Behavior of Pilot-Scale Constructed Wetlands in Removing Nutrients and Sediments Under Varying Environmental Conditions

Water resources are threatened globally and declining water quality is primarily due to stormwater, agricultural, urban, and mining runoffs. Steamboat Creek in Nevada is the largest non point source (NPS) of pollution to the Truckee River. Treatment wetlands are a cost-effective and reliable technique to control NPS pollution, therefore, a large-scale wetland along Steamboat Creek has been proposed as a component of a regional watershed restoration plan. This study used ten parallel pilot-scale wetland mesocosms, and tested the effects of drying and rewetting, hydraulic retention time (HRT), and high nitrogen loading on the efficiency of nutrient and total suspended solids (TSS) removal. Drying and rewetting produced noticeable effects on nutrient retention, but the effect was short-lived. During longer HRT period nutrient removal in manipulated mesocosms with an 8 h HRT were higher than controls with a 4 h HRT. Reducing the HRT from 4 h to 30 min further decreased nutrient interception. During increased influent nitrogen loading (9.5?±?2.4 mg l^?1), manipulated mesocosms functioned as sinks for total nitrogen (TN) with removal efficiency increasing from 45?±?13% to 87?±?9%. The average change in TN concentration was 9.1?±?2.2 mg l^?1. Drying/rewetting and varying HRT influenced total phosphorus (TP) and TSS similarly, and TP removal was associated with TSS removal. Results can help make decisions regarding wetland construction, management, and operation more effective in order to reduce nutrient loads to the Truckee River.     

Nutrient Accumulation in Typha latifolia L. and Sediment of a Representative Integrated Constructed Wetland

This paper investigates the role of plants and sediment in removing nutrients from wastewater being treated in a representative integrated constructed wetland (ICW). It discusses the role of plants and sediment in removing nutrients from an ICW treating agricultural wastewater for more than 7 years. More nitrogen and phosphorus were stored in wetland soils and sediments than in plants. The first cell had the highest depth of sediment accumulation (45 cm). Over the 7-year operation period, the accretion rate was approximately 6.4 cm/year. With respect to maintenance, desludging of the first wetland cell of the ICW system appears to be necessary in 2011. An average of 10,000 m³ per year of wastewater entered the ICW. Approximately 74% (780 kg) of the phosphorus and 52% (5,175 kg) of the nitrogen that entered the wetland system was stored in the wetland soils and sediments. Plants stored a small fraction of nutrients compared to soils (<1% for both nitrogen and phosphorus). This study demonstrates that soils within a mature wetland system are an important and sustainable nutrient storage component.     

Treatment Efiiciencies of Constructed Wetlands for Eutrophic Landscape River Water

The efficiencies of two types of constructed wetlands for the treatment of low-concentration polluted eutrophic landscape river water were studied in the western section of the Qingyuan River at the Minhang campus of Shanghai Jiaotong University. The first wetland was a single-stage system using gravel as a filtration medium, and the second was a three- stage system filled with combinations of gravel, zeolite, and fly ash. Results from parallel operations of the wetlands showed that the three-stage constructed wetland could remove organics, nitrogen, and phosphorus successfully. At the same time, it could also decrease ammoniacal odour in the effluent. Compared to the single-stage constructed wetland, it had better nutrient removal efficiencies with a higher removal of 19.37%-65.27% for total phosphorus （TP） and 21.56%- 62.94% for total nitrogen （TN）, respectively, during the operation period of 14 weeks. In terms of removal of chemical oxygen demand （COD）, turbidity, and blue-green algae, these two wetland systems had equivalent performances. It was also found that in the western section of the test river, in which the two constructed wetlands were located, the water quality was much better than that in the eastern and middle sections without constructed wetland because COD, TN, and TP were all in a relatively lower level and the eutrophication could be prevented completely in the western section.     

