Atmospheric Inputs of Mercury and Organic Carbon into a Forested Upland/Bog Watershed

Inputs of mercury (Hg) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in throughfall and stemflow waters were measured for an upland/bog watershed in northern Minnesota, and were compared to the deposition in a nearby opening to determine the influence of tree canopies on Hg and DOC deposition. Twice as much Hg and seven times as much DOC was deposited in the forested watershed compared to the opening. Mass balance studies that are based on wet-only deposition in openings severely underestimate atmospheric deposition of Hg in forests. Conifer canopies are more efficient filters of airborne particulates than are deciduous canopies as indicated by much higher Hg concentrations and total deposition in throughfall and stemflow waters under conifers. Significant positive relationships existed between Hg and DOC in both throughfall (36–57% of the variation) and stemflow waters (55–88% of the variation). Hg complexation by DOC appears to be related to the contact time between precipitation and carbon sources.     

耕作措施对玉米生长期黄壤坡耕地径流及可溶性有机碳流失的影响

为探明黄壤坡耕地不同耕作措施下径流及可溶性有机碳(dissolved organic carbon,DOC)迁移途径与流失特征。以顺坡垄作、平作和横坡垄作措施下玉米种植坡耕地为研究对象,采用野外径流小区监测与室内分析相结合的方式,探讨自然降雨条件下坡耕地地表径流、壤中流及其DOC流失特征。结果表明:(1)种植玉米坡耕地径流量及DOC通量均受雨量等级影响显著,随雨量等级增大而增大,且玉米成熟期流失量均最大。(2)地表径流、0-20 cm壤中流和20-40 cm壤中流分别占总径流量的78.98%,9.05%,11.97%,DOC流失通量分别占总通量的74.90%,11.97%,13.13%。(3)横坡垄作DOC流失量显著小于顺坡垄作,横坡垄作径流量分别是平作的0.93倍,是顺坡垄作的0.86倍;横坡垄作DOC通量是平作的0.85倍,是顺坡垄作的0.79倍。雨量等级增加将显著加剧玉米种植坡耕地径流及DOC流失,研究区玉米成熟期径流及DOC流失最为严重,地表径流是坡面径流及DOC流失的主要途径,横坡垄作措施可以有效减少坡面径流及DOC流失。     

喀斯特小流域土壤有机碳密度及碳储量空间分布异质性

为阐明喀斯特小流域土壤有机碳密度分布特征及有机碳储量空间分布格局,采用野外布点采样、实验室测定和地统计学分析相结合的方法,利用2 755个详细调查的剖面样地和23 536个土壤样品,定量研究了喀斯特小流域土壤有机碳密度、碳储量的空间异质性及分布特征。结果表明:后寨河小流域表层(0—20cm)土壤有机碳含量和密度的平均值为分别为25.07g/kg和5.23kg/m~2,剖面土壤(0—100cm)土壤有机碳含量和有机碳密度分别为20.71g/kg和10.21kg/m~2,两层土壤有机碳含量和密度均属于中等变异强度。10cm土层深度有机碳储量为1.48×10~8 kg,20cm土层深度有机碳储量为2.65×10~8 kg,30cm土层深度土壤有机碳储量3.43×10~8 kg,100cm土层深度有机碳储量5.39×10~8 kg。各层土壤有机碳储量的块金值C_0随着土层深度的增加而增加,而0—100cm的块金值C_0最大。4种土层深度土壤有机碳储量呈现为中部低,四周高,南部最低的趋势。海拔、坡度、岩石裸露率和石砾含量是影响喀斯特小流域土壤有机碳储量空间异质性的主导因子。     

