Spatial and Temporal Variability of Corn Grain Yield: Site-Specific Relationships of Biotic and Abiotic Factors

Inadequate information on factors affecting crop yield variability has contributed to the slow adoption of site-specific farming (SSF). This study was conducted to determine the effects of biotic and abiotic factors on the spatial and temporal variability of irrigated corn grain yields and to derive information useful for SSF. The effects of water (80% evapotranspiration (ET) and 50% ET), hybrid (drought-tolerant and -susceptible), elevation, soil index (SI)(texture), soil NO₃–N, arthropods, and diseases on corn grain yield were investigated at Halfway, TX on geo-referenced locations. Grain yields were influenced by interrelationships among biotic and abiotic factors. Grain yields were consistently high under high water treatment, at higher elevations, and on soils with high SI (high clay and silt). Soil NO₃–N increased grain yields when water was adequate. Management zones for variable rate fertilizer and water application should, therefore, be based on information on elevation, SI, and soil NO₃–N. The effects of arthropods, diseases, and crop stress (due to drought and N) on corn grain yield were unpredictable. Spider mite (Oligonychus pratensis) and common smut (Ustilago zeae) damage occurred under hot and dry conditions in 1998. Spider mite infestations were high in areas with high soil NO₃–N. Moderate air temperatures and high relative humidity in 1999 favored southwestern corn borer (Diatraea grandiosella) and common rust (Puccinia maydis) incidences. Knowledge of conditions that favor arthropods and diseases outbreak and crop stress can improve the efficiency of scouting and in-season management of SSF. Management of SSF can be improved when effects of biotic and abiotic factors on grain yield are integrated and evaluated as a system.     

Impact of Residual Soil Nitrate on In-Season Nitrogen Applications to Irrigated Corn Based on Remotely Sensed Assessments of Crop Nitrogen Status

Spatial and temporal variability of soil nitrogen (N) supply together with temporal variability of plant N demand make conventional N management difficult. This study was conducted to determine the impact of residual soil nitrate-N (NO₃-N) on ground-based remote sensing management of in-season N fertilizer applications for commercial center-pivot irrigated corn (Zea mays L.) in northeast Colorado. Wedge-shaped areas were established to facilitate fertigation with the center pivot in two areas of the field that had significantly different amounts of residual soil NO₃-N in the soil profile. One in-season fertigation (48 kg N ha⁻¹) was required in the Bijou loamy sand soil with high residual NO₃-N versus three in-season fertigations totaling 102 kg N ha⁻¹ in the Valentine fine sand soil with low residual NO₃-N. The farmer applied five fertigations to the field between the wedges for a total in-season N application of 214 kg N ha⁻¹. Nitrogen input was reduced by 78% and 52%, respectively, in these two areas compared to the farmer’s traditional practice without any reductions in corn yield. The ground-based remote sensing management of in-season applied N increased N use efficiency and significantly reduced residual soil NO₃-N (0–1.5 m depth) in the loamy sand soil area. Applying fertilizer N as needed by the crop and where needed in a field may reduce N inputs compared to traditional farmer accepted practices and improve in-season N management.     

Use of soil nitrogen parameters and texture for spatially-variable nitrogen fertilization

Recent studies have demonstrated the potential importance of using soil texture to modify fertilizer N recommendations. The objective of this study was to determine (i) if surface clay content can be used as an auxiliary variable for estimating spatial variability of soil NO₃–N, and (ii) if this information is useful for variable rate N fertilization of non-irrigated corn [Zea mays (L.)] in south central Texas, USA across years. A 64 ha corn field with variable soil type and N fertility level was used for this study during 2004–2007. Plant and surface and sub-surface soil samples were collected at different grid points and analyzed for yield, soil N parameters and texture. A uniform rate (UR) of 120 kg N ha⁻¹ in 2004 and variable rates (VAR) of 0, 60, 120, and 180 kg N ha⁻¹ in 2005 through 2007 were applied to different sites in the field. Distinct yield variation was observed over this time period. Yield and soil surface clay content and soil N parameters were strongly spatially structured. Corn grain yield was positively related to residual NO₃–N with depth and either negatively or positively related to clay content depending on precipitation. Residual NO₃–N to 0.60 and 0.90 m depths was more related to corn yield than from shallower depths. The relationship of clay content with soil NO₃–N was weak and not temporally stable. Yield response to N rate also varied temporally. Supply of available N with depth, soil texture and growing season precipitation determined proper N management for this field.     