两种人工湿地处理富营养化景观水体的性能对比研究

The efficiencies of two types of constructed wetlands for the treatment of low-concentration polluted eutrophic land-scape river water were studied in the western section of the Qingyuan River at the Minhang campus of Shanghai Jiaotong University. The first wetland was a single-stage system using gravel as a filtration medium, and the second was a three-stage system filled with combinations of gravel, zeolite, and fly ash. Results from parallel operations of the wetlands showed that the three-stage constructed wetland could remove organics, nitrogen, and phosphorus successfully. At the same time, it could also decrease ammoniacal odour in the effluent. Compared to the single-stage constructed wetland, it had better nutrient removal efficiencies with a higher removal of 19.37%-65.27% for total phosphorus (TP) and 21.56%-62.94% for total nitrogen (TN), respectively, during the operation period of 14 weeks. In terms of removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD), turbidity, and blue-green algae, these two wetland systems had equivalent performances. It was also found that in the western section of the test river, in which the two constructed wetlands were located, the water quality was much better than that in the eastern and middle sections without constructed wetland because COD, TN, and TP were all in a relatively lower level and the eutrophication could be prevented completely in the western section.     

多级串联表面流人工湿地净化生活污水效果

农村生活污水已经成为农业面源污染的主要来源之一。为了研究如何在经济发展水平不高的农村建立能有效治理农村生活污水,且建设成本低、运行维护简单的人工湿地系统,该文通过在桂林市青狮潭灌区构建了多级串联的表面流人工湿地系统,研究分析了不同子系统的水质净化效果及相关检测指标浓度的沿程变化规律。研究结果表明,湿地系统对氮磷的去除效率总体呈现出随时间推移逐渐下降的趋势,同时湿地的表面积越大,其对氮磷的去除率越高。研究还发现,该湿地系统对高浓度进水具有快速、稳定的去除效果,而对低浓度进水的营养盐去除则表现得较为平缓和持久。通过对湿地系统沿程氮磷浓度衰减的拟合及回归分析,建立了与湿地系统进口浓度有关的TN、NH4+-N和TP浓度的沿程衰减模型,相关分析表明其最佳的拟合模型均为指数衰减模型。该湿地系统在整个试验时期内均表现出了良好的净化效果,有效地减轻了农村生活污水对外界水环境的破坏,指数衰减模型的建立也为后续湿地设计及排水水质预测提供了理论分析依据。     

绿狐尾藻湿地对养殖废水中不同污染负荷氮去除效应

为研究绿狐尾藻湿地对不同污染负荷养殖废水氮去除效应和影响因素,该研究在野外建立了9条表面流绿狐尾藻湿地,以低负荷(60 L/d废水+120 L/d清水)、中负荷(120 L/d废水+60 L/d清水/d)和高负荷(180 L/d废水)养殖废水为处理对象,研究了不同污染负荷下绿狐尾藻湿地水体氮素时间变化规律;结合线性混合模型,进一步探究了影响绿狐尾藻湿地氮去除的关键环境因子。结果表明,整个试验期间(2014-07-2015-05),绿狐尾藻湿地对低、中、高负荷废水铵氮(NH₄⁺-N)和总氮(Total Nitrogen,TN)去除率均较高,其中NH₄⁺-N平均去除率为85.0%～98.7%,TN平均去除率为83.6%～97.1%。线性混合模型分析结果表明,影响绿狐尾藻湿地NH₄⁺-N去除的关键环境因子是水体溶解氧和硝态氮以及底泥NH₄⁺-N含量,其中水体溶解氧对绿狐尾藻湿地NH₄^+<...     