不同坡度下玉米生长期紫色土坡面径流及其

为探明紫色土横垄坡面径流与可溶性有机碳流失对不同坡度的响应特征,通过径流小区和野外人工模拟降雨相结合的方法,探讨了不同坡度条件下玉米各生育期地表径流、壤中流及其可溶性有机碳（DOC）流失特征。结果表明：玉米各生育期同一降雨时间段地表径流量均表现为20° > 15° > 10°,壤中流径流量却表现为10° > 15° > 20°。不同坡度下,玉米生育期地表径流量大小总体表现为苗期 > 成熟期 > 拔节期 > 抽雄期,壤中流量整体表现为抽雄期 > 拔节期 > 苗期 > 成熟期。玉米各生育期地表径流DOC质量浓度均表现为20° > 15° > 10°,不同坡度下玉米生育期地表径流DOC质量浓度表现为苗期 > 拔节期 > 成熟期 > 抽雄期。苗期、拔节期和成熟期壤中流DOC质量浓度大小表现为10° > 15° > 20°,不同坡度下玉米生育期壤中流DOC质量浓度的总体表现为苗期最大,抽雄期最小。玉米各生育期地表径流DOC迁移通量大小均表现为20° > 15° > 10°,不同坡度地表径流DOC迁移通量均表现为苗期 > 成熟期 > 拔节期 > 抽雄期;玉米各生育期壤中流DOC迁移通量大小均表现为10° > 15° > 20°,不同坡度下壤中流DOC迁移通量与地表径流一致。研究结果可为不同坡度条件下玉米生长期坡面径流损失和有机碳流失调控提供理论依据。     

不同坡度下玉米生长期紫色土坡面径流及其可溶性有机碳流失特征

为探明紫色土横垄坡面径流与可溶性有机碳流失对不同坡度的响应特征,通过径流小区和野外人工模拟降雨相结合的方法,探讨了不同坡度条件下玉米各生育期地表径流、壤中流及其可溶性有机碳(DOC)流失特征。结果表明:玉米各生育期同一降雨时间段地表径流量均表现为20°>15°>10°,壤中流径流量却表现为10°>15°>20°。不同坡度下,玉米生育期地表径流量大小总体表现为苗期>成熟期>拔节期>抽雄期,壤中流量整体表现为抽雄期>拔节期>苗期>成熟期。玉米各生育期地表径流DOC质量浓度均表现为20°>15°>10°,不同坡度下玉米生育期地表径流DOC质量浓度表现为苗期>拔节期>成熟期>抽雄期。苗期、拔节期和成熟期壤中流DOC质量浓度大小表现为10°>15°>20°,不同坡度下玉米生育期壤中流DOC质量浓度的总体表现为苗期最大,抽雄期最小。玉米各生育期地表径流DOC迁移通量大小均表现为20°>15°>10°,不同坡度地表径流DOC迁移通量均表现为苗期>成熟期>拔节期>抽雄期;玉米各生育期壤中流DOC迁移通量大小均表现为10°>15°>20°,不同坡度下壤中流DOC迁移通量与地表径流一致。研究结果可为不同坡度条件下玉米生长期坡面径流损失和有机碳流失调控提供理论依据。     

Dynamics of Soil Organic Carbon Storage and Erosion due to Land Use Change (Illinois,USA)

Eurasian Soil Science - Many factors including land use, management history, soil series, climate, and soil landscape processes affect the dynamics of soil organic carbon (SOC). The primary...     

Soil Organic Carbon and Nitrogen Stocks under Tropical Organic and Conventional Cropping Systems in Northeastern Brazil

