,微生物农药、植物源农药各3个,按照有效成分的作用机理及试验结果进行了汇总。     

微生物农药国家工程研究中心通过国家验收

<正>近日,由华中农业大学承担的微生物农药国家工程研究中心建设项目顺利通过国家验收。微生物农药国家工程研究中心围绕微生物农药新产品关键技术开发,通过建设高水平的技术创新平台,搭建开放式研究与交流的平台,实现了苏云金杆菌杀虫剂、农业系列抗生素等微生物农药在新产品试验体系、发酵技术、剂型及其加工技术等关键技术项目的系统集成工程化和产业化,产生了良好的经济效益、社会效益和生态效益。     

微生物农药剂型与微囊剂技术

介绍了微生物农药的发展与应用情况,针对国内外微生物农药制剂的研究现状及应用中存在的问题,提出微胶囊剂将成为微生物农药制剂的重要发展方向之一,综述了微胶囊技术,并展望了其应用前景。     

《农药科学与管理》稿约

<正>欢迎新老作者踊跃投稿,特别是农药研发、生产、经营、应用、科普等方面的高质量稿件。农药管理。重大政策法规的解读、宣贯,对行业发展有重要指导作用的管理类文章,市场监管,地方管理和执法的经验和案例介绍等。综述/论坛。农药行业内各领域现状的综合评价,行业内新政策出台前的引导、有争议问题的讨论,风险性提示,以及解决行业中存在问题探讨等。农药研究。包括围绕登记的产品分析、残留、毒理、环境、药效等技术研究,以及农药新品种开发研究、工艺研究等相关内容。应用技术。包含科学合理用药、药效应用技术、产品应用技术指导等内容。     

微生物菌剂对二氯喹啉酸土壤残留致烟草药害的修复效应

为烟叶生产中二氯喹啉酸对烟草药害的微生物修复提供科学参考依据。以“云烟87”为供试材料,采用盆栽试验,模拟二氯喹啉酸残留浓度0.02 mg/kg,研究富必来微生物酶制剂、格芙微生物菌剂、仙丰168和腊状芽胞杆菌Bacillus cereus LY05对二氯喹啉酸致害烟株生长情况、生理生化指标、烟叶化学成分和烟叶及其土壤二氯喹啉酸残留降解的影响。结果表明,4种微生物菌剂对烟草二氯喹啉酸药害症状均有一定修复效果,其中以富必来微生物酶制剂（1：500倍液灌根,500 mL菌液量）对药害烟株修复效果最佳,烟苗移栽30和60 d后,对致害烟株叶长、叶宽、株高和茎围有显著促进作用（P<0.05）,显著增加了致害烟株地上和地下部鲜、干重,烟株主根长度最长且显著高出药剂对照41.65%;与药剂对照相比,增加了致害烟叶SOD、CAT、GSH酶活性和可溶性蛋白含量,增幅分别为56.51%、42.42%、24.47%和0.50%;显著降低了致害烟叶MDA含量,并改善了烟叶的化学成分,其两糖比、糖碱比和氮碱比分别为3.39、6.99和1.06,基本恢复至优质烟叶的品质范围;同时烟叶旺长期致害烟叶及其土壤二氯喹啉酸残留最低,分别为0.0356和0.0135 mg/kg,比药剂对照分别下降了63.31%和71.56%。腊状芽胞杆菌LY05对致害烟株有较好的修复作用,加快了二氯喹啉酸降解速率,对致害烟叶叶宽修复效果显著,有效舒缓了烟叶皱缩状,为二氯喹啉酸污染土壤及其致害烟株修复和复合微生物菌剂研制提供了新的方法和菌种资源。     

Effect of pesticides on phosphate solubilization by Bacillus sphaericus and Pseudomonas cepacia

Intensive screening of phosphate solubilizing bacteria with genetic potential for increased tolerance to high salt, high pH and high temperature could enhance production of food and forage in semi-arid regions. Emphasizing particularly on this hypothesis 165 phosphate solubilizing bacteria was isolated. Among these, two cultures Bacillus sphaericus and Pseudomonas cepacia were selected on the basis of salt tolerance property and PS activity with different forms of phosphates. In the present investigation both these culture were assessed for the effect of six different pesticides, to confirm its successful realistic application as microbial inoculants in actual farm conditions. Both cultures showed better phosphate solubilizing activity with phosphate containing pesticides. Among these two isolates P. cepacia was a better performer in terms of phosphate solubilizing activity with different pesticides. It may be due to its well documented extra ordinary, versatile metabolic activity. The present study may prove them to be potential candidates to be used as microbial inoculants.     

微生物农药在俄罗斯的应用进展

微生物农药因其副作用小、对环境兼容性好而日益成为全球农药发展的一种趋势和方向。本文以细菌杀虫剂、真菌杀虫剂、病毒杀虫剂、微生物除草剂、植物生长调节剂、农用抗生素作为微生物农药的代表,介绍了微生物农药的研究、应用现状及其在俄罗斯的研究进展,并对我国与俄罗斯在微生物农药领域的合作进行了展望。     

美国生物农药的主要类别

美国登记注册的生物农药主要分为生物化学农药和微生物类农药,其中生物化学农药包括引诱剂、驱避剂、天然昆虫/植物生长调节剂及除草剂、信息素、其他生化农药等;微生物类农药包括细菌、真菌、病毒、酵母、原生动物、工程菌、转基因植物等。     