上海郊区河流沉积物N、P释放的初步研究

A laboratory study was conducted to observe the release of nitrogen and phosphorus from the sedimentsunder both anaerobic and aerobic conditions. The samples used were five creek sediments and a fish-pondsediment (as a comparison) obtained from suburban Shanghai. High loads of nitrogen and phosphoruswere found in the creek sediments. Total nitrogen of the sediments ranged from 1.17 to 5.95 g kg^-1; totalphosphorus from 608.63 to 2 033.95 mg kg^-1. Making up more than 90% of the total nitrogen, organicnitrogen was the dominant nitrogen fraction in the sediments; where as inorganic phosphorus was the dominant phosphorus fraction, which made up more than 85 percent of the total phosphorus. Cabound phosphorus fraction dominated inorganic phosphorus, which occupied more than 50% of the total. A large amount of ammonium was released from the sediments under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, and the anaerobic releases were slightly greater than the aerobic. In addition, ammonium contents in the aerobic waters decreased sharply after reaching the peaks because of strong nitrification, compared with the relatively maintained ammonium peaks in the anaerobic waters. Anaerobic phosphate releases were much greater than the aerobic and the released ortho-phosphate was mainly from Fe-bound phosphorus. Ammonium and ortho-phosphate releases from the sample of the dredged creek were the lowest, showing that creek dredging could effectively remove contaminants from the surface of sediments and weaken the release potentials of nitrogen and phosphorus. Ammonium and ortho-phosphate releases from the fish-pond sediment were greater than those from the creek sediments though its total nitrogen and phosphorus were not the highest, which was probably due to the larger amount of biologically degraded organic matter in the fish-pond sediment.     

Nutrient Dynamics and Eutrophication Patterns in a Semi-Arid Wetland: The Effects of Fluctuating Hydrology

A three-year study was carried out in Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park, a Spanish semi-arid wetland, to describe eutrophication patterns and the responses of the main primaryproducers in contrasting inundation years. Total and dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus, phytoplankton chlorophyll-a(monthly) and emergent macrophyte cover (yearly) were measured together with water levels. Water balances were taken to assessphosphorus and nitrogen annual nutrient budgets. The wetland could be termed hypertrophic. Nutrients displayed distinct seasonality because nitrogen peaked both in winter and summer,whereas phosphorus did so in late spring and early summer. A reduction in both total nitrogen and phosphorus in humid yearsdue to higher water levels was also observed. An important spatial heterogeneity in nutrient content occurred throughout the study, part of which could be ascribed to hydrological fluctuations since the input site showed higher mean values in rainy years. Mass balances suggested that sedimentation played a key role in nutrient dynamics, with macrophyte leaching and waterfowl additions being minor sources. Internalloading was much higher than external loading in this wetland,thereby being responsible for higher sedimentation rates.Phytoplankton chlorophyll-a displayed seasonality, withpeaks in late summer, when macrophyte activity was decreasing.No relationship between either chlorophyll-a and nutrients or hydrological conditions could be ascertained formost sampling stations and years of study. However, the waterlevel-dependent, emergent macrophyte sawgrass (Cladium mariscus) presented a statistically significant relationship with both nitrogen and phosphorus. Our results demonstrate thatmacrophytes must be taken into account in wetland eutrophicationmodels. A conceptual model comparing the responses of primary producers to eutrophication in lakes and wetlands is outlined.     

Experiments on Water-Sediment Nutrient Partitioning Under Turbulent, Shear and Diffusive Conditions

Cultural eutrophication from excessive input of nutrients is a major problem for many water bodies around the world. Phosphorus and to a lesser degree nitrogen constitute the limiting elements for growth of plankton cells. Mobility, speciation and partition of nutrients in aquatic ecosystems depend on a number of physicochemical parameters. Experiments have been conducted for quantification of nutrient partition between ambient water and cohesive sediments. The experiments included nitrate and soluble phosphorus (superphosphate - 46% P₂O₅ fertilizer) partitioned between tap water and sediment slurries. The slurries involved kaolinite and bentonite as well as natural organic rnud from, Lake Okeechobee, Florida. The nutrient exchange was promoted by sediment resuspension. Resuspension was induced either under homogeneous turbulent conditions in an oscillating-grid tank or by shear flow in a lock-exchange flume. The effects of phosphorus or nitrogen concentration, sediment concentration, water temperature, pH and salinity on nutrient partition were quantified. The results obtained through this study appear to be in agreement with data from other similar laboratory or field studies.     