Using apparent soil electrical conductivity (EC<Subscript>a</Subscript>) to characterize vineyard soils of high clay content

The adoption of precision viticulture requires a detailed knowledge of variation in soil chemical, physical and profile properties. This study evaluates the usefulness of apparent electrical conductivity (EC_a) data within a GIS framework to identify variations in soil chemical and physical properties and moisture content. The work was conducted in a vineyard located in the Carneros Region (Napa Valley, California). The soil was sampled using 44 boreholes to quantify chemical and physical characteristics and 9 open pits to verify the borehole observations. Moisture content was determined using time domain reflectometry (TDR). To characterize soil EC_a, three campaigns were undertaken using a soil electrical conductivity meter (EM38). Linear regressions between soil EC_a and soil properties were determined. Boreholes and TDR data were interpolated by kriging to characterize the spatial distribution of soil variables. The resulting maps were compared to the results obtained using the best EC_a linear regressions. Using EC_a measurements, soil properties like extractable Na⁺ and Mg²⁺, clay and sand content were well estimated, while best estimates were obtained for extractable Na⁺ (r ²  = 0.770) and clay content (r ²  = 0.621). The best estimates for soil moisture content corresponded to moisture in the deeper soil horizons (r ²  = 0.449). The methods described above provided maps of soil properties estimated by EC_a in a GIS framework, and could save time and resources during vineyard establishment and management.     

Resource availability through rainwater harvesting influenced vegetation diversity and herbage yield in hillslope of Aravalli in India

Recent decline in biological diversity has stimulated the research on the effects of resource conservation on biodiversity and vice versa. We examined soil water and nutrients influenced by rainwater harvesting (RWH) in hillslope and its effects on herbage diversity and productivity at up (USP), middle (MSP) and lower position (LSP) in 75 plots, each of 700-m² area laid in < 10%, 10%–20% and > 20% slopes, respectively. The five RWH treatments were Contour trench (CT), Gradonie (G), Box trench (BT), V-ditch (VD) and control. Soil water content (SWC), species number, population, diversity and herbage yield increased (P < 0.05) downward suggesting positive relations between soil resource and diversity/productivity. The highest species number, population, richness and diversity in 10%–20% slope were associated with soil water usage and NO₃-N and NH4-N concentrations. SWC was 5.0%–19.0% greater in RWH areas than in control influencing herbage species, population, growth and yields. The increase in diversity and yields was the highest (P < 0.05) in V-ditch reinforced by soil fertility. The positive effect of diversity on yield increased with resources, and the effect was compositional rather than that of species richness. Conclusively, slope gradient and soil texture influenced herbage regeneration, diversity and productivity, which were positively affected by existing soil fertility and applied RWH and mobilizing soil water and nutrients. The effect of V-ditch was the highest on composition and yield. Thus, RWH enhanced herbaceous vegetation and restoration of degraded forest/rangelands. But long-term effects of diversity in restoring ecosystem productivity could be established through long-term data collections on optimum water/nutrient usage, diversity and productivity.     

