桂林岩溶石山光蜡树群落常见植物夏季光合特性研究

采用LI-6400型便携式光合仪,对光蜡树群落中的光蜡树Fraxinus griffithii、一叶萩Securinegasuf-fruticosa和粗糠柴Mallotus philippensis在夏季中的光合生理指标进行了测定。结果表明,在夏季,林冠层光蜡树的光饱和点和光补偿点分别为1 064μmol/(m2.s)和20μmol/(m2.s);净光合速率Pn日变化呈双峰型,最大净光合速率出现在12:00时,其值为4.45μmol/(m2.s),16:00时出现第二个峰值2.74μmol/(m2.s),与最大峰值相比降幅达38.43%。光合有效辐射VPAR、气孔导度Gs、蒸腾速率Tr、水分利用效率EWUE的日变化均呈双峰型曲线,胞间二氧化碳浓度Ci日变化呈"W"型曲线。光蜡树光合速率主要受气孔因素影响。林下植物一叶萩和粗糠柴的光饱和点和光补偿点分别为396,562μmol/(m2.s)和7,5μmol/(m2.s)。     

红榉光合及水分生理生态特性

研究了红榉在不同光合有效辐射(PAR)强度及不同CO2浓度(CCO2)范围内叶片光合及水分生理生态参数的变化特征。结果表明:①当大气CO2浓度为400μmol/mol时,红榉叶片净光合速率(Pn)与光合有效辐射(PAR)之间回归方程为Pn=-9×10-6PAR2+0.021 2PAR+0.592,光饱和点、补偿点及表观量子效率分别为1 177.8μmol/(m2.s)、20.0μmol/(m2.s)、0.034 5 mol/mol;叶片蒸腾速率(Tr)与PAR间回归方程:Tr=0.002 5PAR+4.535(R2=0.816 9,n=48);叶片水分利用效率(WUE)和PAR之间的回归方程:WUE=-2×10-6PAR2+0.003 3PAR+0.193 9(R2=0.822 2,n=48);②1 200μmol/(m2.s)PAR条件下,Pn与CCO2之间回归方程为Pn=-2×10-5C2CO2+0.062 1CCO2-5.501 8(R2=0.936,n=48),CO2饱和点、补偿点、羧化速率分别为1 552.5μmol/mol、84.8μmol/mol、0.040 3 mol/(m2.s);Tr随CCO2增强基本保持稳定不变;WUE与CCO2之间回归方程为:WUE=-3×10-6C2CO2+0.010 5 CCO2-0.944 2(R2=0.894 1,n=48)。     

黑核桃—赤小豆间作模式下植物光合特性的研究

农林间作是一种高效的复合生产模式。在黑核桃—赤小豆间作条件下,利用LI—6400光合作用分析仪测定并比较了距离黑核桃0.3m、1.3m和2.3m处赤小豆的光合特性,以期为优化二者的栽培模式、合理利用光能提供理论依据。试验结果表明:(1)距离黑核桃2.3m处的赤小豆与1.3m和0.3m处的相比,光饱和点(LSP)分别升高约199μmol/(m~2·s)和356μmol/(m~2·s),光补偿点(LCP)分别降低约9μmol/(m~2·s)和80μmol/(m~2·s),最大净光合速率(Amax)分别提高约3μmol/(m~2·s)和10μmol/(m~2·s);(2)SPAD值与赤小豆叶片中叶绿素含量呈显著正相关关系,空间位置最靠近黑核桃的赤小豆平均叶绿素含量较正常赤小豆的叶绿素含量下降约8mg/L;(3)赤小豆的净光合速率(Pn)与蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)和叶温(Tleaf)之间存在极显著正相关关系,与胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)之间存在极显著负相关关系。     

广西滨海植物红鳞蒲桃的生理特征分析

采用光合作用测定系统(CI-310)对东兴市江平镇巫头岛的滨海原生植物群落的优势树种红鳞蒲桃的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Cs)、叶绿素含量及电解质渗透率进行测定,揭示红鳞蒲桃对滨海特殊生境的适应机理。结果表明:红鳞蒲桃的光补偿点为143μmol/(m2.s),光饱和点为600μmol/(m2.s)。在一定范围内,随着光合有效辐射(PAR)的增加,Pn、Tr、Cs也增大,当PAR达到800μmol/(m2.s)后,气孔导度减小,净光合速率和蒸腾速率均呈下降趋势。其Fv/Fm值为0.432,小于多数植物正常值0.8,说明红鳞蒲桃已受到一定程度的胁迫影响。叶绿素含量也较低,与其净光合速率较低相一致。电解质渗透率的测定结果表明,红鳞蒲桃抗高温能力相对较差。调查研究发现,主要原因是人为干扰过大造成红鳞蒲桃生理衰退,自然更新困难,种群已处于老化阶段。     

3种箬竹属植物光合特性的比较

为给湖南园林中运用的箬竹属植物的栽培以及园林应用提供理论依据,以5年生‘箬竹’Indocalamus tessellates(Munro)Keng f.、‘湖南箬竹’I.hunanensis B.M.Yang、‘阔叶箬竹’I.latifolius(Keng)Mc Clure为试材,研究了其光合特性及叶绿素荧光参数。结果表明:3种箬竹的净光合速率(Pn)日变化均呈单峰型曲线,峰值均出现在10:00,其中阔叶箬竹的峰值净光合速率最高,达14.79μmol/(m2·s);各个供试种的光合参数差异显著,阔叶箬竹的最大净光合速率、光饱和点(LSP)、光补偿点(LCP)较高,分别为15.16、1191.61、20.51μmol/(m2·s),箬竹的暗呼吸速率(Rd)较低,为0.461μmol/(m2·s)。叶绿素荧光参数显示湖南箬竹的电子传递速率(ETR)较高。表明阔叶箬竹的光合性能较强,相对较喜光,箬竹较耐荫,湖南箬竹的光合性能中庸。     