Soil organic matter (SOM) is an essential ecosystem component whose dynamics are affected by soil management practices. To evaluate the impact of two agricultural systems (organic and conventional) on soil organic carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stocks in a sandy soil, samples were collected from the Amway Nutrilite Brazil farm and from the Central Pivot Horticultural Farmers Association farm, both situated in the Chapada da Ibiapaba region, Ceará State, Brazil. The first area has a large‐scale Caribbean Cherry fruit production system under organic management, whereas the second represented a conventional soil cultivation condition, characterized by the use of chisel plow and disc plow, mineral fertilization, and herbicides application. Plots with and without green manure fertilization were compared in the organically cultivated systems by using soil samples collected in the rows and between the rows. Areas under native forest were also sampled to determine the steady‐state condition. Total organic C and N contents in the soil (SOC, TN) and in the humic substances were determined at the 0‐ to 5‐, 5‐ to 15‐, 15‐ to 30‐, and 30‐ to 50‐cm soil layers. In addition, oxidizible organic C fractions were measured to calculate the carbon management index (CMI). In general, total SOC levels were low, ranging from 2.5 to 12.6 g kg^?1 in the whole soil profile among the organic systems. In the upper soil layer, SOC and TN stocks were greater in the rows in response to organic fertilization. The conventional system presented lower variation on the SOC contents throughout soil layers when compared to the native forest area, indicating the direct effect of plowing on the downward SOC distribution. The CMI data confirmed the reestablishment of SOM levels in the rows of the organic managed systems in relation to the reference area, whereas the reduction of the CMI in the conventional system suggests a decline in the soil quality and greater potential for increased C losses to the atmosphere.     

黄土高原生物土壤结皮发育过程中颗粒态和矿物结合态有机碳变化特征

土壤颗粒态有机碳(POC)和矿物结合态有机碳(MAOC)是重要的土壤碳库,其比例的变化决定土壤有机碳的周转速率及稳定性。探讨沙地生物土壤结皮发育过程中颗粒态有机碳和矿物结合态有机碳的含量、分配比例和差异性特征,对于深刻认识初始土壤形成过程中有机碳库形成、稳定机制具有重要意义。选择神木市六道沟流域生物土壤结皮4个发育阶段(藻结皮、藻结皮+少量藓结皮、藓结皮+少量藻结皮、藓结皮)为研究对象,裸沙作为对照,研究生物结皮层及结皮层下层0—2 cm, 2—10 cm, 10—20 cm土层土壤颗粒态和矿物结合态有机碳的变化特征。结果表明：(1)在BSCs土层,POC的增加速率大于MAOC,MAOC处于饱和状态;(2)在BSCs和0—2 cm土层,以微生物源有机碳为主导的MAOC主要贡献有机碳积累,在2—10 cm和10—20 cm土层,以植物源有机碳为主导的POC主要贡献有机碳积累;(3) POC和MAOC含量随土层增加而降低,随着生物土壤结皮发育而增加;(4) POC和MAOC与SOC均有显著的正相关关系,表明结皮定殖和发育显著促进了土壤有机碳积累。这些结果表明生物土壤结皮的定殖和发育能够显著...     

增施有机肥对稻田田面水磷素形态和径流流失量的影响

选取浙江省嘉兴市双桥农场的稻田开展田间试验,结合降雨等自然条件研究增施有机肥对稻田田面水中不同粒径磷素的浓度和磷素径流流失量的影响,并利用液态磷核磁共振(31 P NMR)技术对施肥前、后1d田面水中磷素的化学形态进行分析。结果表明,施用有机肥显著提高了稻田田面水中总磷(TP)的浓度,施肥后第1天迅速达到峰值:高(M3)、中(M2)、低(M1)3种施肥量处理的田面水TP浓度(8.37~17.77mg/L)分别是不施肥处理(ck)的18.6,32.8,39.5倍。施肥后前5d田面水TP浓度较高,随着时间的推移,TP、溶解态磷(DP)和胶体态磷(Pcoll)的浓度变化规律相同,都呈现逐渐下降的趋势;3种施肥处理中DP占TP的百分比波动较大(25%~80%),总体呈现随时间逐渐下降的趋势,但是Pcoll占TP的百分比稳定在9%~22%。31P NMR谱检测结果表明,施肥前、后1d田面水中磷素主要的赋存形态是正磷酸盐(占TP的88%~96%),磷酸单酯次之(占TP的4%~11%);在施肥后第1天,正磷酸盐所占比例随着有机肥用量增加而增加,磷酸单酯所占比例随有机肥用量增加而减少;磷酸二酯和聚磷酸盐的含量较少,增施有机肥对两者的影响不大。稻田TP径流流失量随有机肥施用量的增加而增加,最高值(0.983kg/hm2)出现在M3处理下;M1,M2,M3处理下的TP径流流失量存在显著性差异(P0.05),但磷素径流流失率均不超过当季施磷总量的2%。     