典型双季稻田施磷流失风险及阈值研究

通过3年(2011—2013年)的双季稻田间小区试验,探明了不同施磷量对双季稻产量、土壤磷素积累、磷素流失风险的影响,并确定了土壤收支平衡的施磷阈值。研究结果表明:连续3年不同施磷量处理水稻早、晚季产量为5474~5552 kg·hm~(-2)和7096~7521 kg·hm~(-2),过量施用磷肥对水稻产量无显著增产效果,反而有减产的风险。施用磷肥后,土壤Olsen-P含量显著提高。田面水TP平均浓度与土壤中Olsen-P呈显著正相关关系;施磷后田面水磷素动态能用指数模型(Y=C_0·e~(k/t),k0)拟合,即随着磷肥施用量增加,田面水磷素流失风险增加。结合水稻产量效应、土壤磷素表观平衡和磷素环境风险,推荐研究区域早、晚稻施磷阈值分别为(48.53±7.07)kg P_2O_5·hm~(-2)和(56.87±7.90)kg P_2O_5·hm~(-2)。     

Spatial and Temporal Variability of Sorghum Grain Yield: Influence of Soil,Water, Pests,and Diseases Relationships

This study was conducted to determine relationships between biotic and abiotic factors and to generate information needed to improve the management of site-specific farming (SSF). The effects of water (80% evapotranspiration (ET) and 50% ET), hybrid (drought-tolerant and -susceptible), elevation, soil texture, soil NO₃--N, soil pH, and greenbugs (Schizaphis graminum) (Gb) on sorghum grain yield were investigated at Halfway, TX on geo-referenced locations on a 30-m grid in 1997, 1998, and 1999. Grain yields were influenced by interrelationships among many factors. Grain yields were consistently high under 80% ET treatment and in the upper slopes where the clay and silt fractions of the soil were high. Soil NO₃--N, rainfall, hybrid, and Gb effects on grain yields were seasonally unstable. Soil NO₃--N increased grain yield when water was abundant and depressed grain yields when water was limiting. Plant density effects on grain yield were confounded with hybrid responses to drought and Gb infestation. Managing seasonally unstable factors is a major challenge for farmers and better ways to monitor crop growth and diagnose causes of poor plant growth are needed. To improve the management of SSF, effects of the relationships between biotic and abiotic factors on crop yield must be integrated and evaluated as a system. Based on our study, information on seasonally stable factors like elevation and soil texture is useful in identifying management zones for water and fertilizer application. Water and fertilizers management should be complemented by in-season management of seasonally unstable factors like soil NO₃--N, rainfall, hybrid, and Gb effects on grain yield.     

Apparent Electrical Conductivity,Soil Properties and Spatial Covariance in the U.S. Southern High Plains

Site-specific soil and crop management will require rapid low-cost sensors that can generate position-referenced data that measure important soil properties that impact crop yields. Apparent electrical conductivity (EC_a) is one such measure. Our main objective was to determine which commonly measured surface soil properties were related to EC_a at six sites in the Texas Southern High Plains, USA. We used the Veris 3100 and Geonics EM-38 EC mapping systems on 12 to 47 ha areas in six center-pivot irrigation sites. Soil samples were taken from 0–150 mm on a 0.1 to 0.8 ha grid and analyzed for routine nutrients and particle size distribution. At four of the six sites, shallow EC_a measured with the Veris 3100 (EC_a-sh) positively correlated to clay content. Clay content was negatively related with EC_a-sh at one site, possibly due to low bulk density of the shallow calcic horizon at that site. Other soil properties that were often correlated with EC_a included soil extractable Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, CEC, silt and soluble salts. Extractable K⁺, NO₃^–, SO₄^–, Mehlich-3-P, and pH were not related to EC_a. Partial least squares regression (PLS) of seven soil properties explained an average of 61%, 51% and 37% of the variation in observed shallow EC_a-sh, deep EC_a with the Veris 3100 (EC_a-dp) and EC_a with the Geonics EM-38 (EC_a-em), respectively. Including nugget, range and sill parameters from a spherical semivariance model of the residuals from PLS regression improved the fit of mixed models in 15 of 18 cases. Apparent EC, therefore can provide useful information to land-users about key soil properties such as clay content and extractable Ca²⁺, but that spatial covariance in these relationships should not be ignored.     