旱柳非叶光合组织（皮层）叶绿体光合特性

测定人工气候室中培养的旱柳当年生枝条和完全展开叶片的光合色素含量,并应用蔗糖密度梯度离心法提取枝条皮层和完全展开叶片叶绿体,测定其完整性,比较分析二者光响应特性和叶绿素荧光特性的差异。结果表明：旱柳皮层叶绿素含量约是叶片的10.0%,类胡萝卜素含量约是叶片的13.7%,叶绿素 a/b 比值小于叶片,叶绿素/类胡萝卜素比值大于叶片;应用蔗糖密度梯度离心法可获得被膜完整率超过80%的离体叶绿体,能够满足叶绿体光合生理特性研究的需要;100,200,300,500,800μmol·m －2 s －1光强下,旱柳皮层叶绿体的光合放氧速率均低于叶片,光饱和点出现在300μmol·m －2 s －1,最大光合放氧速率为35.58μmolO2·mg －1 Chl h －1,而叶片的光饱和点在500μmol·m －2 s －1,最大光合放氧速率为42.78μmolO2·mg －1 Chl h －1;皮层叶绿体的 PSⅡ最大光化学效率( Fv/Fm )平均高出叶片30.2%,PSⅡ潜在光化学活性(Fv/Fo)平均高出叶片36.1%。旱柳皮层叶绿体的光合速率和光饱和点低于叶片,皮层叶绿体表现出较高的光能转化效率、较低的叶绿素 a/b比值等适应枝条内光环境的特点。     

3个扁桃品种的光合特性

在盆栽条件下对3个引种扁桃品种3#、4#和7#的光合作用、荧光参数生理生态特点进行研究.结果表明: 1)扁桃叶片的净光合速率(Pn)日变化均呈双峰曲线型,峰值在10:00,次峰值在16:00,10:00-15:00有"午休"现象;在10:00-15:00时4#和7#叶片的Pn显著高于3#,15:00差值最大.2)扁桃不同品种的光合生理生态参数有显著差异: 4# 的光饱和点和补偿点都比3#和7#高,分别为1 206 μmol·m-2s-1和25.82 μmol·m-2 s-1,说明4#品种能适应较高的光照强度;4#和7# 的CO2补偿点和饱和点都比3#高,扁桃在CO2饱和点以下,Pn随CO2浓度的增加呈线性增长,说明增大CO2浓度可大大提高光合生产力.3)叶绿素荧光参数的日变化显示: 4#和7#的Fv/Fm、光化学猝灭系数(qP)均高,且正午过后Fv/Fm恢复较快,不仅能较强地吸收光能,同时还具有较高的PSⅡ活性和光能转化效率,从而将所吸收的光能有效地转化为化学能,提高光合电子传递速率,形成更多的ATP和NADPH,为光合碳同化提供充分的能量和还原能力.     

栓皮栎蒸腾速率的日变化、季节动态及其对遮荫的响应

用Licor-6400便携式光合作用测定系统研究了50年生天然次生栓皮栎林在不同季节和天气条件的蒸腾速率变化。结果表明:①栓皮栎光补偿点变动范围为40.0到42.21μmol/(m2.s),光饱和点(LSP)的变动范围为1000到1600μmol/(m2.s),表观光量子效率的变化范围为0.014到0.06μmol/mo1;②栓皮叶片的CO2补偿点的范围为57.54到72μmol/mo1;③栓皮栎叶片在生长末期光呼吸速率为0.952μmol/(m2.s)。     

濒危植物九龙山榧与其同属广布种榧树叶绿素荧光特性的比较

分别以栽培和野生条件下的九龙山榧(Torreya jiulongshanensis)(雌、雄株)及同属广布种——榧树(T.grandis)为材料,比较了其叶片叶绿素荧光参数对光强的响应,以期为九龙山榧种质资源保育提供科学依据。结果表明,栽培条件下,九龙山榧雌株幼苗叶片的光系统I最大荧光值整体高于榧树及九龙山榧的雄株;九龙山榧雌、雄株幼苗的光饱和点也较高,分别为788.581和550.640μmol/(m²·s),所对应的最大电子传递速率也较高,分别为40.690和39.546μmol/(m²·s)。同样,在野外条件下,九龙山榧雌、雄株的光饱和点也均显著高于榧树,分别为1165.361和1416.817μmol/(m²·s),光系统II最大电子传递速率也以九龙山榧雌株为最高,其值为80.322μmol/(m²·s)。由此可见,九龙山榧为阳生树种,且与榧树相比具有更强的光合潜力。     

玉兰叶片叶绿素荧光特性的研究

用叶绿素荧光技术测定玉兰不同无性系叶片的叶绿素荧光参数,结果表明:玉兰同一叶片不同部位叶绿素荧光参数(Fv/Fm)存在着差异,叶片基部、叶片中左、右部高于叶片尖部.南北两侧Fv/Fm差异不显著.叶绿素荧光测定的功能叶片区域很大,从整株来看,从树冠顶层第2轮开始到树冠底层第2轮结束,中间的叶片都可以看成是功能叶片.叶绿素荧光参数日变化表现为降-升-降-升的动态曲线.8:00～10:00时为最高.18:00时逐渐上升,到20:00～22:00时上升到原来状态.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.