Nutrient Removal in Pilot-Scale Constructed Wetlands Treating Eutrophic River Water: Assessment of Plants, Intermittent Artificial Aeration and Polyhedron Hollow Polypropylene Balls

Seven experimental pilot-scale subsurface vertical-flow constructed wetlands were designed to assess the effect of plants [Typha latifolia L. (cattail)], intermittent artificial aeration and the use of polyhedron hollow polypropylene balls (PHPB) as part of the wetland substrate on nutrient removal from eutrophic Jinhe River water in Tianjin, China. During the entire running period, observations indicated that plants played a negligible role in chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal but significantly enhanced ammonia–nitrogen (NH₄–N), nitrate–nitrogen (NO₃–N) total nitrogen (TN), soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) and total phosphorus (TP) removal. The introduction of intermittent artificial aeration and the presence of PHPB could both improve COD, NH₄–N, TN, SRP and TP removal. Furthermore, aerated wetlands containing PHPB performed best; the following improvements were noted: 10.38 g COD/m² day, 1.34 g NH₄–N/m² day, 1.04 g TN/m² day, 0.07 g SRP/m² day and 0.07 g TP/m² day removal, if compared to non-aerated wetlands without PHPB being presented.     

Mercury Dynamics in the Lahontan Reservoir,Nevada: Application of the QWASI Fugacity/Aquivalence Multispecies Model

The Lahontan Reservoir in western Nevada has among the highest mercury (Hg) concentrations recorded in water, sediments and biota. The QWASI fugacity/aquivalence multispecies model was applied to examine Hg dynamics through a steady-state analysis of high loading conditions. The analysis indicated that the Carson River supplies most Hg in the water and upper sediments, with minimal inputs from the atmosphere and the Truckee Canal. Model estimates suggest that more than 90% of Hg entering the system from the Carson River at high flow is retained in the sediment of the reservoir, with export removing the remainder. Losses due to volatilization are negligible. The amount of methylmercury (MeHg) in the reservoir can be accounted for by inputs from the Carson River with minimal methylation occurring in the reservoir. The lack of species conversion and high retention rate appear to be due to the unreactive mineralogy of particulate Hg. Thus, we suggest that Hg dynamics are similar to that of other highly particle-reactive metals where fate is determined by particle movement. Finally, model results suggest an additional source of Hg to the system, which we hypothesize is from deep contaminated sediment that enters the system through sediment mixing caused by seasonal wet and dry cycles and sediment resuspension.     

Rapid shrinkage of Kushiro Mire,the largest mire in Japan,due to increased sedimentation associated with land-use development in the catchment

The suspended sediment discharge in the Kuchoro River, a tributary of the Kushiro River, showed that wash load was about 90% of the yearly total suspended load carried into the wetland from the entire watershed. Seasonal floods associated with typhoons and snowmelt carried a large volume of wash load, 44% and 37%, respectively, of the yearly total wash load. The deposition of suspended sediment in the channelized section has aggraded the riverbed by 2 m in the past two decades, which has reduced the cross-sectional area of the channel, so that turbid water spills over and carries wash load and suspended sediment deep into the wetlands. Flooding of turbid water, in association with aggradation of the riverbed, was detected by using a Water Turbidity Index. The flooding and turbidity have significantly increased between 1984 and 1994. Similarly, a Normalized Difference Vegetation Index map showed that forest establishment has continued from the wetland margins and in areas adjacent to the river channel. The suspended sediment carried and deposited by floods and sediment-associated nutrients should alter the edaphic environment from wet nutrient-poor soil to dry nutrient-rich soil providing regeneration habitats for tree species. The vegetation in turn adds resistance and friction against flows and contributes to additional sedimentation. However, flooding and the associated high water table causes stress for trees and may lead to premature decay. Environmental variables, such as water level, water content, organic content and grain size, varied significantly along cross-sectional distance, and are likely regulated by deposition of fine sediments transported by floods. Electrical conductivity and total nitrogen in groundwater varied significantly along the longitudinal distance. Basal areas of willow and alder stands correlated with variables related to spread of turbid water, which indicates that eutrophication of groundwater indirectly affects marsh forest expansion.     