农艺调控措施对水稻镉积累的影响及其机理研究

利用盆栽试验研究了低镉积累品种种植(V)、全生育期淹水灌溉(I)和施用生石灰调节土壤pH值(P)3种农艺调控措施及其组合对河沙泥田中镉植物有效性的影响及其机理。结果表明:不同农艺措施使土壤的pH值提高0.05~0.9个单位,土壤NH₄OAc提取态镉含量降低5.1%~38.4%,水稻地上部镉含量显著降低。这3种措施组合(VIP)降低水稻吸收与累积镉的效果最佳,IP、PV次之;与对照相比,VIP处理糙米镉含量降低了61.5%,稻壳镉含量降低了70.9%。采取农艺调控措施处理不但可以有效降低水稻地上部分镉含量,而且能提高水稻产量,以VIP处理效果最佳,是对照的2.6倍。因子分析结果显示,低镉积累水稻品种种植和土壤pH值提高可有效降低糙米镉的积累,全生育期淹水与土壤pH值提高之间存在显著交互作用。可见,种植低镉积累品种结合土壤pH值调节和淹水灌溉对镉污染稻田的修复治理具有重要意义。     

黄淮海平原小麦吸收镉与土壤可浸提镉间关系研究

土壤重金属镉浸提量与小麦吸收镉量关系是评价浸提方法以及土壤中镉有效性的重要依据,为了给黄淮海平原小麦产区土壤镉污染评价提供科技支撑。分别采用0.43 mol·L~(-1)HNO_3、0.1 mol·L~(-1)HCl、0.05 mol·L~(-1)EDTA浸提土壤镉的方法对黄淮海平原11个不同地点大田土壤样品和24个小麦植株样品进行了测定,并对3种不同浸提剂浸提的土壤有效态镉量间的相互关系,及土壤浸提镉含量与小麦镉含量间的关系进行了探讨。结果表明:不同浸提剂浸提的土壤Cd含量、全量间的相关关系均达极显著水平;3种浸提剂的Cd浸提率为58.7%(0.43 mol·L~(-1)HNO_3)53.2%(0.05 mol·L~(-1)EDTA)25.9%(0.1 mol·L~(-1)HCl),不同浸提剂浸提的土壤有效态Cd含量与小麦植株Cd含量的相关性顺序为r=0.74(0.05 mol·L~(-1)EDTA)r=0.64(0.43 mol·L~(-1)HNO_3)r=0.49(0.1 mol·L~(-1)HCl);在pH为7.71~8.59和土壤全Cd含量范围为0.107~0.212 mg·kg~(-1)条件下,以EDTA浸提的土壤Cd含量及土壤Cd全量结合土壤pH值建立的方程可以较好地预测小麦籽粒Cd含量;经推算,EDTA浸提的土壤Cd和土壤Cd全量的安全临界值可分别为0.671 mg·kg~(-1)和1.02 mg·kg~(-1)。     

Linking Microbial-Scale Findings to Farm-Scale Outcomes in a Dryland Cropping System

Soil biological response to management is best evaluated in field-scale experiments within the context of the soil environment and crop; however, cost-effective methods are lacking to relate these data which span multiple spatial scales. We hypothesized that zones of apparent electrical conductivity (EC_a) could be used to integrate soil properties (sampling-site scale), microbial-scale measures of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi, and field-scale wheat yields from yield maps. An on-farm dryland experiment (250 ha) was established wherein two (32-ha) fields were assigned to each phase of a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) – corn (Zea mays L.) – proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) – fallow rotation. Each field was mapped and classified into four zones (ranges) of EC_a. Soil samples were collected from geo-referenced sites within EC_a zones and analyzed for multiple soil properties associated with productivity (0–7.5 and/or 0–30 cm). Additionally, VAM fungi were assessed using C16:1(cis)11 fatty acid methyl ester biomarker (C16_vam), glomalin immunoassay, and wet-aggregate stability (WAS) techniques (1–2mm aggregates from 0- to 7.5-cm soil samples). Concentrations of C16_vam and WAS increased among cropping treatments as: fallow < wheat < corn < millet. Glomalin across crops and replicates, C16_vam and WAS in fallow (crop effect removed), soil properties associated with productivity, and wheat yields were negatively correlated with EC_a and different among EC_a zones (P 0.05). Zones of EC_a provide a point of reference for relating data collected at different scales. Monitoring cropping system parameters and profitability, over time, may allow linkage of microbial-scale processes to farm-scale economic and ecological outcomes.     