Modeling environmental effects on enhanced carbofuran degradation

Prediction of the fate of pesticides in soil is of interest from an environmental (pollution) as well as an agricultural (efficacy, carryover) viewpoint. Two environmental parameters that control microbial degradation of pesticides in soil are moisture and temperature. This study was designed to quantify the impact of soil water content and temperature on microbial degradation rates of the insecticide carbofuran (2, 3-dihydro-2, 2-dimethylbenzofuran-7-yl methyl-carbamate). Carbofuran degradation was determined by monitoring the [ 14 C] carbondioxide production from soils amended with [carbonyl- 14 C]carbofuran. Soils were incubated at seven soil-water tensions over the range of 0–03 to 1–5 MPa, and at five temperatures (10°C to 30°C). The sigmoidal degradation kinetics observed from these incubations were modeled using a general saturation model. For the moisture experiments, maximum rate of hydrolysis and half-life (DT₅₀) were accurately modeled by an exponential relationship. The response of carbofuran degradation to temperature was also well described by an exponential relationship, from which it was estimated that the Q₁₀ associated with the maximum rate was 1.68, and the Q₁₀ for DT₅₀ was 1–89.     

微生物农药常见术语及释义

本文参照FAO、WHO及国内有关微生物农药的准则和标准,并结合微生物分类、鉴定等方面的研究进展,归纳、总结了微生物农药常见的术语及释义,为科学认识微生物农药和推进产业规范化发展提供参考。     

Phloem mobility of xenobiotics VI. A phloem-mobile pro-nematicide based on oxamyl exhibiting root-specific activation in transgenic tobacco

Phloem mobility is a desirable attribute for pesticides in many applications, and the physicochemical properties necessary for phloem mobility are now well understood. However, attempts to derivatize pesticides to make them phloem mobile are often frustrated by a concomitant loss of activity. This study describes a phloem-mobile pro-nematicide, a hydroxymethyloxamyl glucuronide (JR522) coupled with an in-situ activation mechanism in transgenic tobacco expressing Escherichia coli β-glucuronidase in its root tips. When applied foliarly to the transgenic tobacco, JR522 and its methyl ester (JM775) showed greater nematicidal activity than oxamyl against root-knot nematodes. This example of combining pro-pesticide chemistry with crop genetic engineering for site-specific activation provides a model system for demonstrating how to circumvent the often mutual exclusivity of phloem mobility and pesticidal activity. Additional advantages of this scheme include the potential mammalian safety of the propesticide, as exhibited by JR522 in this study, and a high degree of site-specific release of xenobiotics in plants.     

Quantification of biopesticide activity — a rapid survey of methods and standardization problems1

Worldwide development of IPM techniques and increased interest in microbial pesticides have brought a wide range of registered products onto the market in many countries. Quality control is the key point for manufacturing companies because of the variable biological nature of the products and constraints concerning their storage life. The technical specifications of such microorganism-based preparations are rather difficult for end users to understand and there is an urgent need for standardization. The European Committee for Standardization (ECS) has set up a working group to prepare standard guidelines on assessment of the purity, biological activity and stability of microorganism-based preparations. This paper discusses the measurement of the activity of the three main classes of frequently used microbial pesticides, those of bacterial origin (Bacillus thuringiensis toxin), viral products (insect baculovirus) and fungal products (antagonistic or entomopathogenic).     

常规施药机具喷施微生物农药研究

针对微生物农药含有大量菌丝、菌核生物的特点,通过试验与测定,研究常规施药机具作业时产生的工作压力、流体速度、流道结构等参数变化对微生物农药活性的影响。试验表明:随着工作压力、液体流速的增加,活菌吸附定殖数逐渐增多;气体流速在35 m/s时,活菌的吸附定殖效果最好;水稻病害防治效果较明显。     

Development of the Multi-nucleocapsid Nucleopolyhedroviruses (MNPVs) Infectious to Loopers (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Plusiinae) as Microbial Control Agents

A number of the members of the Noctuidae (subfamily Plusiinae) are polyphagous insects that infest a variety of economically important crops world-wide. These hosts include but are not limited to cotton, vegetable and field crops and also such specialty crops as mint. Many of these crops require multiple applications of chemical pesticides to protect them from various loopers and other economic pests. One proposed alternative to the use of chemical pesticides to protect these crops is the development of insect-specific viruses of the family Baculoviridae. Hundreds of these viruses of the genus Nucleopolyhedrovirus have been isolated, many from economically important Lepidoptera. The advent of the discovery that some of these viruses may have a broad host range increased the interest in the development of them as microbial agents throughout the world. The broad host range (over 30 species in some cases) provided the possibility to control not only one species, but a complex of lepidopterous pests infesting specific or multiple crops. From the 1960s to the present, extensive basic and applied research has been conducted on the multi-nucleocapsid (MNPV) forms within which a broad host range appears to be characteristic. Of these, the virus isolated from the alfalfa looper, Autographa californica (Speyer) (AcMNPV) has been the most studied, particularly as related to microbial control. Two of the viruses isolated from loopers have been registered in the USA. Although efficacy has been demonstrated for loopers, there is a paucity of data on the other important species that may simultaneously infest looper hosts. Because of their relatively slow action, the viruses will probably be used in integrated programs with chemical pesticides applied during critical periods of high population pressure. Further research needs to be conducted to establish efficacy for other hosts, improved production methods either in vivo or in vitro, increased field persistence as related to timing and frequency of applications, and finally the utility of genetically engineered MNPVs as microbial pesticides. The potential of these organisms has been demonstrated and new developments are being made to increase the overall efficiency and economics of their use. These improvements can only increase interest in use of the baculoviruses in pest management systems for loopers and other pests.