降水变化和人类活动对纸坊沟小流域年径流的影响

为在小流域尺度上深入认识并定量区分人类活动和降水变化对黄土高原年径流变化的影响,统计了甘肃省平凉市纸坊沟小流域49a间(1955—2003年)的年降水量和径流量实测数据。结果发现,年降水量虽无明显变化,但年径流深却呈显著减少趋势。从20世纪50年代的59.1 mm降到21世纪初的12.2mm,相对降幅高达72.4%。根据年降水量—年径流深双累积曲线,划分出了5个降水—径流关系变化时段(1955—1964,1965—1976,1977—1985,1986—1995,1996—2003年),然后以1955—1964时段为基准期,定量估算了各时段内人类活动和降水变化对年径流变化的贡献。结果表明,除在干旱时段内降水对年径流减少有明显贡献外,其他时段的径流变化主要是由人类活动引起的,并且其绝对贡献量呈逐渐增大趋势。合理规划人类活动是解决黄土高原水问题的重要途径。     

黄土丘陵区纸坊沟小流域土壤有机碳储量研究

通过野外调查和室内分析,研究了黄土丘陵区纸坊沟小流域不同土地利用方式下土壤有机碳的剖面变化特征及土壤有机碳储量。结果表明,该流域各层土壤的有机碳含量为中等变异,土壤有机碳含量随土层深度的增加而减少。0—60 cm土层有机碳储量为4.73×104t,天然草地和林地的储量较高,占总储量的80%。不同土地利用方式下,流域内的土壤有机碳含量差异显著,表现为:天然草地>灌木林地>乔木林地>川坝地>梯田>坡耕地>撂荒地>果园。     

Organic Carbon and Nitrogen Stocks in Soils of Northeastern Brazil Converted to Irrigated Agriculture

The productivity of agricultural areas in semi‐arid regions can be improved through the use of irrigation. However, the intensive cropping of such soils can have detrimental effects, especially with regard to soil organic matter (SOM) pools. The goal of this work was to evaluate soil organic carbon and nitrogen stocks of different irrigated agricultural systems and compare these to preserved natural ecosystems adjacent to each of the cropping systems. We selected four cropping systems: banana, a maize/bean succession (MB), pasture (P) and guava (G), as well as areas covered by native vegetation. Stocks of total soil organic carbon (TOC), amounts of unprotected and protected soil organic carbon, carbon and nitrogen in microbial biomass and microbial respiration were quantified. Surface soil TOC stocks under banana, G and P grass were significantly greater than under native vegetation and MB system. The most intensive management system was the MB, and the least intensive systems were P and G. The least intensive cropping systems were grouped on the basis of similarities in TOC, POC, total soil nitrogen and N in microbial biomass stocks. These results show that the degree of soil degradation resulting from changes in land use systems increases with the intensity of the land use systems themselves. This confirms the established hypothesis that the extent of degradation of soil properties and changes in some SOM fractions depend on the intensity of soil use. Furthermore, the adoption of conservation practices may remediate soil degradation and increase SOM stocks, mainly at the soil's surface. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Extractability and Bioavailability of Mercury from a Mercury Sulfide Contaminated Soil in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA

Historically as part of its national security mission, the U.S. Department of Energy’s Y-12 National Security Facility in Oak Ridge, TN acquired a significant fraction of the world’s supply of elemental mercury. During the 1950s and 1960s, a large amount of elemental mercury escaped confinement and is still present in the watershed surrounding the Y-12 facility. A series of remediation efforts have been deployed in the watersheds around the Oak Ridge site. However, most recently, concentration of total mercury in fish and water of the lower East Fork Poplar Creek (EFPC) of Oak Ridge has increased although majority of the mercury contamination in the local soils is present in the form of mercury sulfide. We have studied the extractability, solubility, and bioavailability of mercury sulfide in Oak Ridge soils. Dynamics of the dissolution of mercury sulfide by various extractants, including acids and a chelating agent, have been investigated. After three seasons of planting, soil mercury sulfide is more easily dissolved by both 4 M and 12 M nitric acid than is pure mercury sulfide reagent as indicated by their dissolution kinetics. Mercury release by EDTA from HgS-contaminated soil increased with time of reaction and soil mercury level. This chelating chemical increases the solubility of mercury in HgS-contaminated Oak Ridge soil. The results also show that mercury sulfide in contaminated Oak Ridge soils was still to some extent bioavailable to plants. The increase of bioavailability of soil mercury sulfide after three seasons of planting may contribute to the recent increase of mercury levels in water of the Lower East Fork Popular Creek (LEFPC) of Oak Ridge.     

农业管理措施对土壤有机碳动态变化的影响

土壤碳固定问题已成为陆地生态系统碳循环研究的热点问题。土壤碳固定是缓解温室效应加剧的有效方法之一。土壤有机碳含量变化受土地利用方式和耕作措施的强烈影响。将自然土壤转变为耕作土壤会导致土壤碳库的迅速下降,使土壤损失有机碳4.1-5.0×1013kg之间。采用新的农业措施会使碳损失量的60-70%重新被固定。这些措施有保护性耕作(少耕或免耕)、合理施用肥料、覆盖作物、应用深根且富含木质素的作物等。土壤除了固定有机碳外,干旱和半干旱地区土壤还具有固定无机碳的巨大潜力。文章还简要介绍了评价土壤有机碳的两种方法,并对今后的工作提出了几点建议。     

晋西王家沟小流域产流产沙分析

王家沟流域是晋西黄土丘陵沟壑区水土保持综合治理典型示范流域。流域产流产沙是降雨和流域下垫面相互作用的结果。降雨对土壤侵蚀的影响包括降雨量影响和降雨强度影响两个方面,流域在治理措施规模不大的初级治理阶段,输沙量只是随降雨的变化而变化。坡耕地、沟头Ｖ形沟、村庄道路、红土沟坡、沟道小流域、矿区是王家沟流域主要产沙源地。控制流域产流产沙,综合治理中须实行退耕还林还草。     

三峡库区典型小流域降雨因子对产流的影响分析

以三峡库区万州区陈家沟的2条支沟为研究对象,通过选取十几场典型次降雨和相对应的次洪水资料,首先对径流资料进行洪水场次的划分,然后采用灰色关联分析法和相关关系法分析了陈家沟2条支沟的径流深度和洪峰流量分别对降雨特征因子的响应。结果表明,(1)通过关联度排序,径流深度的主导因素是降雨量P和复合因子PI(即降雨量和平均降雨强度的复合因子);(2)对比2条邻近支沟的关联度排序,降雨特征因子对径流深度、洪峰流量的灰关联度不完全相同,但降雨特征因子对径流深度、洪峰流量的影响也具有一些共同的趋势,峰值降雨强度(I60)和降雨量的共同作用对三峡库区丘陵区的径流量的大小影响较明显,复合因子PI对洪峰流量的贡献较大。     