Effect of Long-Term Fertilization on Soil Productivity and Nitrate Accumulation in Gansu Oasis

A long-term （1982-2001） field experiment was conducted in a calcareous soil under wheat （Triticum aestivum L.）-wheat （Triticum aestivum L.）-maize （Zea mays L.） rotation system at Zhangye, Gansu Province, China to determine the effects of long-term fertilization on crop yield, nutrients interactions, content and accumulation of nitrate-N in soil profiles. Twenty- four plots in a split-plot factorial with a combination of eight treatments （from nitrogen （N）, phosphorus （P）, potassium （K） and farmyard manure （M） applications） and 3 replications were selected. Main treatments were M and without M, and the sub-treatments were no-fertilizer （CK）, N, NP and NPK. When P and K fertilizers were part of treatments, their ratio to N was 1N：0.22P：0.42K. All M, P and K fertilizers were applied as the basal dressing. The grain yield was harvested each experimental period and straw yield for the period from 1988 to 1997. After crop harvest in 2000, the soil was sampled from the 0-20, 20-60, 60-100, 100-140 and 140-180 cm depths to determine NO3^--N content. Maize yield of CK in 2000 was only 28.2% of that in 1984, and wheat in 2001 was 25.7% of that observed in 1982. Average impact of fertilizers on grain yield decreased in the order of N 〉 M 〉 P 〉 K. Yield response to N and P fertilizers increased with progress of the experiment. The impact of K fertilizer showed no increase in grain yield during the initial 6 years （1982-1987）, moderate increase in the next 5 years （1988-1992）, and considerable increase in the last 9 years （1993-2001）. The straw yield trend was similar to grain yield. Accumulation and distribution of NO3^--N in soil was significantly affected by annual fertilizations. Mineral fertilizers （NP and NPK） led to NO3^- -N accumulation in most subsoil layers, with major impact in the 20-140 cm depth. The combination of mineral fertilizers and farmyard manure （MNP and MNPK） reduced soil NO3^--N accumulation in comparison to mineral fertilizers, It can be argued that long-term fertilization significantly enhanced grain and straw yield in this rotation scheme. The findings of this research suggest that it is important to balance application of mineral fertilizers and farmyard manure in order to protect soil and underground water from potential NO3^--N pollution while sustaining high productivity in the oasis agro-ecosystem.     

Within-field Variations in Grain Protein Content—Relationships to Yield and Soil Nitrogen and Consistency in Maps Between Years

In uniformly managed fields, high yielding areas and areas with less plant-available soil nitrogen (Np) may have lower grain crude protein concentration (CP) due to smaller amounts of nitrogen available per kg grain yield. With site-specific fertilization, more nitrogen could be applied to such areas to achieve a better and more even CP within the field. To investigate the need for this and the possibility of estimating fertilizer demand from historical data, within-field variations in CP, correlations with yield and Np and their consistency in spatial distribution between years were investigated. Measurements were performed during 1998–2000 at 34 sites within a 15-ha field in southwestern Sweden. Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) was grown in 1998 and 2000 and spring barley (Hordeum vulgare) in 1999. CP was dependent on both yield and Np, but was also affected by other factors. The spatial distributions of CP and grain yields within the field were not consistent between years, probably because fertilization relative to optimum varied differently between sites in different years. In 1998, CP and grain yield were negatively correlated and CP was larger at sites with more Np. CP had a positive correlation with both yield and Np in 1999. In 2000, CP was lower where yield was higher at most sites, but did not correlate significantly with either yield or Np. The positive correlation between yield and CP was connected with nitrogen fertilization below optimum, whereas the negative correlation was connected with nitrogen fertilization near or above optimum at most sites.     