基于遥感影像的黄河三角洲湿地景观演变及驱动因素分析

为揭示1973-2013年黄河三角洲湿地景观演变情况及其驱动因素,更好地服务于区域湿地生态保护和恢复,利用1973-2013年9期Landsat卫星影像,构建了黄河三角洲湿地景观数据库。阐述了黄河三角洲湿地景观组成现状、分布规律和阶段特征,并结合黄河入海水沙及社会经济数据,探讨了其驱动力。研究表明:1)黄河三角洲湿地以自然湿地为主,近40 a来湿地总面积呈下降趋势,且以自然湿地向人工湿地和非湿地的转换为主要特征,湿地景观破碎化趋势严重;2)黄河三角洲湿地景观面积的整体下降趋势与黄河入海水沙的整体减少有较好的函数关系,且以输沙量对自然湿地景观,尤其是咸水湿地景观变化趋势的影响更强,径流量则对淡水湿地景观的影响更为突出。3)黄河三角洲湿地景观面积变化亦具有阶段性特征,这是由于黄河来水来沙量的显著周期性变化,叠加上持续扩大的人类活动影响所致。该研究分析了黄河三角洲湿地景观格局演变规律,并定性探讨了主要驱动因素,相关结论对区域湿地保护和恢复具有一定参考意义。     

黄土高原土壤养分的损失

The soil nutrient losses due to excessive soil loss on Loess Plateau were studied by means of runoff plots and systematical determination of soil nutrients both in sediments and runoff.The results show that the amounts of nutrient losses depended on the amounts of ersoion sediments.Along with sediment,11-197kg nitrogen/hectare and 9-174kg phosphorus/hectare were lost,accounting for 92.46-99.47 percent of the total amount of nitrogen loss and 99.85-99.99 percent of the total amount of phosphorus loss respectively.The nutrient losses,very small in runoff,were mainly attributed to erosion of a few rainstorms during a year.The nutrient level in sediment was mostly higher than that in the original soil.Planting grass evidently redued the losses of soil nutrients.The N level was lower in runoff than in rainfall so that the N loss from runoff could be made up by rainfall.Fertilizer application to crops raised the nutrient level in runoff.     

潜流人工湿地中3种基质对氮磷净化的影响

通过潜流人工湿地装置,采用间歇运行方式考察不同停留时间下土壤、砾石、炉渣基质在以NO3--N、NH4+-N和PO4--P为主要氮组分的模拟污水对污水中氮的净化效能,并研究湿地系统基质与pH变化、NO3--N和NH4+-N净化效率的关系。结果表明,当水力停留时间为10d时,土壤-炉渣湿地的N,P净化效能高于以其他基质构建的湿地。在试验周期内,各基质的人工湿地系统NH4+-N的净化效率均高于NO3--N的净化效率,氮素的净化效能上层大于下层,湿地系统中pH值先降低后升高的拐点可作为NH4+-N氧化反应结束的指示参数。     

天目湖水体与沉积物中营养盐时空分布及成因

采用现场监测及实验室分析方法,2006年对天目湖水体和沉积物营养盐等进行了调查。结果发现,天目湖水体中营养盐浓度影响最大的是上游流域输人,冬季天目湖上游输入的颗粒物是导致水体营养盐尤其是TN水平升高的主要因素;而在夏季,水体中营养盐以溶解态为主,天目湖的营养类型是磷限制。表层沉积物营养盐含量最高的点位是下游靠近大坝取水口附近,表层沉积物N、P含量明显高于其下各层,尤其对于营养盐含量较高的点位。研究表明,作为一个兼顾饮用水源地和旅游功能的水库,上游区流域综合保护、水库渔业调控及旅游活动的进一步规范是控制天目湖富营养化的关键。     