王茂沟流域淤地坝系土壤颗粒与有机碳分布特征研究

为了研究黄土高原丘陵沟壑区坝系坝地土壤颗粒与有机碳的分布特征,以陕北绥德县王茂沟小流域为研究对象,选取了47个土壤剖面,采集土样940个,分析了分形维数、粗化度、有机碳与各粒径组成之间的关系。结果表明:（1）研究区坝地的土壤粒径分布中,粉粒含量占主导地位,依次为砂粒、黏粒;（2）王茂沟坝地土壤颗粒的分形维数在2.674~2.829之内变化,垂直剖面上变化很微小,坝前、坝中、坝后土壤颗粒分形维数分别为2.803 3,2.783 6,2.795 8;（3）王茂沟坝地土壤质地粗化度在0.27~0.58,平均值为0.44,坝前（0.40） < 坝后（0.45） < 坝中（0.46）;（4）坝地土壤颗粒在0.05~0.002 mm和 < 0.002 mm范围内与土壤颗粒的分形维数成极显著正相关,在2.0~0.05 mm范围内与土壤颗粒的分形维数成极显著负相关;坝地土壤有机碳与粉粒和黏粒呈正相关,与细砂粒和极细沙粒含量呈负相关。     

官麦地小流域径流场产流产沙特征

为了研究官麦地小流域不同土地利用类型的产流产沙特征,按流域地形和用地类型,在小流域内布设了坡耕地、坡改梯、经果林、水保林、新造水保林、荒草地6个径流小区。研究2014年6—10月各径流小区的产流产沙量,对各径流小区的产流产沙量、降雨与产流产沙量、下垫面条件与产流产沙量进行回归分析,结果显示:各小区产流量为坡耕地(11.479 m3)荒草地(8.109 m3)坡改梯(6.488 m3)新造水保林(3.119 m3)经果林(2.937 m3)水保林(2.695m3);产沙量为坡耕地(213.916 6 kg)荒草地(47.077 3 kg)坡改梯(32.816 9 kg)新造水保林(13.686 2 kg)经果林(4.566 0 kg)水保林(3.378 9 kg);产流量和产沙量随着降雨量的增加而增加,产流量与产沙量具有极显著的相关性,土壤的物理性质和植被总盖度与水土流失关系密切。试验结果表明水土保持措施对于径流和泥沙具有非常好的削减作用。     

添加有机物料对花生不同生育时期产流产沙的影响

采用野外实时监测的方法,研究不同有机物料施用对花生不同生育时期产流产沙的影响。结果表明,整个试验周期,30.4%~36.7%的径流深集中在开花下针期。此阶段径流系数高达0.323~0.400。除NPK+Str和NPK+BC处理外,径流深和降雨量,最大60min雨强均存在着极显著的正相关关系(P0.001)。而侵蚀主要集中在苗期。在花生生长后期,处理间才开始出现差异。仅NPK和NPK+SM处理下,土壤侵蚀和径流深有显著的正相关关系(P0.05)。总体而言,NPK+Str处理秸秆表施增加了地表粗糙度,降低了雨滴打击和泥沙迁移,减少了12.9%的径流和27.0%的泥沙。NPK+SM处理下,花生地上部生长最旺盛,起到一定的截留降雨和增加入渗的作用。NPK+BC处理虽然提高了团聚体稳定性(P0.05),但是没有减缓水土流失。     

坡面侵蚀过程中泥沙有机碳流失特征分析

以野外布设的径流小区为研究对象,采用模拟降雨方法研究随机条件下降雨侵蚀过程中泥沙有机碳含量及流失过程的动态变化规律。结果表明:(1)降雨侵蚀过程中泥沙有机碳含量随降雨的进行逐渐降低并趋于平稳,与坡面土壤有机碳含量相比显著增高(p0.01),有机碳在泥沙中明显富集,富集比最大值达1.780,泥沙中有机碳含量及富集比随侵蚀速率的增加明显减小且趋于稳定;(2)泥沙有机碳流失速率随降雨的进行先波动增大,达到最大值后又波动减小,最后逐渐趋于准稳定,整个过程呈单峰分布;(3)泥沙有机碳流失强度与土壤侵蚀强度呈显著性线性正相关(p0.01),说明土壤侵蚀量决定侵蚀过程中有机碳流失量,准确获取土壤侵蚀强度是估算坡面有机碳流失量的基础。