间作对莎草与蚕豆体内铅镉锌化学形态分布的影响

通过室内盆栽实验,研究了莎草(Cyperus glomeratus L.)和蚕豆(Vicia faba L.)间作条件下两种植物体内Pb、Cd、Zn化学形态分布的变化,并进一步探讨了间作体系影响莎草与蚕豆对重金属Cd、Pb、Zn吸收累积的主要机制。结果表明:与单作相比,间作使莎草地上部生物量减少了54.55%,根部生物量减少了41.67%,叶绿素与可溶性糖含量分别减少了33.33%与36.39%;间作后蚕豆地上部的生物量提高了11.71%。蚕豆根际土壤有效态Pb、Cd和Zn含量显著降低。Pb在两种植物体内的化学形态以氯化钠提取态(FNa Cl)为主,间作使莎草地上部乙醇提取态(FE)Pb含量显著增加了23.43%,根部各化学形态Pb含量增加6.92%~17.80%;间作后蚕豆地上部活性较强的FE-Pb和FW-Pb含量显著降低了16.00%和42.60%,根部各化学形态Pb含量降低了1.32%~44.76%。Cd在两种植物体内的化学形态以FNa Cl和FHCl为主,间作使莎草地上部残渣态(FR)含量显著增加了43.45%,根部FHCl和FR含量显著增加了6.26%和30.01%;间作后蚕豆地上部FHCl-Cd含量显著降低了26.37%,根部各化学形态Cd含量降低了6.09%~68.33%;在两种植物体内的化学形态以FHAc、FW和FNa Cl占优,间作使莎草地上部FE-Zn含量显著增加了12.5%,根部各化学形态Zn含量增加5.32%~23.54%;间作后蚕豆地上部和根部各化学形态Zn含量均降低。蚕豆地上部和根部Pb、Cd、Zn均与土壤有效态Pb、Cd、Zn含量呈显著正相关,表明间作降低蚕豆Pb、Cd、Zn的含量与体系植物根际土壤有效态Pb、Cd、Zn含量下降密切相关。     

施氮、锌对镉污染小麦产量及籽粒锌、镉含量的影响

为了明确氮、锌、镉处理及其互作对小麦产量和籽粒锌、镉含量的影响,本研究设置盆栽裂区试验,以扬麦25为供试材料,主区氮处理设常氮(1.6 g·盆^-1)和减氮(0.8 g·盆^-1),裂区锌、镉处理设对照、锌处理(150 mg·kg^-1)、镉处理(5 mg·kg^-1)和锌+镉处理,测定小麦产量性状,籽粒不同组分(面粉、次粉和麸皮)氮、锌、镉含量以及籽粒锌、镉有效富集系数。结果表明：与常氮相比,减氮处理使小麦籽粒产量显著降低,这主要与产量构成因子、生物产量和收获指数均显著下降有关;减氮条件下小麦成熟籽粒氮含量(不同组分10%～15%)、镉含量(12%～16%)以及镉有效富集系数亦显著降低。与不施锌相比,土壤施锌对籽粒产量和氮含量均无显著影响,但使籽粒锌含量大幅增加(14%～30%),使镉含量(18%～28%)以及锌、镉有效富集系数均显著下降。土壤镉处理对籽粒产量和氮含量均无显著影响,使籽粒镉含量(38～42倍)以及锌、镉有效富集系数均显著增加,而使锌含量显著下降(3%～12%)。籽粒组分及其与镉、锌处理的互...     

Measurements of Mouldboard Plow Draft: II. Draft-Soil-Crop and Yield-Draft Associations

The primary objective of this investigation was to evaluate some potential causal associations between draft derived from a 3-bottom mouldboard plow during normal fall field operations and soil-crop properties at a field site near Winchester, Ontario, Canada. A secondary objective was to investigate, in a preliminary manner, associations between draft and crop yield (corn, soybean, and wheat). Regression tree analysis indicated that draft variability was best explained by field location, crop type, soil cone penetration resistance in the plow layer, and soil texture in the plow layer. Draft was found to generally increase with cone penetration resistance in the plow layer and soil clay content. Corn yields were negatively associated with draft. The reverse was true for the soybean yields, and a combination of negative and positive draft vs. yield relationships existed for the wheat plots. The overall results indicated that draft data collected during normal field operations can be useful for producers interested in identifying areas in the field where soil strength/compaction might be problematic with regard to crop yields.     