石佛寺人工湿地不同营养特征淤积物对水生植物生长的影响

为研究淤积物营养特征对不同生长时期内水生植物生物量的影响,在石佛寺水库人工湿地采集对比了芦苇（Phragmites communis）和蒲草（Typha angustifolia）两种不同水生植物区域内的淤积物和生物植株,研究了不同营养特征淤积物对水生植物生物量的影响。结果表明:淤积物内营养特征与各时期内水生植物的生物量具有一定的相关关系。生长初期,芦苇和蒲草的生物量与淤积物中氮元素（N）和磷元素（P）呈负相关,其中与TP含量的相关性达到显著水平（p<0.05）,即较高的淤积物中营养元素含量会对水生植物的生长产生抑制作用;随着水生植物的进一步生长,这种抑制作用逐渐变小,并逐渐转变为促进作用,淤积物中营养元素含量与水生植物生物量的相关关系由负相关转为正相关;水生植物进入成熟期后,芦苇和蒲草的生物量达到最大值,淤积物内TN及TP含量均与水生植物的生物量呈显著正相关关系;之后随水生植物死亡腐解,这种关系逐渐消失。淤积物营养水平会对水生植物生长产生影响,主要表现在生物量的累积上。不同水生植物生长所受影响有所差异,蒲草的生物量与淤积物中营养元素含量的相关性更高。     

Nutrient Dynamics in a Restored Wetland

This research expands the understanding of the effects of hydrological restoration on nutrient reduction in a wetland associated with the Mississippi River Basin. The objective of this project was to observe the degree to which wetland restoration can sequester excess soil nutrients to improve water quality. Soil characteristics at sites in riparian wetlands following the initiation of Redman Point–Loosahatchie Bar Environmental Restoration Project were compared. Field sites were established in the Loosahatchie Chute, based on relative distance south of the notched dikes. Additionally, a natural riparian site was monitored. Soil samples were evaluated for spatial and seasonal differences in moisture content, bulk density, total carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P). Measurements of total C, total N, and P were reduced at all sites compared to the reference site. Although hydrology has been restored to the wetlands, functionality may take a considerable amount of time to be detectable.     

Sediment Accumulation of Nutrients (N, P) in the Eastern Gulf of Finland (Baltic Sea)

Dry weight (DW), ignition loss (IL) and concentrations of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) of the sediment surface layer (0 to 10 cm, 1 cm slices) were analyzed from 20 sites in the eastern Gulf of Finland. The distance of the sampling sites from the mouth of the River Neva explained the nutrient concentrations of the sediments well, while the effect of water depth was negligible. The increase of TN and the decrease of TP along the transect from the river mouth towards the open Gulf were caused by the diminishing share of allochthonous material supplied from the River Neva. The mean TN concentration of the different accumulation areas was about 40 % higher in the sediment surface than in the deeper layer (9 to 10 cm). The corresponding difference for TP varied from 53 to 56 %. The results suggest considerable netflux of nutrients from sediment to water. The net sediment accumulation of nutrients were estimated as 6.0 g m-2 a-1 of N and 1.7 g m-2 a-1 of P corresponding 22 000 t a-1 of N and 6 100 t a-1 of P for the whole eastern Gulf.     

几种挺水植物净化生活污水总氮和总磷效果的研究

研究了石菖蒲、灯心草和蝴蝶花3种不同植被系统、基质为河砂的潜流型人工湿地净化生活污水总氮和总磷的效果,并同无植被系统、相同基质的潜流型人工湿地净化效果进行了比较,结果表明:在较低浓度范围里无植被的人工湿地和3种有植被的人工湿地对污水中总氮有较好的去除作用,随着污水中总氮浓度的增加,虽然无植被的人工湿地和有植被的人工湿地去除总氮的效果均有下降的趋势,但有植被的人工湿地仍然能维持较高的总氮去除水平,无植被的人工湿地总氮去除效果则下降较快。在有植被的人工湿地中,以石菖蒲植被人工湿地氮素净化能力最强,其次为灯心草和蝴蝶花,这与植被自身吸收同化污水中氮素水平以及植物根系微生物作用有关。对于污水中总磷的去除,本研究中由于污水中磷素浓度较低,无植被和有植被的人工湿地对污水中磷素均有很好的去除作用,没有明显差异,但不同的植物体中磷素仍有明显的吸收同化富集现象,其中石菖蒲吸收同化磷素能力最强,其次为蝴蝶花和灯心草,植被在人工湿地系统中对于污水中总氮和总磷的去除起着重要的作用。