Influences of nitrogen fertilizer application rates on radish yield, nutrition quality, and nitrogen recovery efficiency

Radishes (Raphanus sativus L.) were grown in plastic pots in a screenhouse to investigate the influences of nitrogen fertilizer application rates (NFAR) on yield, nitrate content, nitrate reductase activity (NR), nutrition quality, and nitrogen recovery efficiency (NRE) at commercial mature stage. Five N-rate treatments, 0.644, 0.819, 0.995, 1.170, and 1.346 g·pot⁻¹, were set up in the screenhouse pot experiments, and nitrogen fertilizer (unlabeled N and ¹⁵N-labeled fertilizer) was applied as basal dressing and topdressing, respectively. The results indicated that the fresh and dry weight yields of radish increased with the increase of NFAR at the range of 0.099 to 0.180 g N·kg⁻¹ soil, decreased at 0.207 g N·kg⁻¹ soil, and accordingly there was a significant quadratic relationship between the fresh and dry weight yields of radish and the NFAR. At the high addition of urea-N fertilizer, the nitrate content accumulated in the fleshy roots and leaves due to the decline in NR activity. From 0.644 to 0.819 g N·pot⁻¹ NR increased most rapidly, the highest NR activity occurred at 0.819 g N·pot⁻¹, and the lowest NR activity happened at 1.346 g N·pot⁻¹. Soluble sugar and ascorbic acid initially increased to the highest value and then decreased, and, contrarily, crude fiber rapidly decreased with the increase of NFAR. Total N uptake (TNU), N derived from fertilizer (N_dff), and N derived from soil (N_dfs) in radish increased, except that N_dfs relatively and slightly decreased at the rate of 0.207 g N·kg⁻¹soil. The ratio of Ndff to TNU increased, but the ratio of Ndfs to TNU as well as NRE of N fertilizer decreased with the increase of NFAR. Therefore, the appropriate NFAR should be preferably recommended for improving the yields and nutrition qualities of radish and NRE of N fertilizer. These authors contributed equally to this work     

减量化肥配施紫云英对稻田土壤碳、氮的影响

以11 a(2008—2018年)长期定位试验为对象,研究了减施40%化肥下紫云英不同翻压量对双季稻产量及土壤活性有机碳、氮(DOC+MBC、DON+MBN)的影响,以探讨紫云英替代化肥的可行性和适宜翻压量。试验设置CK(不施紫云英和化肥)、GM_(22.5)(单施紫云英22.5 t·hm~(-2))、100%CF(常规施肥)和减施40%化肥(60%CF)条件下将紫云英翻压量设为15、22.5、30、37.5 t·hm~(-2)4个水平,共7个处理。于2018年晚稻收获后采集土壤样品,分析土壤微生物量碳、氮(MBC、MBN)和可溶性有机碳、氮(DOC、DON)。结果表明:与常规施肥相比,减施40%化肥下各紫云英不同翻压量处理早稻及全年两季稻谷产量持平或略有增加,且均随紫云英翻压量增多而提高。紫云英翻压量为15～30 t·hm~(-2)时,晚稻稻谷产量随紫云英翻压量的增多而提高,当紫云英翻压量多于30 t·hm~(-2)时,则呈下降趋势。除翻压紫云英15 t·hm~(-2)外,其他紫云英与化肥配施处理晚稻稻谷产量与常规施肥相比无显著差异;与常规施肥相比,紫云英与化肥配施均不同程度地提高了土壤MBC、MBN、DOC、DON含量。紫云英翻压量为15～22.5 t·hm~(-2)时,土壤MBC、MBN、DOC、DON均随紫云英翻压量增加而增加,当翻压量多于22.5 t·hm~(-2)时呈下降趋势;MBC/SOC和MBN/TN均随紫云英翻压量的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,MBC/SOC在60%CF+GM_(22.5)处理最高,MBN/TN以60%CF+GM_(30)处理最高。DOC/SOC和DON/TN均在60%CF+GM_(15)处理最高;相关分析结果表明,土壤MBC、MBN、DOC、DON、DOC+MBC、DON+MBN与土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)呈极显著正相关(P0.01)。土壤各活性有机碳、氮与早、晚稻及全年两季稻谷产量均呈极显著正相关(P0.01)。综合考虑双季稻的产量效应及土壤培肥效果,在本试验条件下或与该试验区域气候特点和种植制度类似的南方水稻主产区,在减少40%化肥条件下,紫云英翻压22.5～30 t·hm~(-2)较为适宜。     

秸秆生物炭对砂姜黑土有机磷组分含量的影响

研究秸秆生物炭对砂姜黑土有机磷组分及分配的影响,对剖析土壤磷循环机制和农田磷管理有重要意义。依托砂姜黑土定位试验,分析不施肥（CK）、常规施肥（NPK）、化肥与6.0、12、36和48 t·hm^-2小麦秸秆生物炭一次性增施（BC₆、BC₁₂、BC₃₆和BC₄₈）6个处理对作物产量、土壤理化性质及有机磷组分的影响。结果表明,与NPK处理相比,增施秸秆生物炭均可保障小麦和玉米产量,并显著增加（P < 0.05）土壤有机碳、全氮和pH,提升土壤肥力和缓解土壤酸化;砂姜黑土有机磷以中等活性有机磷为主（37.4%～45.4%）,其分配比例因秸秆生物炭施用量的不同而呈现差异。BC₆、BC₁₂、BC₃₆和BC₄₈处理土壤活性有机磷含量分别为11.4、10.7、9.2和9.3 mg·kg^-1,分别较NPK处理下降8.8%、14.4%、26.4%和25.6%,差异显著（P＜0.05）,且土壤活性有机磷含量与生物炭施用量呈显著线性负相关（R² = 0.881 6,P＜0.05）。增施秸秆生物炭处理（BC₆、BC₁₂、BC₃₆和BC₄₈）土壤活性有机磷所占比例较NPK处理均显著降低（P＜0.05）,这说明增施秸秆生物炭除了可有效提升土壤肥力水平、缓解土壤酸化之外,还可有效降低土壤有机磷活性,增强有机磷稳定性,保障作物产量,其中以一次性增施36 t·hm^-2效果最好,宜在砂姜黑土区广泛应用。     

Changes in yield classification in a soybean-rice rotation

For yield based site-specific management to be successful in fields with crop rotations, changes in management zones between crops must be determined. The study objectives were to determine if yield classes change between crops within a rotation and whether soil properties can predict the yield classes or the year-to-year changes. A percentile classification method was used to categorize yearly soybean (Glycine max) and rice (Oryza sativa) yield in two fields with soybean-rice-soybean rotations into low, medium and high yield classes. There was little agreement in yield classifications between years. Yield class based on soil properties was predicted accurately by linear discriminant analysis in Field 1 20–67% of the time and in Field 2 13–83% of the time. Predictions in Field 1 were based on soil available Mg and P, elevation and the deep soil apparent electrical conductivity (EC_a). Predictions in Field 2 were based on soil texture, soil available P, K and Mg, and pH. The linear discriminant analysis was also able to predict year-to-year changes in yield class. Changes in class in Field 1 could be predicted by total soil C and N, silt, and soil available Mg and P depending on the year. Soil texture, soil available P, K and Mg, total soil C and pH, elevation and deep soil EC_a predicted yield changes in Field 2 depending on the year. The results of this study indicate only limited success at management zone definition in a soybean-rice rotation. Further investigation is needed with other crop rotation sequences to verify the findings of this study.